Following the breakthrough in the last decade in identifying the key parameters for time and depth imaging in anisotropic media and developing practical methodologies for estimating them from seismic data, this title primarily focuses on the far reaching exploration benefits of anisotropic processing. This volume provides the first comprehensive description of reflection seismic signatures and processing methods in anisotropic media. It identifies the key parameters for time and depth imaging in transversely isotropic media and describes practical methodologies for estimating them from seismic…mehr
Following the breakthrough in the last decade in identifying the key parameters for time and depth imaging in anisotropic media and developing practical methodologies for estimating them from seismic data, this title primarily focuses on the far reaching exploration benefits of anisotropic processing. This volume provides the first comprehensive description of reflection seismic signatures and processing methods in anisotropic media. It identifies the key parameters for time and depth imaging in transversely isotropic media and describes practical methodologies for estimating them from seismic data. Also, it contains a thorough discussion of the important issues of uniqueness and stability of seismic velocity analysis in the presence of anisotropy. The book contains a complete description of anisotropic imaging methods, from the theoretical background to algorithms to implementation issues. Numerous applications to synthetic and field data illustrate the improvements achieved by the anisotropic processing and the possibility of using the estimated anisotropic parameters in lithology discrimination.
1. Elements of basic theory of anisotropic wave propagation. Governing equations and plane wave properties. Plane waves in transversely isotropic media. Plane waves in orthorhombic media. Appendices for Chapter 1. Phase velocity in arbitrary anisotropic media. Group velocity vector as a function of phase velocity. 2. Influence of anisotropy on point source radiation and AVO analysis. Point source radiation in anisotropic media. Radiation patterns and AVO analysis in VTI media. Appendices for Chapter 2. Derivation of the anisotropic Green's function. Weak anisotropy approximation for radiation patterns in TI media. 3. Normal moveout velocity in layered anisotropic media. 2 D NMO equation in an anisotropic layer. NMO velocity for vertical transverse isotropy. NMO velocity for tilted TI media. NMO velocity in layered media and time to depth conversion. Elements of 3 D analysis of NMO velocity. Appendices for Chapter 3. 2 D NMO equation in an anisotropic layer. Weak anisotropy approximation for P wave NMO velocity in TTI media. 2 D Dix type equation in layered anisotropic media. 3 D NMO equation in heterogeneous anisotropic media. 4. Nonhyperbolic reflection moveout. Quartic moveout coefficient. Nonhyperbolic moveout equation. P wave moveout in VTI media in terms of the parameter &eegr;. Long spread moveout of SV waves in VTI media. Appendices for Chapter 4. Weak anisotropy approximation for long spread moveout. P wave moveout in layered VTI media. 5. Reflection moveout of mode converted waves. Dip dependent moveout of PS waves in a single layer (2 D). Application to a VTI layer. 3 D treatment of PS wave moveout of layered media. PS wave moveout in horizontally layered VTI media. Discussion. Appendices for Chapter 5. 2 D description of PS moveout in a single layer. 3 D expression for the slope of CMP moveout. NMO velocity for converted wave moveout. Weak anisotropy approximation for PS moveout in VTI media. 3 D description of PS moveout in layered media. 6. P wave time domain signatures in transversely isotropic media. P wave NMO velocity as a function of ray parameter. Two parameter description of time processing. Discussion: Notation and P wave signatures in VTI media. Moveout analysis for tilted symmetry axis. Appendices for Chapter 6. Dependence of NMO velocity in VTI media on the ray parameter. NMO velocity in tilted elliptical media. 7. Velocity analysis and parameter estimation for VTI media.P wave dip moveout inversion for &eegr;. Inversion of P wave nonhyperbolic moveout. Joint inversion of P and PS data. 8. P wave imaging for VTI media. Fowler type time processing method. Dip moveout by Fourier transform. Time and depth migration. Synthetic example for a model from the Gulf of Mexico. Field data example with multiple fault planes. Discussion. References. Author Index.
1. Elements of basic theory of anisotropic wave propagation. Governing equations and plane wave properties. Plane waves in transversely isotropic media. Plane waves in orthorhombic media. Appendices for Chapter 1. Phase velocity in arbitrary anisotropic media. Group velocity vector as a function of phase velocity. 2. Influence of anisotropy on point source radiation and AVO analysis. Point source radiation in anisotropic media. Radiation patterns and AVO analysis in VTI media. Appendices for Chapter 2. Derivation of the anisotropic Green's function. Weak anisotropy approximation for radiation patterns in TI media. 3. Normal moveout velocity in layered anisotropic media. 2 D NMO equation in an anisotropic layer. NMO velocity for vertical transverse isotropy. NMO velocity for tilted TI media. NMO velocity in layered media and time to depth conversion. Elements of 3 D analysis of NMO velocity. Appendices for Chapter 3. 2 D NMO equation in an anisotropic layer. Weak anisotropy approximation for P wave NMO velocity in TTI media. 2 D Dix type equation in layered anisotropic media. 3 D NMO equation in heterogeneous anisotropic media. 4. Nonhyperbolic reflection moveout. Quartic moveout coefficient. Nonhyperbolic moveout equation. P wave moveout in VTI media in terms of the parameter &eegr;. Long spread moveout of SV waves in VTI media. Appendices for Chapter 4. Weak anisotropy approximation for long spread moveout. P wave moveout in layered VTI media. 5. Reflection moveout of mode converted waves. Dip dependent moveout of PS waves in a single layer (2 D). Application to a VTI layer. 3 D treatment of PS wave moveout of layered media. PS wave moveout in horizontally layered VTI media. Discussion. Appendices for Chapter 5. 2 D description of PS moveout in a single layer. 3 D expression for the slope of CMP moveout. NMO velocity for converted wave moveout. Weak anisotropy approximation for PS moveout in VTI media. 3 D description of PS moveout in layered media. 6. P wave time domain signatures in transversely isotropic media. P wave NMO velocity as a function of ray parameter. Two parameter description of time processing. Discussion: Notation and P wave signatures in VTI media. Moveout analysis for tilted symmetry axis. Appendices for Chapter 6. Dependence of NMO velocity in VTI media on the ray parameter. NMO velocity in tilted elliptical media. 7. Velocity analysis and parameter estimation for VTI media.P wave dip moveout inversion for &eegr;. Inversion of P wave nonhyperbolic moveout. Joint inversion of P and PS data. 8. P wave imaging for VTI media. Fowler type time processing method. Dip moveout by Fourier transform. Time and depth migration. Synthetic example for a model from the Gulf of Mexico. Field data example with multiple fault planes. Discussion. References. Author Index.
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