This book is in many ways a sequel to The Biochemistry ojGlycoproteins and Proteoglycans. The enormous recent progress in understanding the biological roles of glycoproteins has prompted the present volume. The reasons for studying glycoproteins have multiplied, and in the present volume the roles played by glycoproteins are explored in a variety of biological situations. The first two chapters describe molecules involved in cell-substratum and cell-cell interactions in a broad sense, and also focus on recent progress in identifying specific attachment molecules. Our understanding of how…mehr
This book is in many ways a sequel to The Biochemistry ojGlycoproteins and Proteoglycans. The enormous recent progress in understanding the biological roles of glycoproteins has prompted the present volume. The reasons for studying glycoproteins have multiplied, and in the present volume the roles played by glycoproteins are explored in a variety of biological situations. The first two chapters describe molecules involved in cell-substratum and cell-cell interactions in a broad sense, and also focus on recent progress in identifying specific attachment molecules. Our understanding of how normal processes, such as cellular differentiation and tissue organization, are regulated is dependent on understanding how cells interact with the extracellular matrix. When these processes go awry the consequences can be tragic, for example, when manifest as birth de fects and cancer. Our ability to devise appropriate therapies is in many cases limited by our understanding of such cell-matrix interactions. The third chapter explores the roles by glycoproteins during early mammalian development. The carbohydrate portions c1early play very important roles in presenting information during early embryogenesis, and an unusual tumor stern cell, the embryonal carcinoma, looks very promising in pro viding an experimental system for understanding how the expression of these complex carbohydrate determinants is regulated. The next three chapters explore the biology of glycoproteins in distinct situations: in the immune system, in the nervous system, and during erythropoiesis.
1 Integral Membrane Glycoproteins in Cell-Cell and Cell-Substratum Adhesion.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cell-Cell Adhesion.- 2.1. Adhesion Glycoproteins Discovered Using Antibodies to Perturb the Adhesion Process.- 2.2. Calcium and Cellular Aggregation.- 2.3. Summing Up Data on Cell-Cell Adhesion.- 3. Cell-Substratum Adhesion.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Cell Surface Receptors for Matrix Molecules.- 3.3. Looking to the Future.- 3.4. Relationships between Cell-Cell and Cell-Subtraetian Adhesion.- References.- 2 Attachment Proteins and Their Role in Extracellular Matrices.- 1. Composition and Structure of Extracellular Matrices.- 1.1. Collagen.- 1.2. Proteoglycans.- 1.3. Glycoproteins.- 1.4. Specificity and Structure of Extracellular Matrices.- 2. Cell Interactions with Collagen.- 3. Role of Extracellular Matrix and Attachment Proteins in Development.- 4. Attachment Proteins in Pathological Conditions.- 5. Summary.- References.- 3 Role of Glycoproteins during Early Mammalian Embryogenesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Role of Glycoproteins during Ferilization.- 2.1. Cervical Mucin Changes during Estrus.- 2.2. Sperm Cell Surface Determinants.- 2.3. The Zona Pellucida.- 3. Role of Glycoproteins during Preimplantation Development.- 3.1. The Cellular Interactions That May Direct Early Development.- 3.2. Teratocarcinomas as a Model System for Early Embryogenesis.- 3.3. Programmed Changes in Glycoprotein Expression during Preimplantation Development.- 3.4. Role of Glycoproteins during Early Embryonic Development.- 4. Regulation of Glycoprotein Biosynthesis in Early Embryonic Cells.- 4.1. Carbohydrates Characteristic of Early Embryonic Cells.- 4.2. Programmed Changes in Carbohydrate Expression during Early Embryogenesis.- 4.3. Mechanisms That Regulate'the Expression of Glycoprotein Determinants.- 4.4. Proposed Functional Involvement of These Embryonic Glycans.- 5. Formation of Endoderm and Assembly of Early Basement Membranes.- 5.1. The Cellular Interactions That May Direct Endoderm Formation.- 5.2. Biochemical and Biological Changes That Accompany Endoderm Formation.- 5.3. Programmed Assembly of Basement Membrane Components.- 5.4. Assembly of Basement Membrane Components by Endodermal Cultures.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 4 Cell Surface Glycoproteins and Carbohydrate Antigens in Development and Differentiation of Human Erythroid Cells Minoru Fukuda.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cell Surface Glycoproteins and Carbohydrate Structure of Mature Erythrocytes.- 2.1. Two Types of Membrane Proteins (Extrinsic and Intrinsic Proteins).- 2.2. Labeling of Cell Surface Carbohydrates.- 2.3. Endo-?-galactosidase.- 2.4. Lactosaminoglycan.- 2.5. Two Types of Glycoproteins with Distinct Functions and Organization.- 3. Developmental Changes in Carbohydrate Structure.- 3.1. Ii Antigens.- 3.2. Developmental Changes in Lactosaminoglycan.- 4. Changes in Cell Surface Glycoproteins and Carbohydrate Antigens during Erythropoiesis.- 4.1. Erythropoiesis-A Model for Differentiation.- 4.2. Cell Surface Glycoproteins and Carbohydrate Structures in Erythroid Precursor Cells (Proerythroblasts and Erythroblasts).- 4.3. Cell Surface Glycoproteins and Carbohydrate Antigens in Progenitor Cells.- 4.4. A Provisional Model for Membrane Differentiation during Erythropoiesis and Its Implications.- 5. Cell Surface Markers in in Vitro Differentiation of Leukemic Cells.- 6. Cell Surface Markers in Hematological Disorders.- 7. Concluding Remarks and Prospects.- References.- 5 Carbohydrate Structure, Biological Recognition, and Immune Function Christopher.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Carbohydrate-Binding Proteins in the Immune System.- 2.1. Antibodies That Recognize Carbohydrate Determinants.- 2.2. Carbohydrate-Binding Complement Components.- 2.3. Carbohydrate Recognition by Soluble Immune Mediators.- 2.4. Lectins in the Immune System.- 2.5. Glycosyltransferases in the Immune System.- 2.6. Carbohydrate-Mediated Uptake in the Immune System.- 3. Differentiation Antigens in the Immune System.- 4. Carbohydrate-Mediated Recognition in Cellular Interactions.- 5. Conclusions and Future Directions.- References.- 6 Nervous System Glycoproteins: Molecular Properties and Possible Functions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure and Composition of Glycoprotein Oligosaccharides in the Nervous System.- 3. Glycoproteins of Synaptic Membranes and Synaptic Junctions.- 4. Cell Surface Glycocomponents of Cultured Neurons: Distribution and Dynamics of Lectin Receptors at the Growth Cone.- 5. Cell Surface Glycoproteins: Involvement in Cell-Cell Recognition and Adhesion.- 6. Brain Cell Surface Glycocomponents Involved in Growth Inhibition.- 7. Glycoproteins of Synaptic Vesicles and Secretory Organelles.- 8. Glycoproteins Involved in Neurotransmission.- 9. Glycoproteins of Central and Peripheral Nervous System Myelin.- 10. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 7 The Role of Glycoproteins in the Life Cycle of the Cellular Slime Mold Dictyostelium discoideum.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. The Life Cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum.- 2. Developmental Regulation of Glycoproteins.- 2.1. Cell Surface Lectin Receptors.- 2.2. Developmental Changes in Glycoprotein Composition.- 2.3. Summary.- 2.4. Effects of Inhibitors on Development.- 3. Regulation of Glycoprotein Biosynthesis.- 3.1. Regulation of Gene Expression in D. discoideum.- 3.2. Mechanisms Regulating Glycoprotein Synthesis.- 4. Synthesis and Processing of Glycoprotein-Linked Oligosaccharides.- 4.1. Lipid-Linked Precursors.- 4.2. Oligosaccharide-Processing Pathways.- 4.3. Other Glycosylation Mechanisms.- 4.4. Summary and Implications.- 5. Glycoprotein Roles in Vegetative Cells.- 5.1. Contact Sites B.- 5.2. Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis.- 5.3. Protein Sorting and the Lysosomal Common Antigen.- 6. Developmental Regulation of Cellular Cohesion.- 6.1. Aggregation-Stage Cohesion.- 6.2. Postaggregation Cohesion.- 6.3. Summary of gp80, the Polysaccharide, gp95, and gp150.- 6.4. Discoidins I and II, the D. discoideum Lectins.- 6.5. Summary.- 7. The Slime Sheath.- 7.1. Structure and Composition of the Sheath.- 7.2. Functions of the Sheath.- 8. Glycoproteins Specific for Prestalk or Prespore Cells.- 9. Concluding Remarks.- References.
1 Integral Membrane Glycoproteins in Cell-Cell and Cell-Substratum Adhesion.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cell-Cell Adhesion.- 2.1. Adhesion Glycoproteins Discovered Using Antibodies to Perturb the Adhesion Process.- 2.2. Calcium and Cellular Aggregation.- 2.3. Summing Up Data on Cell-Cell Adhesion.- 3. Cell-Substratum Adhesion.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Cell Surface Receptors for Matrix Molecules.- 3.3. Looking to the Future.- 3.4. Relationships between Cell-Cell and Cell-Subtraetian Adhesion.- References.- 2 Attachment Proteins and Their Role in Extracellular Matrices.- 1. Composition and Structure of Extracellular Matrices.- 1.1. Collagen.- 1.2. Proteoglycans.- 1.3. Glycoproteins.- 1.4. Specificity and Structure of Extracellular Matrices.- 2. Cell Interactions with Collagen.- 3. Role of Extracellular Matrix and Attachment Proteins in Development.- 4. Attachment Proteins in Pathological Conditions.- 5. Summary.- References.- 3 Role of Glycoproteins during Early Mammalian Embryogenesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Role of Glycoproteins during Ferilization.- 2.1. Cervical Mucin Changes during Estrus.- 2.2. Sperm Cell Surface Determinants.- 2.3. The Zona Pellucida.- 3. Role of Glycoproteins during Preimplantation Development.- 3.1. The Cellular Interactions That May Direct Early Development.- 3.2. Teratocarcinomas as a Model System for Early Embryogenesis.- 3.3. Programmed Changes in Glycoprotein Expression during Preimplantation Development.- 3.4. Role of Glycoproteins during Early Embryonic Development.- 4. Regulation of Glycoprotein Biosynthesis in Early Embryonic Cells.- 4.1. Carbohydrates Characteristic of Early Embryonic Cells.- 4.2. Programmed Changes in Carbohydrate Expression during Early Embryogenesis.- 4.3. Mechanisms That Regulate'the Expression of Glycoprotein Determinants.- 4.4. Proposed Functional Involvement of These Embryonic Glycans.- 5. Formation of Endoderm and Assembly of Early Basement Membranes.- 5.1. The Cellular Interactions That May Direct Endoderm Formation.- 5.2. Biochemical and Biological Changes That Accompany Endoderm Formation.- 5.3. Programmed Assembly of Basement Membrane Components.- 5.4. Assembly of Basement Membrane Components by Endodermal Cultures.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 4 Cell Surface Glycoproteins and Carbohydrate Antigens in Development and Differentiation of Human Erythroid Cells Minoru Fukuda.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cell Surface Glycoproteins and Carbohydrate Structure of Mature Erythrocytes.- 2.1. Two Types of Membrane Proteins (Extrinsic and Intrinsic Proteins).- 2.2. Labeling of Cell Surface Carbohydrates.- 2.3. Endo-?-galactosidase.- 2.4. Lactosaminoglycan.- 2.5. Two Types of Glycoproteins with Distinct Functions and Organization.- 3. Developmental Changes in Carbohydrate Structure.- 3.1. Ii Antigens.- 3.2. Developmental Changes in Lactosaminoglycan.- 4. Changes in Cell Surface Glycoproteins and Carbohydrate Antigens during Erythropoiesis.- 4.1. Erythropoiesis-A Model for Differentiation.- 4.2. Cell Surface Glycoproteins and Carbohydrate Structures in Erythroid Precursor Cells (Proerythroblasts and Erythroblasts).- 4.3. Cell Surface Glycoproteins and Carbohydrate Antigens in Progenitor Cells.- 4.4. A Provisional Model for Membrane Differentiation during Erythropoiesis and Its Implications.- 5. Cell Surface Markers in in Vitro Differentiation of Leukemic Cells.- 6. Cell Surface Markers in Hematological Disorders.- 7. Concluding Remarks and Prospects.- References.- 5 Carbohydrate Structure, Biological Recognition, and Immune Function Christopher.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Carbohydrate-Binding Proteins in the Immune System.- 2.1. Antibodies That Recognize Carbohydrate Determinants.- 2.2. Carbohydrate-Binding Complement Components.- 2.3. Carbohydrate Recognition by Soluble Immune Mediators.- 2.4. Lectins in the Immune System.- 2.5. Glycosyltransferases in the Immune System.- 2.6. Carbohydrate-Mediated Uptake in the Immune System.- 3. Differentiation Antigens in the Immune System.- 4. Carbohydrate-Mediated Recognition in Cellular Interactions.- 5. Conclusions and Future Directions.- References.- 6 Nervous System Glycoproteins: Molecular Properties and Possible Functions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure and Composition of Glycoprotein Oligosaccharides in the Nervous System.- 3. Glycoproteins of Synaptic Membranes and Synaptic Junctions.- 4. Cell Surface Glycocomponents of Cultured Neurons: Distribution and Dynamics of Lectin Receptors at the Growth Cone.- 5. Cell Surface Glycoproteins: Involvement in Cell-Cell Recognition and Adhesion.- 6. Brain Cell Surface Glycocomponents Involved in Growth Inhibition.- 7. Glycoproteins of Synaptic Vesicles and Secretory Organelles.- 8. Glycoproteins Involved in Neurotransmission.- 9. Glycoproteins of Central and Peripheral Nervous System Myelin.- 10. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 7 The Role of Glycoproteins in the Life Cycle of the Cellular Slime Mold Dictyostelium discoideum.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. The Life Cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum.- 2. Developmental Regulation of Glycoproteins.- 2.1. Cell Surface Lectin Receptors.- 2.2. Developmental Changes in Glycoprotein Composition.- 2.3. Summary.- 2.4. Effects of Inhibitors on Development.- 3. Regulation of Glycoprotein Biosynthesis.- 3.1. Regulation of Gene Expression in D. discoideum.- 3.2. Mechanisms Regulating Glycoprotein Synthesis.- 4. Synthesis and Processing of Glycoprotein-Linked Oligosaccharides.- 4.1. Lipid-Linked Precursors.- 4.2. Oligosaccharide-Processing Pathways.- 4.3. Other Glycosylation Mechanisms.- 4.4. Summary and Implications.- 5. Glycoprotein Roles in Vegetative Cells.- 5.1. Contact Sites B.- 5.2. Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis.- 5.3. Protein Sorting and the Lysosomal Common Antigen.- 6. Developmental Regulation of Cellular Cohesion.- 6.1. Aggregation-Stage Cohesion.- 6.2. Postaggregation Cohesion.- 6.3. Summary of gp80, the Polysaccharide, gp95, and gp150.- 6.4. Discoidins I and II, the D. discoideum Lectins.- 6.5. Summary.- 7. The Slime Sheath.- 7.1. Structure and Composition of the Sheath.- 7.2. Functions of the Sheath.- 8. Glycoproteins Specific for Prestalk or Prespore Cells.- 9. Concluding Remarks.- References.
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