A decade of observations of the Sun with NASA's Solar Maximum Mission satellite has led to many discoveries in solar physics and atomic physics. While the analysis of the data is still continuing, a huge body of literature has now been published interpreting results from the mission. This book collects a review of these results in a single volume to provide a snapshot, as it were, of the current state of knowledge of solar physics. It will thus be a useful tool for both teaching and research, as well as a guide to planners of future missions to investigate the Sun. Individual chapters, each…mehr
A decade of observations of the Sun with NASA's Solar Maximum Mission satellite has led to many discoveries in solar physics and atomic physics. While the analysis of the data is still continuing, a huge body of literature has now been published interpreting results from the mission. This book collects a review of these results in a single volume to provide a snapshot, as it were, of the current state of knowledge of solar physics. It will thus be a useful tool for both teaching and research, as well as a guide to planners of future missions to investigate the Sun. Individual chapters, each written by an expert in solar physics, cover such topics as: z Variations in the solar irradiance z Active regions of the Sun z The corona: elemental abundances; coronal mass ejections z Chromospheric evaporation z Solar flares; ultraviolet flares; nonthermal flare emissions z Flare dynamics; preflare activity; the gradual phase of flares; particle acceleration in flares z Spectroscopy and atomic physics z Solar-terrestrial science z The solar-stellar connection z Comet observations z Cosmic studies
1. The Solar Maximum Mission.- 1.1 The Origins of the Mission.- 1.2 Scientific Objectives of the Mission.- 1.3 The SMM Instrument Package.- 1.4 Scientific Discoveries.- 1.5 Concluding Remarks.- 2. Solar Irradiance Variations.- 2.1 Development of Solar Irradiance Monitors.- 2.2 Models of the Solar-Cycle TSI Variation.- 2.3 ACRIM I and Succeeding Observations.- 2.4 The Long-Term Climate TSI Data Base.- 3. Active Regions.- 3.1 Magnetic Field Strength and Structure.- 3.2 Dynamics and Heating of the Solar Corona.- 3.3 Transition Region Brightenings: UV Microflares.- 3.4 Sunspots.- 3.5 Prominences and Filaments.- 4. Coronal Abundances.- 4.1 Flare X-Ray Measurements from BCS.- 4.2 FCS Abundances.- 4.3 Determination of Solar Abundances by Solar Flare ?-Ray Spectrometry.- 4.4 Solar Energetic Particles.- 4.5 Theory of Abundance Fractionation.- 5. Coronal Mass Ejections.- 5.1 Nature and Structure of Coronal Mass Ejections.- 5.2 The Propagation of Mass Ejections Through the Corona.- 5.3 The Origin of Coronal Mass Ejections.- 5.4 Summary.- 6. Preflare Activity.- 6.1 General Activity in Active Regions.- 6.2 Precursors to Major Flares.- 6.3 Chromospheric Evaporation.- 6.4 The Onset of Coronal Mass Ejections.- 6.5 Surges.- 6.6 Conclusions.- 7. Particle Acceleration in Flares.- 7.1 The "Pre-SMM" Paradigm.- 7.2 High-Energy Flare Observations.- 7.3 Mechanisms for Particle Acceleration.- 7.4 Summary.- 8. Nonthermal Flare Emissions.- 8.1 Statistical Aspects of Hard X-Ray Flares.- 8.2 Particle Acceleration and Injection.- 8.3 Particle Trapping and Precipitation.- 8.4 Flare Diagnostics from Hard X-Ray/Radio Observations.- 9. Chromospheric Evaporation Theory.- 9.1 Pre-SMM Results.- 9.2 Early SMM Results.- 9.3 Later SMM Results.- 9.4 Future Developments.- 9.5 Conclusions.- 10. FlareDynamics.- 10.1 Results from Soft X-Ray Spectra.- 10.2 Chromospheric Evaporation.- 10.3 Nature of Nonthermal Line Broadenings.- 10.4 Concluding Remarks.- 11. Ultraviolet Flare Studies.- 11.1 UV Flare Plasma Diagnostics.- 11.2 UV and Hard X-Ray Bursts.- 11.3 Flare Topology: Interacting Loops.- 11.4 Discussion.- 12. The Gradual Phase of Flares.- 12.1 Heating and Cooling in the Gradual Phase.- 12.2 Emission Measure-Temperature Diagrams.- 12.3 Flaring Arches.- 12.4 Gradual Phase of Eruptive Flares.- 12.5 Postflare Giant Arches.- 12.6 Giant Arches: Modeling and Interpretation.- 13. Spectroscopy and Atomic Physics.- 13.1 Theory of Line Intensities.- 13.2 Density-Sensitive Line Ratios.- 13.3 Temperature-Sensitive Line Ratios.- 13.4 Element Abundances.- 13.5 Photospheric X-Ray Lines.- 13.6 Checking and Correcting Atomic Data.- 13.7 Summary and Future Directions.- 14. Solar-Terrestrial and Terrestrial Science.- 14.1 SMM's Impact on Solar-Terrestrial Studies.- 14.2 ?-Rays from the Earth.- 14.3 Transient Radiation Belts from Orbiting Nuclear Reactors.- 14.4 Mesospheric Chemistry Studies with UVSP.- 15. Solar-Stellar Connection.- 15.1 Stellar Coronae and Acoustic Heating.- 15.2 The Dividing Line.- 15.3 The Rotation-Activity Relation: Calibrating the Dynamo.- 15.4 Age versus Activity: The Evolution of the Sun.- 15.5 Stellar Activity Cycles.- 15.6 Mapping Stellar Surfaces.- 15.7 Flares on Other Stars.- 15.8 What is the Range of Stellar Power Ratios?.- 15.9 Conclusion.- 16. Comet Observations.- 16.1 Comet Halley and Comet Machholz.- 16.2 Comet Machholz (1988 XV).- 16.3 Kreutz Family of Sungrazing Comets.- 16.4 Summary.- 17. Cosmic Studies.- 17.1 Hard X-Ray Sources.- 17.2 ?-Ray Bursts.- 17.3 ?-Ray Observations of Recent Supernovae.- 17.4 ?-Ray Observations of Recent Novae.- 17.5Searches for ?-Ray Transients.- 17.6 Galactic Observations.- 17.7 Summary of ?-Ray Line Observations.- References.- Acronyms.- Acknowledgment of Copyright.
1. The Solar Maximum Mission.- 1.1 The Origins of the Mission.- 1.2 Scientific Objectives of the Mission.- 1.3 The SMM Instrument Package.- 1.4 Scientific Discoveries.- 1.5 Concluding Remarks.- 2. Solar Irradiance Variations.- 2.1 Development of Solar Irradiance Monitors.- 2.2 Models of the Solar-Cycle TSI Variation.- 2.3 ACRIM I and Succeeding Observations.- 2.4 The Long-Term Climate TSI Data Base.- 3. Active Regions.- 3.1 Magnetic Field Strength and Structure.- 3.2 Dynamics and Heating of the Solar Corona.- 3.3 Transition Region Brightenings: UV Microflares.- 3.4 Sunspots.- 3.5 Prominences and Filaments.- 4. Coronal Abundances.- 4.1 Flare X-Ray Measurements from BCS.- 4.2 FCS Abundances.- 4.3 Determination of Solar Abundances by Solar Flare ?-Ray Spectrometry.- 4.4 Solar Energetic Particles.- 4.5 Theory of Abundance Fractionation.- 5. Coronal Mass Ejections.- 5.1 Nature and Structure of Coronal Mass Ejections.- 5.2 The Propagation of Mass Ejections Through the Corona.- 5.3 The Origin of Coronal Mass Ejections.- 5.4 Summary.- 6. Preflare Activity.- 6.1 General Activity in Active Regions.- 6.2 Precursors to Major Flares.- 6.3 Chromospheric Evaporation.- 6.4 The Onset of Coronal Mass Ejections.- 6.5 Surges.- 6.6 Conclusions.- 7. Particle Acceleration in Flares.- 7.1 The "Pre-SMM" Paradigm.- 7.2 High-Energy Flare Observations.- 7.3 Mechanisms for Particle Acceleration.- 7.4 Summary.- 8. Nonthermal Flare Emissions.- 8.1 Statistical Aspects of Hard X-Ray Flares.- 8.2 Particle Acceleration and Injection.- 8.3 Particle Trapping and Precipitation.- 8.4 Flare Diagnostics from Hard X-Ray/Radio Observations.- 9. Chromospheric Evaporation Theory.- 9.1 Pre-SMM Results.- 9.2 Early SMM Results.- 9.3 Later SMM Results.- 9.4 Future Developments.- 9.5 Conclusions.- 10. FlareDynamics.- 10.1 Results from Soft X-Ray Spectra.- 10.2 Chromospheric Evaporation.- 10.3 Nature of Nonthermal Line Broadenings.- 10.4 Concluding Remarks.- 11. Ultraviolet Flare Studies.- 11.1 UV Flare Plasma Diagnostics.- 11.2 UV and Hard X-Ray Bursts.- 11.3 Flare Topology: Interacting Loops.- 11.4 Discussion.- 12. The Gradual Phase of Flares.- 12.1 Heating and Cooling in the Gradual Phase.- 12.2 Emission Measure-Temperature Diagrams.- 12.3 Flaring Arches.- 12.4 Gradual Phase of Eruptive Flares.- 12.5 Postflare Giant Arches.- 12.6 Giant Arches: Modeling and Interpretation.- 13. Spectroscopy and Atomic Physics.- 13.1 Theory of Line Intensities.- 13.2 Density-Sensitive Line Ratios.- 13.3 Temperature-Sensitive Line Ratios.- 13.4 Element Abundances.- 13.5 Photospheric X-Ray Lines.- 13.6 Checking and Correcting Atomic Data.- 13.7 Summary and Future Directions.- 14. Solar-Terrestrial and Terrestrial Science.- 14.1 SMM's Impact on Solar-Terrestrial Studies.- 14.2 ?-Rays from the Earth.- 14.3 Transient Radiation Belts from Orbiting Nuclear Reactors.- 14.4 Mesospheric Chemistry Studies with UVSP.- 15. Solar-Stellar Connection.- 15.1 Stellar Coronae and Acoustic Heating.- 15.2 The Dividing Line.- 15.3 The Rotation-Activity Relation: Calibrating the Dynamo.- 15.4 Age versus Activity: The Evolution of the Sun.- 15.5 Stellar Activity Cycles.- 15.6 Mapping Stellar Surfaces.- 15.7 Flares on Other Stars.- 15.8 What is the Range of Stellar Power Ratios?.- 15.9 Conclusion.- 16. Comet Observations.- 16.1 Comet Halley and Comet Machholz.- 16.2 Comet Machholz (1988 XV).- 16.3 Kreutz Family of Sungrazing Comets.- 16.4 Summary.- 17. Cosmic Studies.- 17.1 Hard X-Ray Sources.- 17.2 ?-Ray Bursts.- 17.3 ?-Ray Observations of Recent Supernovae.- 17.4 ?-Ray Observations of Recent Novae.- 17.5Searches for ?-Ray Transients.- 17.6 Galactic Observations.- 17.7 Summary of ?-Ray Line Observations.- References.- Acronyms.- Acknowledgment of Copyright.
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