Leung Tsang, Jin Au Kong, Kung-Hau Ding

Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves

Numerical Simulations
By Leung Tsang, Jin Au Kong, Kung-Hau Ding et al.

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

A timely and authoritative guide to the state of the art of wave scattering
Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves offers in three volumes a complete and up-to-date treatment of wave scattering by random discrete scatterers and rough surfaces. Written by leading scientists who have made important contributions to wave scattering over three decades, this new work explains the principles, methods, and applications of this rapidly expanding, interdisciplinary field. It covers both introductory and advanced material and provides students and researchers in remote sensing as well as imaging, optics, and electromagnetic theory with a one-stop reference to a wealth of current research results. Plus, Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves contains detailed discussions of both analytical and numerical methods, including cutting-edge techniques for the recovery of earth/land parametric information.
The three volumes are entitled respectively Theories and Applications, Numerical Simulation,and Advanced Topics. In the second volume, Numerical Simulations, Leung Tsang (University of Washington) Jin Au Kong (MIT), Kung-Hau Ding (Air Force Research Lab), and Chi On Ao (MIT) cover:
_ Layered media simulations
_ Rough surface and volume scattering simulations
_ Dense media models and simulations
_ Electromagnetic scattering by discrete scatterers and a buried object
_ Scattering by vertical cylinders above a surface
_ Electromagnetic waves scattering by vegetation
_ Computational methods and programs used for performing various simulations

Produktdetails

• Wiley Series in Remote Sensing and Image Processing 1
• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 736
• Erscheinungstermin: 1. Juni 2001
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 240mm x 161mm x 43mm
• Gewicht: 1134g
• ISBN-13: 9780471388005
• ISBN-10: 0471388009
• Artikelnr.: 14919994

Autorenporträt

Leung Tsang is the author of Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves: Numerical Simulations, published by Wiley. Jin Au Kong was an American expert in applied electromagnetics. He was a 74th-generation lineal descendent of the famous Chinese philosopher Confucius.

Inhaltsangabe

PREFACE xix CHAPTER 1 MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF LAYERED MEDIA 1 1
One-Dimensional Layered Media with Permittivity Fluctuations 2 1.1
Continuous Random Medium 2 1.2 Generation of One-Dimensional Continuous
Gaussian Random Medium 4 1.3 Numerical Results and Applications to
Antarctica 5 2 Random Discrete Layering and Applications 8 References and
Additional Readings 12 CHAPTER 2 INTEGRAL EQUATION FORMULATIONS AND BASIC
NUMERICAL METHODS 13 1 Integral Equation Formulation for Scattering
Problems 14 1.1 Surface Integral Equations 14 1.2 Volume Integral Equations
17 1.3 Dyadic Green's Function Singularity and Electrostatics 19 2 Method
of Moments 23 3 Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) 27 3.1 Small Cubes 28
3.2 Radiative Corrections 29 3.3 Other Shapes 31 4 Product of Toeplitz
Matrix and Column Vector 37 4.1 Discrete Fourier Transform and Convolutions
38 4.2 FFT for Product of Toeplitz Matrix and Column Vector 42 5 Conjugate
Gradient Method 46 5.1 Steepest Descent Method 46 5.2 Real Symmetric
Positive Definite Matrix 48 5.3 General Real Matrix and Complex Matrix 52
References and Additional Readings 57 CHAPTER 3 SCATTERING AND EMISSION BY
A PERIODIC ROUGH SURFACE 61 1 Dirichlet Boundary Conditions 62 1.1 Surface
Integral Equation 62 1.2 Floquet's Theorem and Bloch Condition 63 1.3 2-D
Green's Function in 1-D Lattice 64 1.4 Bistatic Scattering Coefficients 67
2 Dielectric Periodic Surface: T-Matrix Method 68 2.1 Formulation in
Longitudinal Field Components 69 2.2 Surface Field Integral Equations and
Coupled Matrix Equations 74 2.3 Emissivity and Comparison with Experiments
81 3 Scattering of Waves Obliquely Incident on Periodic Rough Surfaces:
Integral Equation Approach 85 3.1 Formulation 85 3.2 Polarimetric
Brightness Temperatures 89 4 Ewald's Method 93 4.1 Preliminaries 93 4.2 3-D
Green's Function in 3-D Lattices 98 4.3 3-D Green's Function in 2-D
Lattices 102 4.4 Numerical Results 105 References and Additional Readings
110 CHAPTER 4 RANDOM ROUGH SURFACE SIMULATIONS 111 1 Perfect Electric
Conductor (Non-Penetrable Surface) 114 1.1 Integral Equation 114 1.2 Matrix
Equation: Dirichlet Boundary Condition (EFIE for TE Case) 116 1.3 Tapering
of Incident Waves and Calculation of Scattered Waves 118 1.4 Random Rough
Surface Generation 124 1.5 Neumann Boundary Condition (MFIE for TM Case)
134 2 Two-Media Problem 137 2.1 TE and TM Waves 139 2.2 Absorptivity,
Emissivity and Reflectivity 141 2.3 Impedance Matrix Elements: Numerical
Integrations 143 2.4 Simulation Results 145 3 Topics of Numerical
Simulations 154 3.1 Periodic Boundary Condition 154 3.2 MFIE for TE Case of
PEC 158 3.3 Impedance Boundary Condition 161 4 Microwave Emission of Rough
Ocean Surfaces 163 5 Waves Scattering from Real-Life Rough Surface Profiles
166 5.1 Introduction 166 5.2 Rough Surface Generated by Three Methods 167
5.3 Numerical Results of the Three Methods 169 References and Additional
Readings 175 CHAPTER 5 FAST COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR SOLVING ROUGH SURFACE
SCATTERING PROBLEMS 177 1 Banded Matrix Canonical Grid Method for
Two-Dimensional Scattering for PEC Case 179 1.1 Introduction 179 1.2
Formulation and Computational Procedure 180 1.3 Product of a Weak Matrix
and a Surface Unknown Column Vector 187 1.4 Convergence and Neighborhood
Distance 188 1.5 Results of Composite Surfaces and Grazing Angle Problems
189 2 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method for Lossy Dielectric Surfaces 196 2.1
Introduction 196 2.2 Formulation and Single-Grid Implementation 198 2.3
Physics-Based Two-Grid Method Combined with Banded Matrix Iterative
Approach/Canonical Grid Method 200 2.4 Bistatic Scattering Coefficient and
Emissivity 203 3 Steepest Descent Fast Multipole Method 212 3.1 Steepest
Descent Path for Green's Function 213 3.2 Multi-Level Impedance Matrix
Decomposition and Grouping 216 3.3 Multi-Level Discretization of Angles and
Interpolation 222 3.4 Steepest Descent Expression of Multi-Level Impedance
Matrix Elements 226 3.5 SDFMM Algorithm 235 3.6 Numerical Results 242 4
Method of Ordered Multiple Interactions (MOMI) 242 4.1 Matrix Equations
Based on MFIE for TE and TM Waves for PEC 242 4.2 Iterative Approach 245
4.3 Numerical Results 247 5 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method Combined with the
Multilevel Fast Multipole Method 249 5.1 Single Grid and PBTG 249 5.2
Computational Complexity of the Combined Algorithm of the PBTG with the
MLFMM 252 5.3 Gaussian Rough Surfaces and CPU Comparison 254 5.4
Non-Gaussian Surfaces 257 References and Additional Readings 263 CHAPTER 6
THREE-DIMENSIONAL WAVE SCATTERING FROM TWO-DIMENSIONAL ROUGH SURFACES 267 1
Scattering by Non-Penetrable Media 270 1.1 Scalar Wave Scattering 270 1.2
Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by Perfectly Conducting Surfaces 278 2
Integral Equations for Dielectric Surfaces 293 2.1 Electromagnetic Fields
with Electric and Magnetic Sources 293 2.2 Physical Problem and Equivalent
Exterior and Interior Problems 296 2.3 Surface Integral Equations for
Equivalent Surface Currents, Tangential and Normal Components of Fields 300
3 Two-Dimensional Rough Dielectric Surfaces with Sparse Matrix Canonical
Grid Method 304 3.1 Integral Equation and SMCG Method 304 3.2 Numerical
Results of Bistatic Scattering Coefficient 318 4 Scattering by Lossy
Dielectric Surfaces with PBTG Method 326 4.1 Introduction 326 4.2
Formulation and Single Grid Implementation 328 4.3 Physics-Based Two-Grid
Method 329 4.4 Numerical Results and Comparison with Second Order
Perturbation Method 334 4.5 Numerical Simulations of Emissivity of Soils
with Rough Surfaces at Microwave Frequencies 343 5 Four Stokes Parameters
Based on Tangential Surface Fields 350 6 Parallel Implementation of SMCG on
Low Cost Beowulf System 354 6.1 Introduction 354 6.2 Low-Cost Beowulf
Cluster 355 6.3 Parallel Implementation of the SMCG Method and the PBTG
Method 356 6.4 Numerical Results 360 References and Additional Readings 366
CHAPTER 7 VOLUME SCATTERING SIMULATIONS 371 1 Combining Simulations of
Collective Volume Scattering Effects with Radiative Transfer Theory 373 2
Foldy-Lax Self-Consistent Multiple Scattering Equations 376 2.1 Final
Exciting Field and Multiple Scattering Equation 376 2.2 Foldy-Lax Equations
for Point Scatterers 379 2.3 The JV-Particle Scattering Amplitude 382 3
Analytical Solutions of Point Scatterers 382 3.1 Phase Function and
Extinction Coefficient for Uniformly Distributed Point Scatterers 382 3.2
Scattering by Collection of Clusters 389 4 Monte Carlo Simulation Results
of Point Scatterers 392 References and Additional Readings 401 CHAPTER 8
PARTICLE POSITIONS FOR DENSE MEDIA CHARACTERIZATIONS AND SIMULATIONS 403 1
Pair Distribution Functions and Structure Factors 404 1.1 Introduction 404
1.2 Percus Yevick Equation and Pair Distribution Function for Hard Spheres
406 1.3 Calculation of Structure Factor and Pair Distribution Function 409
2 Percus--Yevick Pair Distribution Functions for Multiple Sizes 411 3 Monte
Carlo Simulations of Particle Positions 414 3.1 Metropolis Monte Carlo
Technique 415 3.2 Sequential Addition Method 418 3.3 Numerical Results 418
4 Sticky Particles 424 4.1 Percus-Yevick Pair Distribution Function for
Sticky Spheres 424 4.2 Pair Distribution Function of Adhesive Sphere
Mixture 429 4.3 Monte Carlo Simulation of Adhesive Spheres 434 5 Particle
Placement Algorithm for Spheroids 444 5.1 Contact Functions of Two
Ellipsoids 445 5.2 Illustrations of Contact Functions 446 References and
Additional Readings 450 CHAPTER 9 SIMULATIONS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL DENSE
MEDIA 453 1 Introduction 454 1.1 Extinction as a Function of Concentration
454 1.2 Extinction as a Function of Frequency 456 2 Random Positions of
Cylinders 458 2.1 Monte Carlo Simulations of Positions of Hard Cylinders
458 2.2 Simulations of Pair Distribution Functions 460 2.3 Percus-Yevick
Approximation of Pair Distribution Functions 461 2.4 Results of Simulations
463 2.5 Monte Carlo Simulations of Sticky Disks 463 3 Monte Carlo
Simulations of Scattering by Cylinders 469 3.1 Scattering by a Single
Cylinder 469 3.2 Foldy-Lax Multiple Scattering Equations for Cylinders 476
3.3 Coherent Field, Incoherent Field, and Scattering Coefficient 480 3.4
Scattered Field and Internal Field Formulations 481 3.5 Low Frequency
Formulas 482 3.6 Independent Scattering 484 3.7 Simulation Results for
Sticky and Non-Sticky Cylinders 485 4 Sparse-Matrix Canonical-Grid Method
for Scattering by Many Cylinders 486 4.1 Introduction 486 4.2 The
Two-Dimensional Scattering Problem of Many Dielectric Cylinders 489 4.3
Numerical Results of Scattering and CPU Comparisons 490 References and
Additional Readings 493 CHAPTER 10 DENSE MEDIA MODELS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL
SIMULATIONS 495 1 Introduction 496 2 Simple Analytical Models For
Scattering From a Dense Medium 496 2.1 Effective Permittivity 496 2.2
Scattering Attenuation and Coherent Propagation Constant 500 2.3 Coherent
Reflection and Incoherent Scattering From a Half-Space of Scatterers 505
2.4 A Simple Dense Media Radiative Transfer Theory 510 3 Simulations Using
Volume Integral Equations 512 3.1 Volume Integral Equation 512 3.2
Simulation of Densely Packed Dielectric Spheres 514 3.3 Densely Packed
Spheroids 518 4 Numerical Simulations Using T-Matrix Formalism 533 4.1
Multiple Scattering Equations 533 4.2 Computational Considerations 541 4.3
Results and Comparisons with Analytic Theory 545 4.4 Simulation of
Absorption Coefficient 547 References and Additional Readings 548 CHAPTER
11 ANGULAR CORRELATION FUNCTION AND DETECTION OF BURIED OBJECT 551 1
Introduction 552 2 Two-Dimensional Simulations of Angular Memory Effect and
Detection of Buried Object 553 2.1 Introduction 553 2.2 Simple and General
Derivation of Memory Effect 553 2.3 ACF of Random Rough Surfaces with
Different Averaging Methods 555 2.4 Scattering by a Buried Object Under a
Rough Surface 557 3 Angular Correlation Function of Scattering by a Buried
Object Under a 2-D Random Rough Surface (3-D Scattering) 564 3.1
Introduction 564 3.2 Formulation of Integral Equations 565 3.3 Statistics
of Scattered Fields 570 3.4 Numerical Illustrations of ACF and PACF 571 4
Angular Correlation Function Applied to Correlation Imaging in Target
Detection 575 4.1 Introduction 575 4.2 Formulation of Imaging 578 4.3
Simulations of SAR Data and ACF Processing 580 References and Additional
Readings 591 CHAPTER 12 MULTIPLE SCATTERING BY CYLINDERS IN THE PRESENCE OF
BOUNDARIES 593 1 Introduction 594 2 Scattering by Dielectric Cylinders
Above a Dielectric Half-Space 594 2.1 Scattering from a Layer of Vertical
Cylinders: First-Order Solution 594 2.2 First- and Second-Order Solutions
603 2.3 Results of Monte Carlo Simulations 613 3 Scattering by Cylinders in
the Presence of Two Reflective Boundaries 622 3.1 Vector Cylindrical Wave
Expansion of Dyadic Green's Function Between Two Perfect Conductors 622 3.2
Dyadic Green's Function of a Cylindrical Scatterer Between Two PEC 629 3.3
Dyadic Green's Function with Multiple Cylinders 631 3.4 Excitation of
Magnetic Ring Currents 635 References and Additional Readings 640 CHAPTER
13 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES SCATTERING BY VEGETATION 641 1 Introduction 642 2
Plant Modeling by Using L-Systems 644 2.1 Lindenmayer Systems 644 2.2
Turtle Interpretation of L-Systems 646 2.3 Computer Simulations of
Stochastic L-Systems and Input Files 649 3 Scattering from Trees Generated
by L-Systems Based on Coherent Addition Approximation 654 3.1 Single
Scattering by a Particle in the Presence of Reflective Boundary 655 3.2
Scattering by Trees 659 4 Coherent Addition Approximation with Attenuation
667 5 Scattering from Plants Generated by L-Systems Based on Discrete
Dipole Approximation 669 5.1 Formulation of Discrete Dipole Approximation
(DDA) Method 670 5.2 Scattering by Simple Trees 672 5.3 Scattering by Honda
Trees 677 6 Rice Canopy Scattering Model 685 6.1 Model Description 685 6.2
Model Simulation 689 References and Additional Readings 691 INDEX 693

Rezensionen

"this graduate textbook presents numerical simulation techniques and results for electromagnetic wave scattering in random media and rough surfaces..." ( SciTech Book News , Vol. 25, No. 3, September 2001)