N. Altawell

The Selection Process of Biomass Materials for the Production of Bio-Fuels and Co-firing

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Beginning first with the fundamentals of biofuel and co-firing, this essential resource then moves into coverage of the methodology that assists energy scientists and engineers to arrive at optimal biomass materials that are tailored to each company s business and economic environments. Coverage provides vital, ample, accurate, and detailed data of a number of energy crops and their uses by scientists. The unique approach includes not only technical and scientific factors, but also business factors such as environmental and human health factors for using biofuel and co-firing.

Produktdetails

• IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering .
• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 384
• Erscheinungstermin: Juni 2014
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 236mm x 160mm x 25mm
• Gewicht: 680g
• ISBN-13: 9781118542668
• ISBN-10: 1118542665
• Artikelnr.: 37314934

Autorenporträt

NAJIB ALTAWELL, PhD, is a researcher, consultant, and lecturer in renewable energy, specializing in commercial and technical aspects of biomass. He earned his PhD in Environmental Engineering from the University of Nottingham (2010), MRes in Nanotechnology and Nano-electronics from Surrey University (2004), BSc (Hon) in Computer Science from Westminster University and Kingston University (2001), and PGC/PGD in Teaching from Kingston College (2002).

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii Abbreviations xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why
This Book? 1 1.2 The Book Structure 2 1.2.1 Introduction 2 1.2.2 Structure
3 1.3 Energy Utilization 5 1.4 The Need for Effective Biomass Utilization 7
1.5 Renewable Energy Impact on Biomass Economy 7 1.6 Summary 9 References
10 2 Background 13 2.1 Renewable Energy: A Brief Outlook 13 2.1.1
Introduction 13 2.1.2 Old Graphs 15 2.2 Wind 16 2.3 Water 17 2.4 Geothermal
17 2.5 Solar 19 2.5.1 Solar Cells 20 2.5.2 Solar Water Heating 20 2.5.3
Solar Furnaces 20 2.6 Biomass 21 2.7 Biomass as a Source of Energy 24 2.7.1
Energy Crops 27 2.7.2 Examples of Energy Crops 29 2.7.3 Biomass Utilization
30 2.7.4 Biomass and Coal Components 31 2.7.5 Types of Energy Crop Needed
32 2.7.6 Biomass Energy Infl uencing Factors 33 2.7.7 CharacteristicsCo-fi
ring Properties and Testing Method 35 2.8 Biomass Applications 36 2.8.1
Bio-fuels 36 2.8.2 Electricity Generation 37 2.8.3 Heat, Steam, and CHP 37
2.8.4 Combustible Gas 38 2.8.5 Additional Bio-energy Technologies 41 2.9
Co-fi ring 42 2.9.1 Barriers for Biomass Co-firing 43 2.9.2 Additional
Challenges for Co-firing 44 2.9.3 Further Advancement in Co-firing
Engineering 44 2.9.4 Promoting Co-firing 45 2.10 System Engineering 46 2.11
Biomass Conversion Systems 48 2.12 Energy Crops Scheme (U.K.) 49 2.13
Renewable Obligation Certificate (ROC) (U.K.) 52 2.14 Climate Change Levy
Exemption Certificate (LEC) (U.K.) 52 2.15 Conclusion 53 References 56 3
Co-firing Issues 61 3.1 Technical and Engineering Issues 61 3.1.1
Introduction 61 3.1.2 Hardware and Biomass Materials 62 3.2 Technical and
Hardware Issues 62 3.3 Milling 65 3.4 Fuel Mixing 66 3.5 The Combustion
System 71 3.5.1 Boilers 71 3.6 By-products 75 3.6.1 Ash Formation and
Deposition 75 3.7 Degradation 76 3.8 Conclusion 77 References 80 4 Samples
83 4.1 Selected Samples 83 4.1.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Samples General
Descriptions 84 4.2.1 The Reference Samples 84 4.3 Main Samples 91 4.3.1
Introduction 91 4.3.2 Crops Basic Composition 92 4.3.3 Crops and Oil
Sources 93 4.3.4 Oil Quality and Standard 94 4.3.5 Crops Photosynthesis 94
4.3.6 Energy Crops Environmental Effect 95 4.3.7 Corn (Zea mays L.) 96
4.3.8 Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 103 4.3.9 Miscanthus (Miscanthus
sinensis) 108 4.3.10 Rice (Oryza sativa) 115 4.3.11 Barley (Hordeum vulgare
subsp.) 121 4.3.12 Sunfl ower (Helianthus annuus) 126 4.3.13 Niger Seed
(Guizotia abyssinica) 134 4.3.14 Rapeseed (Brassica napus) 141 4.4
Conclusion 147 4.4.1 Samples Selection 148 4.4.2 The Next Step 150
References 151 5 Methodology: Part 1 161 5.1 Methodology Approach 161 5.1.1
Introduction 161 5.2 The Pyramid 162 5.3 The Decision Tree 164 5.3.1 Steps
for the Biomass Fuel 164 5.3.2 Three Numbers 165 5.4 Methodology Terms and
Defi nition for BF and S&T 166 5.4.1 BF 166 5.4.2 S&T 166 5.5 BF and S&T
Data 166 5.5.1 Why Are Data for the BF and S&T Needed? 166 5.5.2 How Are
Data for the BF Obtained? 168 5.5.3 How Are Data for the S&T Obtained? 170
5.6 Scoring System 170 5.6.1 The Method 170 5.6.2 Calculating the Score
When the Reference Sample Is Set in a Positive Mode 172 5.6.3 Calculating
the Score When the Reference Sample Is Set in a Negative Mode 172 5.6.4
Boundaries for S&T 174 5.6.5 Boundaries for BF 174 5.6.6 Reference Sample
Boundaries 174 5.6.7 Biomass Boundaries 175 5.6.8 Scoring Plan for BF 176
5.7 Methodology Survey 177 5.8 The Survey Method 178 5.8.1 Aim 178 5.8.2
Objective 178 5.8.3 What Is the Survey Looking For? 178 5.8.4 Survey
Methodology 178 5.8.5 Mode 179 5.8.6 Mode Effect 179 5.8.7 Questionnaire
Design 179 5.8.8 Sample Design 179 5.8.9 Sample Size 180 5.8.10 Pretesting
and Piloting 180 5.8.11 Reducing and Dealing with Nonresponse 180 5.9
Conclusion 181 References 183 6 Methodology: Part 2 185 6.1 Introduction
185 6.1.1 Biomass Samples and Methodology 186 6.2 S&T Values Analysis 186
6.3 S&T Factor Evaluations 187 6.3.1 Energy Factor (EF) 187 6.3.2
Combustion Index Factor (CIF) 190 6.3.3 Volatile Matter Factor (VMF) 193
6.3.4 Moisture Factor (MF) 195 6.3.5 Ash Factor (AF) 196 6.3.6 Density
Factor (DF) 199 6.3.7 Nitrogen Emission (Nx) Factor (NEF) 201 6.4 S&T
Allocation Results 203 6.4.1 Introduction 203 6.4.2 The Priority List 204
6.5 Conclusion 206 References 208 7 Methodology: Part 3 211 7.1 BF
Percentage Value Selection 211 7.1.1 Introduction 211 7.1.2 BF Subjective
and Objective Factors 212 7.1.3 Percentage Allocation for BF 212 7.1.4 BF
Values and Headlines 213 7.1.5 Biomass Energy Commercialization and BF 213
7.2 BF Values Analysis 215 7.3 BF Evaluations 216 7.3.1 System Factor (SF)
217 7.3.2 Approach Factor (AF) 218 7.3.3 Baseline Methodology Factor (BMF)
219 7.3.4 Business Viability Factor (BVF) 219 7.3.5 Applicability Factor
(APF) 220 7.3.6 Land and Water Issues Factor (LWIF) 223 7.3.7 Supply Factor
(SUF) 224 7.3.8 Quality Factor (QF) 225 7.3.9 Emission Factor 226 7.4 BF
Data 228 7.4.1 Introduction 228 7.4.2 The Priority List 230 7.5 Conclusion
235 References 237 8 Results: Part 1 239 8.1 Statistical Data and Errors
239 8.1.1 Introduction 239 8.2 Methodology Level Value (Boundary Level
Scoring Value) 241 8.3 Calculating Standard Deviation and Relative Error
242 8.3.1 S&T Factors 243 8.3.2 Business Factors (BF) 246 8.3.3 Methodology
Standard Deviation for S&T 249 8.3.4 Methodology Standard Deviation for BF
250 8.3.5 Methodology Standard Deviation 251 8.4 Analysis 251 8.5
Conclusion 255 References 257 9 Results: Part 2 259 9.1 Data and
Methodology Application 259 9.1.1 Introduction 259 9.2 Tests 260 9.2.1
Experimental Tests 260 9.3 S&T Samples Data and Reports (Results) 265 9.3.1
Fossil Fuel 265 9.3.2 Biomass Materials 266 9.4 BF Samples Reports Examples
(Results) 277 9.4.1 Coal BF Data (Altawell, GSTF, 2012) 277 9.4.2 Rapeseed
BF Report 278 9.4.3 Black Sunfl ower Seed BF Report 278 9.4.4 Niger Seed BF
Report 279 9.4.5 Apple Pruning BF Report 280 9.4.6 Striped Sunflower Seed
BF Report 281 9.5 The Final Biomass Samples 282 9.5.1 S&T Results 282 9.5.2
BF Results 284 9.6 Samples Final Fitness 285 9.7 Discussion and Analysis
289 9.8 Conclusion 294 References 296 10 Economic Factors 297 10.1 Biomass
Fuel Economic Factors and SFS 297 10.1.1 Introduction 297 10.2 Economic
Factors 298 10.3 Biomass Business 300 10.3.1 Step 1 300 10.3.2 Step 2 301
10.3.3 Step 3 302 10.3.4 Step 4 304 10.4 Biomass Fuel Supply Chain 305 10.5
The Demand for a New Biomass Fuel 306 10.6 The SFS Economic Value Scenario
307 10.7 Discussion 308 10.8 Conclusion 310 References 312 11 Conclusion
315 11.1 General Conclusion 315 11.2 Methodology (REA1) and Applications
316 11.3 Why Biomass? 316 11.4 Co-firing and Power Generating 318 11.5 The
New Biomass Fuel (SFS) 318 11.6 The Future of Co-firing and Biomass Energy
319 11.7 Final Results and Final Conclusion 320 11.8 Positive Outlook 320
11.9 What Next? 321 References 321 Index 323