Payam Nayeri, Fan Yang, Atef Z Elsherbeni

Reflectarray Antennas

Theory, Designs, and Applications

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

This book provides engineers with a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in reflectarray antenna research and development. The authors describe, in detail, design procedures for a wide range of applications, including broadband, multi-band, multi-beam, contour-beam, beam-scanning, and conformal reflectarray antennas. They provide sufficient coverage of basic reflectarray theory to fully understand reflectarray antenna design and analysis such that the readers can pursue reflectarray research on their own. Throughout the book numerous illustrative design examples including numerical and experimental results are provided. Featuring in-depth theoretical analysis along with practical design examples, Reflectarray Antennas is an excellent text/reference for engineering graduate students, researchers, and engineers in the field of antennas. It belongs on the bookshelves of university libraries, research institutes, and industrial labs and research facilities.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons / Wiley
• Seitenzahl: 432
• Erscheinungstermin: 20. Februar 2018
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 250mm x 175mm x 28mm
• Gewicht: 922g
• ISBN-13: 9781118846766
• ISBN-10: 1118846761
• Artikelnr.: 42965029

Autorenporträt

PAYAM NAYERI, PhD, received his doctorate in electrical engineering from the University of Mississippi and holds a degree in applied physics. He is an Assistant Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department at Colorado School of Mines, USA. FAN YANG, PhD, earned his doctorate in electrical engineering from the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), in 2002. He is a Professor in the Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, China. ATEF Z. ELSHERBENI, PhD, is a Distinguished Chair Professor and Electrical Engineering Department Head at Colorado School of Mines, USA. He holds a doctorate in Electrical Engineering from Manitoba University, Canada.

Inhaltsangabe

Foreword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Introduction to
Reflectarray Antennas 1 1.1 Reflectarray Concept 1 1.2 Reflectarray
Developments 2 1.3 Overview of this Book 5 References 7 2 Analysis and
Design of Reflectarray Elements 9 2.1 Phase?-Shift Distribution on the
Reflectarray Aperture 9 2.2 Phase Tuning Approaches for Reflectarray
Elements 13 2.2.1 Elements with Phase/Time?-Delay Lines 14 2.2.2 Elements
with Variable Sizes 15 2.2.3 Elements with Variable Rotation Angles 16 2.3
Element Analysis Methods 18 2.3.1 Periodic Boundary Conditions and Floquet
Port Excitation 19 2.3.2 Metallic Waveguide Simulators 19 2.3.3 Analytical
Circuit Models 21 2.3.4 Comparison of Element Analysis Techniques 22
2.3.4.1 Comparison between PBC and Metallic Waveguides 23 2.3.4.2
Comparison between PBC and the Circuit Model 24 2.4 Examples of Classic
Reflectarray Elements 26 2.4.1 Rectangular Patch with Phase?-Delay Lines 26
2.4.2 Variable Size Square Patch 30 2.4.3 Single Slot Ring Elements 33 2.5
Reflectarray Element Characteristics and Design Considerations 37 2.5.1
Frequency Behavior of Element Reflection Coefficients 37 2.5.2 Effects of
Oblique Incidence Angles on Element Reflection Coefficients 37 2.5.3
Sources of Phase Error in Reflectarray Element Design 41 2.6 Reflectarray
Element Measurements 43 References 46 3 System Design and Aperture
Efficiency Analysis 49 3.1 A General Feed Model 49 3.1.1 Models of Linearly
Polarized and Circularly Polarized Feeds 50 3.1.2 Balanced Feed Models 51
3.2 Aperture Efficiency 53 3.2.1 Spillover Efficiency 53 3.2.2 Illumination
Efficiency 54 3.2.3 Effects of Aperture Shape on Efficiency 55 3.2.4
Effects of Feed Location on Efficiency 59 3.3 Aperture Blockage and Edge
Diffraction 60 3.3.1 Aperture Blockage and Offset Systems 60 3.3.2 Edge
Taper and Edge Diffraction 63 3.4 The Analogy between a Reflectarray and a
Parabolic Reflector 70 3.4.1 The Offset System Configurations 71 3.4.2
Analogous Offset Reflector 72 3.4.2.1 Transformation from Reflector to
Reflectarray System 72 3.4.2.2 Transformation from Reflectarray to
Reflector System 75 3.4.3 Example of Analogous Offset Systems 76 References
77 4 Radiation Analysis Techniques 79 4.1 Array Theory Approach: The Robust
Analysis Technique 80 4.1.1 Idealized Feed and Element Patterns 80 4.1.2
Element Excitations and Reflectarray Radiation Pattern 81 4.2 Aperture
Field Approach: The Classical Analysis Technique 82 4.2.1 Complex Feed
Patterns 82 4.2.2 Field Transformations from Feed to Aperture and
Equivalent Surface Current 83 4.2.3 Near?-Field to Far?-Field Transforms
and Reflectarray Radiation Pattern 85 4.3 Important Topics in Reflectarray
Radiation Analysis 87 4.3.1 Principal Radiation Planes 87 4.3.2 Co?- and
Cross?-Polarized Patterns 89 4.3.3 Antenna Directivity 90 4.3.4 Antenna
Efficiency and Gain 91 4.3.5 Spectral Transforms and Computational Speedup
94 4.4 Full?-Wave Simulation Approaches 96 4.4.1 Constructed Aperture
Currents Under Local?-Periodicity Approximation 96 4.4.2 Complete
Reflectarray Models 96 4.5 Numerical Examples 98 4.5.1 Comparison of the
Array Theory and Aperture Field Analysis Techniques 98 4.5.1.1 Example 1:
Reflectarray Antenna with a Broadside Beam 99 4.5.1.2 Example 2:
Reflectarray Antenna with an Off?-Broadside Beam 100 4.5.1.3 Comparison of
Calculated Directivity versus Frequency 103 4.5.2 Consideration in the
Array Theory Technique: Element Pattern Effect 105 4.5.3 Consideration in
the Aperture Field Technique: Variations of Equivalence Principle 106 4.5.4
Comparisons with Full?-Wave Technique 107 References 110 5 Bandwidth of
Reflectarray Antennas 113 5.1 Bandwidth Constraints in Reflectarray
Antennas 113 5.1.1 Frequency Behavior of Element Phase Error 113 5.1.2
Frequency Behavior of Spatial Phase Delay 115 5.1.3 Aperture Phase Error
and Reflectarray Bandwidth Limitations 118 5.2 Reflectarray Element
Bandwidth 121 5.2.1 Physics of Element Bandwidth Constraints 121 5.2.2
Parametric Studies on Element Bandwidth 122 5.3 Reflectarray System
Bandwidth 135 5.3.1 Effect of Aperture Size on Reflectarray Bandwidth 135
5.3.2 Effects of Element on Reflectarray Bandwidth 140 References 144 6
Reflectarray Design Examples 147 6.1 A Ku?-band Reflectarray Antenna: A
Step?-by?-Step Design Example 147 6.1.1 Feed Antenna Characteristics 147
6.1.2 Reflectarray System Design 150 6.1.3 Reflectarray Element Design 153
6.1.4 Radiation Analysis 156 6.1.5 Fabrication and Measurements 159 6.2 A
Circularly Polarized Reflectarray Antenna using an Element Rotation
Technique 165 6.3 Bandwidth Comparison of Reflectarray Designs using
Different Elements 169 References 176 7 Broadband and Multiband
Reflectarray Antennas 179 7.1 Broadband Reflectarray Design Topologies 179
7.1.1 Multilayer Multi?-Resonance Elements 179 7.1.2 Single?-Layer
Multi?-Resonance Elements 181 7.1.3 Sub?-Wavelength Elements 184 7.1.4
Reflectarrays Employing Single?-Layer and Double?-Layer Sub?-Wavelength
Elements 188 7.1.5 Broadband Design Methods for Large Reflectarrays 197 7.2
Phase Synthesis for Broadband Operation 197 7.2.1 A Phase Synthesized
Broadband Reflectarray 200 7.2.2 A Dual?-Frequency Broadband Reflectarray
203 7.3 Multiband Reflectarray Designs 206 7.3.1 A Single?-Layer Dual?-Band
Circularly Polarized Reflectarray 210 7.3.2 A Single-Layer Tri-Band
Reflectarray 213 References 221 8 Terahertz, Infrared, and Optical
Reflectarray Antennas 227 8.1 Above Microwave Frequencies 227 8.2 Material
Characteristics at Terahertz and Infrared Frequencies 228 8.2.1 Optical
Measurements and Electromagnetic Parameters 228 8.2.2 Measured Properties
of Conductors and Dielectric Materials 229 8.2.3 Calculating Drude Model
Parameters for Conductors 229 8.3 Element Losses at Infrared Frequencies
234 8.3.1 Conductor Losses 234 8.3.1.1 Effect of Conductor Thickness 234
8.3.1.2 Effect of Complex Conductivity 237 8.3.2 Dielectric Losses 240
8.3.3 Effect of Losses on Reflection Properties of Elements 241 8.3.4
Circuit?-Model Analysis 242 8.3.4.1 Circuit Theory and Loss Study 242
8.3.4.2 Zero?-Pole Analysis of Element Performance 243 8.4 Reflectarray
Design Methodologies and Enabling Technologies 245 8.4.1 Reflectarrays with
Patch Elements 245 8.4.2 Dielectric Resonator Reflectarrays 248 8.4.3
Dielectric Reflectarrays 251 8.4.3.1 Dielectric Property and 3D Printing
Technique 251 8.4.3.2 Dielectric Reflectarray Design 253 8.4.3.3 Dielectric
Reflectarray Prototypes and Measurements 259 8.5 Future Trends 261
References 264 9 Multi?-Beam and Shaped?-Beam Reflectarray Antennas 267 9.1
Direct Design Approaches for Multi?-Beam Reflectarrays 268 9.1.1
Geometrical Aperture Division 268 9.1.2 Superposition of Aperture Fields
271 9.1.3 Comparison of Direct Design Approaches 272 9.2 Synthesis Design
Approaches for Shaped?- and Multi?-Beam Reflectarrays 275 9.2.1 Basics of
Synthesis Techniques 275 9.2.2 Local?-Search Techniques 276 9.2.3
Global?-Search Techniques 279 9.2.4 Full?-Wave Optimization Design
Approaches 280 9.3 Practical Reflectarray Designs 281 9.3.1 Single?-Feed
Reflectarray with Multiple Symmetric Beams 281 9.3.2 Feed Reflectarrays
with Multiple Asymmetric Beams 286 9.3.3 Shaped?-Beam Reflectarrays 294
9.3.4 Multi?-Feed Multi?-Beam Reflectarrays 297 References 300 10
Beam?-Scanning Reflectarray Antennas 303 10.1 Beam?-Scanning Approaches for
Reflectarray Antennas 304 10.1.1 Design Methodologies 304 10.1.2
Classifications Based on Reflector Type 306 10.2 Feed?-Tuning Techniques
307 10.2.1 Fully Illuminated Single?-Reflector Configurations 307 10.2.1.1
Parabolic?-Phase Apertures 307 10.2.1.2 Non?-Parabolic?-Phase Apertures 313
10.2.2 Partially Illuminated Single?-Reflector Configurations 324 10.2.2.1
Parabolic Cylindrical?-Phase Reflectarray Antennas (PCPRA) 324 10.2.2.2
Parabolic Torus?-Phase Reflectarray Antennas (PTPRA) 329 10.2.2.3
Spherical?-Phase Reflectarray Antennas (SPRA) 331 10.2.3 Dual?-Reflector
Configurations 334 10.2.3.1 Parabolic Reflector/Reflectarray Antennas 334
10.2.3.2 Non?-Parabolic Reflector/Reflectarray Antennas 336 10.2.4 Summary
of Feed?-Tuning Techniques 337 10.3 Aperture Phase?-Tuning Techniques 339
10.3.1 Basics of Aperture Phase Tuning 339 10.3.2 Enabling Technologies 341
10.3.2.1 Mechanical Actuators/Motors 341 10.3.2.2 Electronic Devices 343
10.3.2.3 Functional Materials 352 10.4 Frontiers in Beam?-Scanning
Reflectarray Research 355 10.4.1 Active Reflectarrays 355 10.4.2 Comparison
Between Analog and Digital Phase Control 355 10.4.3 Sub?-Array Techniques
358 10.4.4 Hybrid Configurations 359 References 359 11 Reflectarray
Engineering and Emerging Applications 367 11.1 Advanced Reflectarray
Geometries 367 11.1.1 Conformal Reflectarrays 367 11.1.1.1 Analysis of
Conformal Reflectarrays 367 11.1.1.2 Radiation Characteristics of Conformal
Reflectarrays on Cylindrical Surfaces 369 11.1.2 Dual?-Reflectarrays 375
11.2 Reflectarrays for Satellite Applications 379 11.2.1 An L?-Band
Reflectarray for the Beidou Satellite System 381 11.2.2 Reflectarrays
Integrated with Solar Cells 384 11.3 Power Combining and Amplifying
Reflectarrays 388 11.4 A Perspective on Reflectarray Antennas 393 11.4.1
Large?-Aperture Planar Reflectarray Antennas 393 11.4.2 Reflectarray
Antennas with Broad Bandwidth, Beam?-Scanning Capability, and Low Cost 396
11.4.3 From Reflectarray Antennas to Transmitarray Antennas 396 References
397 Index 401