Trafficking Inside Cells
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The human body is made up of trillions of tiny cells that cannot be seen by the naked eye. The functioning units inside these cells are macromolecules that need to travel in the three-dimensional cell-space to distances ten thousand times their size. This movement is highly ordered, requires energy and takes place on molecular tracks that serve as a sophisticated transport system-somewhat equivalent to the multimodal rail-highway-river networks of large metropolises. All the systems of the human body depend on the efficient delivery of macromolecules to their right destination at the right…mehr

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Produktbeschreibung
The human body is made up of trillions of tiny cells that cannot be seen by the naked eye. The functioning units inside these cells are macromolecules that need to travel in the three-dimensional cell-space to distances ten thousand times their size. This movement is highly ordered, requires energy and takes place on molecular tracks that serve as a sophisticated transport system-somewhat equivalent to the multimodal rail-highway-river networks of large metropolises. All the systems of the human body depend on the efficient delivery of macromolecules to their right destination at the right time-both within and between cells. Breakdown of this traffic system results in a variety of diseases including diabetes, cancer and heart disease, as well as immunological, neurological and developmental disorders. During the last half a century, scientists have made a quantum leap in unraveling the mysteries of trafficking inside cells. The three sections of this book together cover the past, present and future of this rapidly developing and intriguing field.
The SecretoryPathway The transport ofproteins and lipids from their site ofsynthesis at the endoplasmic reticu lum (ER) to the cellsurface ismediated by the secretory pathway and isan essential process in eukaryotic organisms. A great variety ofmolecules are extruded from cellsby the action ofthe secretory pathway, including extracellular matrix components that provide the foundation for constructing tissuesand organs. Moreover, this pathway playsa major role in the biogenesisof the plasma membraneand itsexpansion before celldivision. Therefore, withoutsecretion there would be no cells,tissuesor organs, and so it issafeto saythat we oweourvery existence to the secretory pathway. To understand the process ofsecretion we must learn about the organelles that compose the secretory pathway; the ER and Golgi apparatus, and the transport vesicles these or ganelles produce. The membrane ofthese organelles is primarily synthesized and assembled at the ER but with contributions from mitochondria (phosphatidylethanolamine) and the Golgi apparatus (sphingolipids). Newly synthesized proteins destined for secretion gain en try into the secretory pathway by translocation across the ER membrane. This translocation apparatus also integrates proteins into the membrane and establishes their topology with respect to the lipid bilayer (seeChapter 7). Many secretory proteins are covalently modified with oligosaccharides to produce glycoproteins, a biosynthetic process initiated in the ER and continued in the Golgi apparatus. Once proteins are properly folded and modified in the ER, they are allowed to leave and are ushered into COPlI-coated carrier vesiclesforming at specific exit sites (see Chapters 1 and 8).