Harvey Pough, William E. Bemis, Betty Anne McGuire

Vertebrate Life

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Widely praised for its comprehensive coverage and exceptionally clear writing style, this best-selling text explores how the anatomy, physiology, ecology, and behavior of animals interact to produce organisms that function effectively in their environments and how lineages of organisms change through evolutionary time.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Oxford University Press Inc
• 11 Revised edition
• Seitenzahl: 656
• Erscheinungstermin: 14. November 2022
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 273mm x 212mm x 23mm
• Gewicht: 1328g
• ISBN-13: 9780197558621
• ISBN-10: 0197558623
• Artikelnr.: 64261427

Autorenporträt

F. Harvey Pough, Professor Emeritus at Rochester Institute of Technology, is a herpetologist, specializing in environmental and evolutionary physiology, a past president of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, and the senior author of textbooks on Herpetology and Vertebrate Zoology. He has taught courses in Animal Behavior, Ecology, Herpetology, Human Biology, Introductory Biology, Physiological Ecology, and Vertebrate Zoology. William E. Bemis is Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Cornell University and Faculty Curator of Ichthyology at the Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates. He has studied the anatomy, systematics, and evolution of extant and fossil vertebrates for 50 years with a focus on fishes. He currently teaches Vertebrate Biology, Ichthyology, and Herpetology. Betty McGuire is a retired Senior Lecturer from the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Cornell University. She has studied social behavior, reproduction, and ecology of small mammals and currently studies behavior of domestic dogs. She coauthored textbooks on Animal Behavior and Human Biology, and taught courses in Vertebrate Biology, Mammalogy, Human Biology, Animal Behavior, Evolution, and Introductory Biology. Christine M. Janis is Professor Emerita at Brown University, USA, and currently an Honorary Professor at the University of Bristol, UK. She is a mammalian paleobiologist who has studied the feeding and locomotion of Cenozoic mammals, especially ungulates (hoofed mammals) and kangaroos, and their paleobiology in the context of climatic and environmental change. She has taught courses in Comparative Anatomy and Vertebrate Paleontology.

Inhaltsangabe

* Preface xv * Chapter 1 * Diversity, Classification, and Evolution of Vertebrates * 1.1 The Vertebrate Story * --Binominal nomenclature * --Extant vertebrate groups * 1.2 Phylogenetic Systematics * 1.3 Applying Phylogenetic Criteria * --Evaluating possible phylogenies * --Molecules and morphology * --The problem of dating * --Dagger (
) convention adopted in this book * 1.4 Using Phylogenetic Trees * --Extant phylogenetic brackets * --Paraphyly * --Crown and stem groups * 1.5 Genetic Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change * --Phenotypes and fitness * --Developmental regulatory genes * 1.6 Epigenetic Effects * 1.7 Earth History and Vertebrate Evolution * Chapter 2 * What Is a Vertebrate?? * 2.1 Vertebrates in Relation to Other Animals? * 2.2 Characteristics of Chordates? * --Chordate origins and evolution? * --Extant nonvertebrate chordates? * 2.3 What Distinguishes a Vertebrate?? * 2.4 Vertebrate Embryonic Development? * --Development of the body? * --Development of the pharyngeal region? * --Development of the brain? * --Other neurogenic tissues of vertebrates? * 2.5 Vertebrate Tissues? * --Adult tissue types * --Mineralized tissues * 2.6 Vertebrate Organ Systems * --Integumentary system * --Skeletal system * --Muscular system * --Nervous system and sense organs * --Endocrine system * --Respiratory system * --Circulatory system * --Digestive system * --Excretory and reproductive systems * Chapter 3 * Jawless Vertebrates and the Origin of Gnathostomes * 3.1 Earliest Evidence of Vertebrates * --Enigmas:
Conodonts and
Tullimonstrum * ---Early mineralized tissues * --Environment of early vertebrate evolution * 3.2 Cyclostomes: Extant Jawless Vertebrate * --Characters of cyclostomes * --Hagfishes: Myxiniformes * --Lampreys: Petromyzontiformes * 3.3 Jawless Osteognathostomes * 3.4 Gnathostome Body Plan * --Gnathostome skeletons * --What about soft anatomical features? * 3.5 Origin of Jaws * --Hypotheses of jaw origins * --Importance of the nose * --Selective value of jaws * 3.6 Origin of Paired Appendages * --Fin development and the lateral somitic frontier * --Advantages of fins * 3.7 Extinct Paleozoic Jawed Fishes * Chapter 4 * Living in Water * 4.1 Aquatic Environment * --Obtaining oxygen from water using gill * --Obtaining oxygen from air using lungs and other respiratory structure * --Adjusting buoyancy * 4.2 Sensory World of Aquatic Vertebrates * --Vision * --Chemosensation: Olfaction and taste * --Detecting water displacement * --Hearing and equilibrium * --Electroreception and electrogenesis * 4.3 Maintaining an Internal Environment * --Nitrogenous wastes and kidney * --Osmoregulation * --Regulation of ions and body fluids * 4.4 Osmoregulation in Different Environments * --Marine cartilaginous fishes and coelacanths * --Marine teleosts * --Freshwater teleosts and lissamphibians * --Euryhaline vertebrates * Chapter 5 * Geography and Ecology of the Paleozoic * 5.1 Deep Time * --The Precambrian world * --The Paleozoic * 5.2 Continental Geography * --Continental drift and plate tectonics * --Shifting continents of the Paleozoic * --Shifting continents and changing climates * 5.3 Paleozoic Climates * 5.4 Paleozoic Ecosystems * --Aquatic life * --Terrestrial flora * --Terrestrial fauna * 5.5 Extinctions * Chapter 6 * Origin and Radiation of Chondrichthyans * 6.1 Acanthodii * 6.2 Chondrichthyes * --Habitats and diversity * --Placoid scales * --Cartilaginous skeleton * --Teeth and tooth plates * --Jaws and jaw suspension * --Internal fertilization and claspers * --Distinctive soft tissue and physiological features * 6.3 Euchondrocephali and Chimaeriformes * --Biology of extant Chimaeriformes * 6.4 Elasmobranchii, Euselachii, and Neoselachii * --Selachii: Sharks * --Batomorphi: Skates and rays * 6.5 Biology of Neoselachii * --Feeding * --Bioluminescence and biofluorescence * ---Hypoxia and the epaulette shark * --Endothermal heterothermy * --Swimming * --Reproduction * --Elasmobranch brains * --Social networks and migration in sand tiger sharks * 6.6 Declining Elasmobranch Populations * --Conservation and sawfishes * --Threats to chondrichthyans * --Vulnerabilities of chondrichthyans * --Ecological impacts of shark population declines * --Policies to protect sharks * Chapter 7 * Origin of Osteichthyes and Radiation of Actinopterygian * 7.1 Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii, and Sarcopterygi * --Osteichthyan character * --Fin adaptations * --Other differences between actinopterygians and sarcopterygians * 7.2 Actinopterygii: Basal Group * --Polypteriformes * --Acipenseriformes * --Neopterygii: Holostei * --Neopterygii: Teleoste * 7.3 Characters of Teleostei * 7.4 Teleostei: Basal Groups * --Elopomorpha * --Osteoglossomorpha * --Otocephala * --Basal euteleosts * 7.5 Teleostei: Acanthopterygii * --Basal acanthopterygians * --Percomorph * 7.6 Swimming and Hydrodynamics * --Generating forward thrust * --Modes of locomotion * --Speed and drag * --Steering, stopping, and staying in place * 7.7 Reproduction and Development * --Oviparity * --Viviparity * --Sex change in teleosts * 7.8 Ecology of Marine Teleosts * --Black-water diving and larval teleosts * --The photic zone and its subdivisions * --Coral reef fishes * --Pelagic and deep-sea fishes * Chapter 8 * Sarcopterygians and the Origin of Tetrapods * 8.1 Phylogenetic Concepts of Tetrapoda and Characters for Sarcopterygii * 8.2 The Miguasha Lagerstätte and the "Good Fossil Effect" * 8.3 Actinistia * --
Onychodontia * --Coelacanthiformes * 8.4 Dipnomorpha * --
Porolepiformes * --Dipnoi * ? * 8.5 Tetrapodomorpha * --Basal tetrapodomorphs * --Tetrapods * 8.6 Moving onto Land * --How did fins become limbs? * --Body support and locomotion of early tetrapods * 8.7 Paleoecology of Devonian Tetrapodomorphs * Chapter 9 * Origins of Lissamphibia and Amniota * 9.1 Paleozoic Tetrapods and the Origins of Extant Groups * --Temnospondyli * --Origins of Lissamphibia * --Reptiliomorpha and the origin of amniotes * --Paleozoic diversification of amniotes * 9.2 Characters of Amniotes * --Skeletal characters * --The amniotic egg * --Other soft-tissue characters of amniotes * 9.3 Diversification of Amniotes * --Temporal fenestration: Synapsids and diapsid * --Ankle evolution in amniote * Chapter 10 * Geography and Ecology of the Mesozoic * 10.1 Continental Geography and Climates * --Continental movements * --Climate shifts * 10.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems * --Flora * --Fauna * 10.3 Marine Ecosystems * --Faunal composition: Apex predators * --Other clades * 10.4 Extinctions * --Triassic and Jurassic extinctions * --Cretaceous extinctions * Chapter 11 * Living on Land * 11.1 Support on Land * --Axial skeleton * --Axial muscle * --Appendicular skeleton * --Size and scaling * 11.2 Locomotion * 11.3 Eating * 11.4 Breathing Air * 11.5 Pumping Blood Uphill * 11.6 Sensory Systems * --Vision * --Hearing and equilibrium * --Olfaction * 11.7 Conserving Water in a Dry Environment * --Cutaneous water loss * --Respiratory water loss * --Excretory water loss * Chapter 12 * Lissamphibians * 12.1 Diversity of Lissamphibians * --Synapomorphies of Lissamphibia * --Salamanders * --Anurans * --Caecilians * 12.2 Life Histories of Lissamphibians * --Mating and reproduction in salamanders * --Anuran mating and reproduction * --Anuran metamorphosis * --The ecology of tadpoles * --Caecilian reproduction and development * 12.3 Respiration and Circulation * --Cutaneous respiration and blood flow * --Blood flow in larvae and adults * 12.4 Water Relations * --Uptake and storage of water * --Cutaneous water loss * --Behavioral control of cutaneous water loss * 12.5 Crypsis, Warning Colors, Toxins, and Venoms * --Skin glands and toxins * --Toxicity and diet * --Venomous lissamphibians * 12.6 Why Are Lissamphibians Vanishing? * --Chytrid fungi * --Synergisms and domino effects * Chapter 13 * Synapsids and Sauropsids: Two Ways of Living on the Land * 13.1 Conflicts between Locomotion and Respiration * 13.2 Lungs and Lung Ventilation: Supplying Oxygen to the Blood * --Synapsid lungs * --Sauropsid lungs * 13.3 Circulatory Systems: Supplying Oxygen to Tissues * --Systemic arches of mammals and birds * --Hearts with a ventricular septum: Mammals and birds * --Hearts without a ventricular septum: Turtles and lepidosaurs * --Shunting blood when the heart has a ventricular septum: Crocodylians * 13.4 Getting Rid of Wastes: The Kidneys * --Nitrogenous waste products * --Nitrogen excretion by synapsids: The mammalian kidney * --Nitrogen excretion by sauropsids: Renal and extrarenal routes * Chapter 14 * Ectothermy and Endothermy: Two Ways of Regulating Body Temperature * 14.1 Why Regulate Body Temperature? * 14.2 Ectothermal Thermoregulation * --Energy exchange and mechanisms of ectothermy * --Thermal ecology of ectotherms * 14.3 Endothermal Thermoregulation * --Mechanisms of endothermal thermoregulation? * 14.4 Pure Ectothermy and Pure Endothermy Lie at the Extremes of a Continuum * --Endothermal ectotherms * --Heterothermal endotherms: Torpor and hibernation * --Heterothermal endotherms: Hyperthermia and life in the desert * 14.5 Evolution of Endothermy * --How did endothermy evolve? * --Evaluating the models * --Many factors * 14.6 Thermoregulation, Energy Use, and Body Size * --Energy requirements * --Body size * --Gigantothermy and the body temperatures of dinosaurs * 14.7 Ectotherms, Endotherms, and Ecosystems * Chapter 15 * Lepidosaurs * 15.1 Characters and Diversity of Lepidosaurs * --Rhynchocephalians and the biology of tuatara * --Squamata: Lizards * --Squamata: Serpentes * 15.2 Foraging Modes * 15.3 Skull Kinesis and Feeding * --Feeding specializations of snakes * --Venom and fangs * --Hearts and stomachs * 15.4 Predator Avoidance and Defense * --Crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry * --Deterrence * --Autotomy * --Venom and poisons as defense mechanisms * 15.5 Social Behavior * --Courtship and territoriality * --Sociality and parental care * 15.6 Reproductive Modes * --Oviparity and viviparity * --Parthenogenesis * --Sex determination * 15.7 Climate Change * Chapter 16 * Turtles * 16.1 Form and Function * --Shell and skeleton * --Head retraction * --Lung ventilation * --Evolution of the turtle body plan * 16.2 Diversity * 16.3 Social Behavior, Communication, and Courtship * 16.4 Reproduction * --Environmental sex determination * --Parental care * --Hatching and the behavior of baby turtles * 16.5 Navigation and Migration * --Navigation by adult sea turtles * --Navigation by hatchling and juvenile sea turtles * 16.6 Turtles in Trouble * --Life history * --Turtles are both delicious and considered medicinal * --Turtles are in demand as pets * --Sea turtles face extra risks * Chapter 17 * Crocodylians * 17.1 Diversity of Extant Crocodylians * --Distribution of extant crocodylians * --Locomotion * 17.2 The Crocodylomorph Lineage * --
Notosuchia * --Neosuchia * --Neosuchia * 17.3 Predatory Behavior and Diet * 17.4 Communication and Social Behavior * 17.5 Reproduction and Parental Care * --Environmental sex determination * --Parental care * 17.6 Threats to and from Crocodylians * --Threats from crocodylians * --Threats to crocodylians * --Reconciling humans and crocodylians * Chapter 18 * Avemetatarsalia and the Origin of Dinosauria * 18.1 Characters and Systematics of Avemetatarsalia * 18.2
Pterosaurs: Vertebrates Achieve Powered Flight * --Structure of
pterosaurs * --Reproduction, eggs, and parental care * --Did the evolution of birds doom
pterosaurs * 18.3 Dinosaurs: One of the Most Successful Tetrapod Radiations * --The structure of dinosaurs * 18.4
Ornithischia * --
Thyreophora * --
Neornithischia * --
Marginocephalia * --
Ornithopoda * --Social behavior of
ornithischian dinosaurs * --Nesting and parental care by
ornithischians * --
Neornithischia * --
Marginocephalia * --
Ornithopoda * --Social behavior of
ornithischian dinosaurs * --Nesting and parental care by
ornithischians * 18.5
Sauropodomorpha * --Social behavior of
sauropod * --Nesting and parental care by
sauropodomorphs? * Chapter 19 * Theropods and the Origin of Birds * 19.1 Characters and Systematics of Theropods * --Phylogenetic overview of Theropoda * --
Coelophysoids: Early theropods * --
Ceratosauria * --Tetanurae * --Community ecology of theropods * --Social behavior of theropods * 19.2
Archaeopteryx, Mesozoic Avialans, and the Mosaic Evolution of Avian Characters * --Discovery of
Archaeopteryx * --Cretaceous avialans * --Mosaic evolution of some avialan characters * --Other avian features * --Body size * 19.3 Evolution of Powered Flight * --How-and why-birds got off the ground * --Gliding and flying by other Mesozoic paravians * 19.4 Reproduction and Parental Care by Theropods * --Eggs and nests * --Parental care of hatchlings * Chapter 20 * Geography and Ecology of the Cenozoic * 20.1 Continental Geography and Climates * --Continental movements * --Cenozoic climates * 20.2 Cenozoic Ecosystems * --Fossil Lake * --Freshwater habitats * --Marine habitats * --Terrestrial flora * --Terrestrial fauna * 20.3 The Great American Biotic Interchange * --Terrestrial vertebrates of North and South America * --Faunal interchange * --Marine fauna and isthmian pairs * 20.4 Extinctions * Chapter 21 * Extant Birds * 21.1 Diversity of Aves * 21.2 Structural Specializations for Flight and Bipedalism * --Body size * --Feathers * --Streamlining and weight reduction * --Skeleton * --Muscles * 21.3 Wings and Flight * --Flight mechanics * --Wing shape and flight * 21.4 Feet and Locomotion * --Hopping, walking, and running * --Swimming * 21.5 Bills, Feeding, and Digestion * --Bills, cranial kinesis, and tongues * --Digestive tract * 21.6 Sensory Systems * --Vision * --Hearing * --Olfaction * --Touch * 21.7 Communication * --Vocalization * --Sonation * --Visual displays * 21.8 Reproduction * --Reproductive organs and insemination * --Egg structure * --Maternal effects * ---Sex determination * -Hatching and developmental state of young * 21.9 Parental Care * --Nest building * --Incubating * --Feeding young * --Interspecific brood parasitism * 21.10 Orientation, Navigation, and Migration * --Navigational abilities * --Using multiple cues during navigation * --Seasonal migration * 21.11 Conservation * Chapter 22 * Synapsids and the Origin of Mammals * 22.1 Synapsid Evolution * --Cranial skeleton and teeth * --Phylogenetic history of synapsids * 22.2 Jaw Joints and Middle Ear Bones * 22.3 Other Mammalian Features * --Teeth * --Specializations of the palate and tongue for swallowing * --Facial muscles * --Integument * --Lactation, nursing, and suckling * --Brain and senses * --Internal anatomy * 22.4 Basal Mammalian Clades * --Prototheria * --
Allotheria * --Theria * Chapter 23 * Therians * 23.1 Therian Features and Origins of Marsupialia and Placentalia * --Therian skeletons * 23.2 Diversity of Marsupials * --Marsupials and the Australian fauna * 23.3 Diversity of Placentals * --Atlantogenata * --Boreoeutheria * 23.4 Reproduction * --Genitalia * --Urogenital tracts * --Placentation * --Gestation * --Evolution of therian viviparity * 23.5 Teeth and Feeding Specializations * --Cusps and lophs * --Carnivores and herbivores: Differences in jaw muscles * --Digestive tracts * 23.6 Locomotion * --Limbs: Speed versus power * --Cursorial adaptations of ungulate limbs * --Digging * --Powered flight of bats * --Swimming * --Cetacean evolution * 23.7 Trophy Hunting and Extinction Risk * --Bighorn sheep: A case study * --Endangering the endangered: The effect of perceived rarity * --The extinction vortex * Chapter 24 * Primate Evolution and the Emergence of Humans * 24.1 Primate Origins and Diversification * --Basal primates * --Euprimates * --Anthropoids * --New World monkeys * --Old World monkeys and apes * 24.2 Origin and Evolution of Hominoidea * --Hylobatidae * --Hominidae * --Homininae * 24.3 Origin and Evolution of Hominini * --Distinctive features of hominins * --Early hominins * 24.4 The Genus Homo * --
Homo habilis * --
Homo erectus * --
Dmanisi hominins * --
Neanderthals * --
Denisovan hominins * --
Homo longi * --Island species and miniaturization * --
Homo naledi * --
Homo bodoensis * --Origin and radiation of Homo sapiens * --What happened to the humans who were already there? * 24.5 Evolution of Human Characters * --Bipedalism * --Large brains * --Speech and language * 24.6 Humans and Other Vertebrates * --Humans as superpredators and environmental disruptors * --Megafaunal extinctions * --Is this the Anthropocene? * AppendixA-1 * GlossaryG-1 * IndexI-1