The two kidneys of mammalian organisms receive around 25 % of the cardiac output at rest, of which only ~7 % is distributed to the renal medulla. Despite the low blood flow to the renal medulla, small changes in perfusion to the region can have profound effects on urine-concentrating ability and the excretion of sodium, which in turn affects the chronic regulation of body fluid volumes and arterial blood pressure. Importantly, we know that if blood flow to the renal medulla is not tightly regulated, sodium and water homeostasis is impaired and medullary hypoxia develops. The resultant injury…mehr
The two kidneys of mammalian organisms receive around 25 % of the cardiac output at rest, of which only ~7 % is distributed to the renal medulla. Despite the low blood flow to the renal medulla, small changes in perfusion to the region can have profound effects on urine-concentrating ability and the excretion of sodium, which in turn affects the chronic regulation of body fluid volumes and arterial blood pressure. Importantly, we know that if blood flow to the renal medulla is not tightly regulated, sodium and water homeostasis is impaired and medullary hypoxia develops. The resultant injury inevitably reduces urine concentrating ability and leads to hypertension. This book will discuss the variety of mechanisms that mammalian organisms have developed to ensure that renal medullary blood flow and oxygen levels are precisely regulated. This book will focus on the unique anatomical arrangement of the medullary circulation, the functional roles of medullary blood flow, as well as the experimental techniques used to assess medullary blood flow and the insight that these studies have provided. The hormonal and non-hormonal control of medullary blood flow will be considered and finally the impact of reduced medullary blood flow on blood pressure is discussed.
Louise Evans B.A., M.Ed., C.Ht., R.C.C., has worked for the past 20 years as a hypnotherapist/counselor in private practice. (www.sparkhypnotherapy.com / www.louiserevans.com) She has two office locations in British Columbia, one in Kitsilano and one in Metrotown. Louise has dual citizenship as a Canadian Citizen and a British Subject and has lived in Canada since 1979. Originally from Scotland she graduated with a BA degree and a Teaching Certificate and upon immigrating to Canada taught sciences at the secondary level for several years. After marriage Louise stopped working for a while in order to take care of her four children and during that time she became interested in hypnotherapy and counseling. As a result, Louise trained with the Canadian Society of Clinical Hypnosis (BC Division). She obtained her Masters in Counseling Psychology at UBC and became a Master Clinical Hypnotherapist at the Pacific Institute of Advanced Hypnotherapy. The latter is the only school in Canada, which offers a hypnosis-training course in the family medicine program at Alberta University, which is accredited as a recognized elective. Since then she has trained with some of the best teachers in the world including Roy Hunter, Cal Banyon, Dr. Brian Weiss, Dr. Bruce Eimer, Dr. Yapko and Dr. Karen Olness. Louise continues to attend workshops and lectures. Hypnotherapy also helps her on a personal level to be comfortable presenting in front of large audiences and in surviving cancer. Louise Evans has been cancer-free since 2015 and lives with her husband in Vancouver. You may contact Louise at: Lshanter@shaw.ca
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