For many years studies of the structure and biosynthesis of saccharides formed a specialised and somewhat abstruse part of biochemistry, with little or no place in molecular biology. In recent years this has changed profoundly, as has the character of much of carbohydrate biochemistry. Saccharides are now seen as generally possessing specific structures, which are potentially informational-though there is little firm evidence, as yet, as to the nature and expression of this information. Biosynthetic studies, especially upon glyco proteins, have provided major new insights into the ways by…mehr
For many years studies of the structure and biosynthesis of saccharides formed a specialised and somewhat abstruse part of biochemistry, with little or no place in molecular biology. In recent years this has changed profoundly, as has the character of much of carbohydrate biochemistry. Saccharides are now seen as generally possessing specific structures, which are potentially informational-though there is little firm evidence, as yet, as to the nature and expression of this information. Biosynthetic studies, especially upon glyco proteins, have provided major new insights into the ways by which specific sugar sequences can be assembled and the relationship of this to membranes and membrane flow. While the study of polysaccharide 'biosynthesis has developed more slowly, its future progress will be profoundly affected by the new knowledge of glycoproteins and this, in turn, will have major implications in the understanding of biological matrices and microenvironments. With this rapid growth and change, ever more scientists - of increasingly diverse backgrounds - are needing to understand something of carbohydrate biochemistry. This book is directed towards them, not with the intention that it should compete with existing text books, or simply be an elementary introduction, but with the intent that it should provide a bridge between the rather disparate and diverging lines of development in the subject and to bring out the important principles of saccharide assembly that are emerging.
1. The Nature of Polysaccharides.- A. General Introduction.- B. The Emerging View of Carbohydrate Structure.- C. The Sequencing of Oligo- and Poly-saccharides.- D. Structures of Carbohydrates.- Further Reading.- 2. Sugar Nucleotides and Cyclitols.- A. Introduction.- B. The Discovery of Sugar Nucleotides.- C. The Detection, Analysis and Chemistry of Sugar Nucleotides.- D. Classes of Sugar Nucleotides.- E. The Use of 'Cell-Free' Systems in Studying Saccharide Assembly: Some Problems.- F. Mechanisms of Interconversion of Sugar Nucleotides.- G. Cyclitol Metabolism.- H. The Fate and Re-use of Degradation Products of Glycoconjugates and Polysaccharides.- I. Pathways of Sugar Nucleotide Interconversion.- Further Reading.- 3. Glycosylation in Bacteria.- A. The Structure of Bacterial Surfaces.- B. Bacterial Carbohydrates.- C. The Strategy of Analysing Glycosyl Transfers in Bacteria.- D. Undecaprenol.- E. Synthesis of Teichoic Acids and Allied Polymers.- F. Peptidoglycan Assembly.- G. Lipopolysaccharide Synthesis (in Salmonella and Related Genera).- H. Polysaccharide Synthesis.- I. Organisational Aspects of Glycosyl Transfers in Bacteria.- Further Reading.- 4. Glycoprotein and Glycolipid Assembly and Related Processes in Eukaryotic Cells.- A. Glycosylation in Eukaryotes: General Schemes.- B. The Synthesis of N-Glycosidic Oligosaccharide 'Cores' in Higher Animals.- C. The Initiation and Early Assembly of 'Mucin-type' Structures.- D. The Formation of the Clc1,2Gal 1-Hyl Sequence in Collagens and Clq.- E. Construction of Saccharide Sequences by Mechanisms Independent of Dolichol.- F. Biosynthesis of Glycosphingolipids.- G. Glycerol-based Glycolipids.- H. Sulphated Glycolipids.- I. Complex Glycolipids of Lower Animals.- J. Fungal Cell Wall Mannans and Glycoproteins.- K.The Glycoproteins and Glycolipids of Plants.- Further Reading.- 5. Polysaccharide Assembly in Eukaryotes.- A. Introduction.- B. General Problems and Principles.- C. Specific Polysaccharides.- Further Reading.- 6. Cytological Aspects of Glycosyl Transfer in Eukaryotes.- A. Basic ideas of Membrane Structure and Carbohydrates.- B. The Genetic Commitment to Glycosyl Transfer.- C. Self-assembly in Polysaccharide Structures.- D. The Integration of Glycosyl Transfer into General Metabolism.- Further Reading.- 7. Pathological Aspects of Glycosylation.- A. Introduction.- B. Catabolic Defects in the Metabolism of Glycoconjugates.- C. Abnormal Glycosylation and Uptake of Glycoproteins.- D. Defective Intracellular Targeting of Glycoconjugates.- E. Defective Synthesis of Glycoconjugates.- Further Reading.- Appendix: Terminology.- 1. Shape of Sugars.- 2. Derivatives of Simple Sugars.- (a) Deoxy-sugars.- (b) Amino- and Acetamido-sugars.- (c) Uronic Acids.- (d) Sugar Alcohols.- (e) Acyl, Ether and Sulphate Groups in Sugars.- 3. Sialic Acids.- 4. Notations for Sugars.- (a) Simple Sugars: Three-letter Notation.- (b) Uronic Acids.- (c) Amino-and Acetamido-sugars.- (d)' single-letter' Notation in Special Cases.- (e) Sulphates and Phosphates.- (f) Sialic Acids.- (g) D and L Sugars.- (h) Pyranose and Furanose Forms.- (i) Linkage.- (j ) Anomeric Configuration.- (k) Branching.- (1) Special Symbols.- 5. Special Nomenclature of Glycolipids.- 6. Special Nomenclature of Glycoproteins and Related Polymers.- (c) Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans.- 7. Special Nomenclature of Polysaccharides.- References.
1. The Nature of Polysaccharides.- A. General Introduction.- B. The Emerging View of Carbohydrate Structure.- C. The Sequencing of Oligo- and Poly-saccharides.- D. Structures of Carbohydrates.- Further Reading.- 2. Sugar Nucleotides and Cyclitols.- A. Introduction.- B. The Discovery of Sugar Nucleotides.- C. The Detection, Analysis and Chemistry of Sugar Nucleotides.- D. Classes of Sugar Nucleotides.- E. The Use of 'Cell-Free' Systems in Studying Saccharide Assembly: Some Problems.- F. Mechanisms of Interconversion of Sugar Nucleotides.- G. Cyclitol Metabolism.- H. The Fate and Re-use of Degradation Products of Glycoconjugates and Polysaccharides.- I. Pathways of Sugar Nucleotide Interconversion.- Further Reading.- 3. Glycosylation in Bacteria.- A. The Structure of Bacterial Surfaces.- B. Bacterial Carbohydrates.- C. The Strategy of Analysing Glycosyl Transfers in Bacteria.- D. Undecaprenol.- E. Synthesis of Teichoic Acids and Allied Polymers.- F. Peptidoglycan Assembly.- G. Lipopolysaccharide Synthesis (in Salmonella and Related Genera).- H. Polysaccharide Synthesis.- I. Organisational Aspects of Glycosyl Transfers in Bacteria.- Further Reading.- 4. Glycoprotein and Glycolipid Assembly and Related Processes in Eukaryotic Cells.- A. Glycosylation in Eukaryotes: General Schemes.- B. The Synthesis of N-Glycosidic Oligosaccharide 'Cores' in Higher Animals.- C. The Initiation and Early Assembly of 'Mucin-type' Structures.- D. The Formation of the Clc1,2Gal 1-Hyl Sequence in Collagens and Clq.- E. Construction of Saccharide Sequences by Mechanisms Independent of Dolichol.- F. Biosynthesis of Glycosphingolipids.- G. Glycerol-based Glycolipids.- H. Sulphated Glycolipids.- I. Complex Glycolipids of Lower Animals.- J. Fungal Cell Wall Mannans and Glycoproteins.- K.The Glycoproteins and Glycolipids of Plants.- Further Reading.- 5. Polysaccharide Assembly in Eukaryotes.- A. Introduction.- B. General Problems and Principles.- C. Specific Polysaccharides.- Further Reading.- 6. Cytological Aspects of Glycosyl Transfer in Eukaryotes.- A. Basic ideas of Membrane Structure and Carbohydrates.- B. The Genetic Commitment to Glycosyl Transfer.- C. Self-assembly in Polysaccharide Structures.- D. The Integration of Glycosyl Transfer into General Metabolism.- Further Reading.- 7. Pathological Aspects of Glycosylation.- A. Introduction.- B. Catabolic Defects in the Metabolism of Glycoconjugates.- C. Abnormal Glycosylation and Uptake of Glycoproteins.- D. Defective Intracellular Targeting of Glycoconjugates.- E. Defective Synthesis of Glycoconjugates.- Further Reading.- Appendix: Terminology.- 1. Shape of Sugars.- 2. Derivatives of Simple Sugars.- (a) Deoxy-sugars.- (b) Amino- and Acetamido-sugars.- (c) Uronic Acids.- (d) Sugar Alcohols.- (e) Acyl, Ether and Sulphate Groups in Sugars.- 3. Sialic Acids.- 4. Notations for Sugars.- (a) Simple Sugars: Three-letter Notation.- (b) Uronic Acids.- (c) Amino-and Acetamido-sugars.- (d)' single-letter' Notation in Special Cases.- (e) Sulphates and Phosphates.- (f) Sialic Acids.- (g) D and L Sugars.- (h) Pyranose and Furanose Forms.- (i) Linkage.- (j ) Anomeric Configuration.- (k) Branching.- (1) Special Symbols.- 5. Special Nomenclature of Glycolipids.- 6. Special Nomenclature of Glycoproteins and Related Polymers.- (c) Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans.- 7. Special Nomenclature of Polysaccharides.- References.
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