Gene expression converts the information coded by our genes into proteins. These determine the structure and function of an organ such as the brain. Itis therefore an essential process, linking molecular genetics with neurochemistry and behavioral neuroscience. This volume presents a didactic approach to the understanding of the basic processes of gene expression and their involvement in certain brain diseases, such asAlzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Generously illustrated, the contributions provide a valuable outline of this key aspect of molecular neurobiology and clinical neuroscience.…mehr
Gene expression converts the information coded by our genes into proteins. These determine the structure and function of an organ such as the brain. Itis therefore an essential process, linking molecular genetics with neurochemistry and behavioral neuroscience. This volume presents a didactic approach to the understanding of the basic processes of gene expression and their involvement in certain brain diseases, such asAlzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Generously illustrated, the contributions provide a valuable outline of this key aspect of molecular neurobiology and clinical neuroscience.
Introduction: Gene Expression in the Brain.- References.- Brain Gene Expression in Development and After Injury.- Hybridization Complexity Studies of Messenger RNAs.- Recombinant DNA Technology.- Probes for mRNAs, Genes and Proteins.- Cellular Localization of mRNAs and Proteins in Brain.- Analysis of the Regulation and Function of Specific Genes.- Cloning and Characterization of Known Brain-Specific Genes.- Neurotransmitter Enzymes.- Multigene Families Encoding Receptors.- Glia-Specific Genes.- Screening cDNA Libraries for Brain-Specific Genes.- Identification of Other Developmentally Regulated Genes.- Genes That Are Turned On During Development.- Genes That Are Turned Off During Development.- Subcellular Targeting of mRNAs and Proteins.- Neurotrophic Factors, Brain Injury and Disease.- References.- Sorting and Intracellular Transport of RNA in Neurons: Regulation of Gene Expression at Synaptic Sites.- Protein Synthesis in Neurons: A Distributed Network.- Differential Distribution of RNA Species Within Neurons.- Identifying Other mRNAs That Are Present in Dendrites.- Biochemical Studies of the Proteins Synthesized Within Dendrites.- Approaches to Isolate and Identify Dendritic mRNAs.- How Could the Differential Distribution of RNA be Generated?.- Local Regulation of Transcription in Multinucleated Cells.- Domain-Specific Stabilization or Degradation.- mRNA Sorting.- mRNA Sorting Based on Signals in the RNA Itself.- Sorting Based on Signals in the Nascent Polypeptide.- RNA Sorting in Neurons.- Dendritic Transport of RNA.- Translational Repression of Transported mRNAs.- Docking at Synaptic Sites.- Dendritic RNAs That Do Not Encode Proteins.- mRNA in Axons.- Sorting of mRNA in Other Differentiated Cell Types.- Why Are Some Proteins Synthesized Locally?.- Conclusion.- References.- Chromatin Structure, Gene Expression, and Nuclear Aluminum in Alzheimer's Disease.- Gene Expression in Eukaryotic Cells.- Basic Structures of Eukaryotic Chromatin: DNA Compaction.- Organization of the Genetic Material in the Neuronal Nucleus.- RNA Generation in the Neuronal Nucleus.- Activator and Repressor Interactions with the Upstream Regions of Genes.- Competition Between Activator and Repressor Proteins at the Transcription Start Regions of Genes.- Changes in Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression in AD.- Selective Messenger RNA Reduction in AD.- Probing of HNF-L Neuronal Chromatin Structure Employing MN and the Restriction Endonuclease AvaI.- Occlusion of the HNF-L Locus in AD Neocortex.- Repression of the Single-Copy HNF-L Gene - A Contributing Factor to AD Pathogenesis?.- The Neuropathologic Changes in AD: Senile Plaques and Neurofibrillary Tangles.- Aluminum in the Nuclear Compartment: Effects on Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression.- Biologic Effects and Neurotoxicity.- Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects.- Interaction with DNA and Nuclear Processes.- Aluminum and Nuclear Processes.- Localization of Aluminum in Experimental Aluminum Encephalopathy, Neurodegenerative Disease, and AD.- Aluminum Binding and Interactions Between H1 Linker Protein and DNA.- Selective Genetic Vulnerability of Neurons in AD.- Conclusions.- References.- Expression of the ?-Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene and the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease.- Brain Gene Expression and the Role of Messenger RNA.- The ?-Amyloid Precursor Protein and Alzheimer's Disease.- Brain APP Messenger RNA in Alzheimer's Disease.- Brain APP mRNA in Experimental Injury and Manipulation.- Messenger RNA and the Metabolic Health of Neurons in Alzheimer's Disease.- Conclusions.- References.-Gene Expression in Down's Syndrome, Parkinson's Disease, and Schizophrenia.- Down's Syndrome.- Parkinson's Disease.- Schizophrenia.- References.
Introduction: Gene Expression in the Brain.- References.- Brain Gene Expression in Development and After Injury.- Hybridization Complexity Studies of Messenger RNAs.- Recombinant DNA Technology.- Probes for mRNAs, Genes and Proteins.- Cellular Localization of mRNAs and Proteins in Brain.- Analysis of the Regulation and Function of Specific Genes.- Cloning and Characterization of Known Brain-Specific Genes.- Neurotransmitter Enzymes.- Multigene Families Encoding Receptors.- Glia-Specific Genes.- Screening cDNA Libraries for Brain-Specific Genes.- Identification of Other Developmentally Regulated Genes.- Genes That Are Turned On During Development.- Genes That Are Turned Off During Development.- Subcellular Targeting of mRNAs and Proteins.- Neurotrophic Factors, Brain Injury and Disease.- References.- Sorting and Intracellular Transport of RNA in Neurons: Regulation of Gene Expression at Synaptic Sites.- Protein Synthesis in Neurons: A Distributed Network.- Differential Distribution of RNA Species Within Neurons.- Identifying Other mRNAs That Are Present in Dendrites.- Biochemical Studies of the Proteins Synthesized Within Dendrites.- Approaches to Isolate and Identify Dendritic mRNAs.- How Could the Differential Distribution of RNA be Generated?.- Local Regulation of Transcription in Multinucleated Cells.- Domain-Specific Stabilization or Degradation.- mRNA Sorting.- mRNA Sorting Based on Signals in the RNA Itself.- Sorting Based on Signals in the Nascent Polypeptide.- RNA Sorting in Neurons.- Dendritic Transport of RNA.- Translational Repression of Transported mRNAs.- Docking at Synaptic Sites.- Dendritic RNAs That Do Not Encode Proteins.- mRNA in Axons.- Sorting of mRNA in Other Differentiated Cell Types.- Why Are Some Proteins Synthesized Locally?.- Conclusion.- References.- Chromatin Structure, Gene Expression, and Nuclear Aluminum in Alzheimer's Disease.- Gene Expression in Eukaryotic Cells.- Basic Structures of Eukaryotic Chromatin: DNA Compaction.- Organization of the Genetic Material in the Neuronal Nucleus.- RNA Generation in the Neuronal Nucleus.- Activator and Repressor Interactions with the Upstream Regions of Genes.- Competition Between Activator and Repressor Proteins at the Transcription Start Regions of Genes.- Changes in Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression in AD.- Selective Messenger RNA Reduction in AD.- Probing of HNF-L Neuronal Chromatin Structure Employing MN and the Restriction Endonuclease AvaI.- Occlusion of the HNF-L Locus in AD Neocortex.- Repression of the Single-Copy HNF-L Gene - A Contributing Factor to AD Pathogenesis?.- The Neuropathologic Changes in AD: Senile Plaques and Neurofibrillary Tangles.- Aluminum in the Nuclear Compartment: Effects on Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression.- Biologic Effects and Neurotoxicity.- Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects.- Interaction with DNA and Nuclear Processes.- Aluminum and Nuclear Processes.- Localization of Aluminum in Experimental Aluminum Encephalopathy, Neurodegenerative Disease, and AD.- Aluminum Binding and Interactions Between H1 Linker Protein and DNA.- Selective Genetic Vulnerability of Neurons in AD.- Conclusions.- References.- Expression of the ?-Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene and the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease.- Brain Gene Expression and the Role of Messenger RNA.- The ?-Amyloid Precursor Protein and Alzheimer's Disease.- Brain APP Messenger RNA in Alzheimer's Disease.- Brain APP mRNA in Experimental Injury and Manipulation.- Messenger RNA and the Metabolic Health of Neurons in Alzheimer's Disease.- Conclusions.- References.-Gene Expression in Down's Syndrome, Parkinson's Disease, and Schizophrenia.- Down's Syndrome.- Parkinson's Disease.- Schizophrenia.- References.
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