After the Civil War, the New York City's East River was a massive unsolved and dangerous navigation problem. A major waterway into and out of the Harbor--where customs revenue equaled 42 percent of the U.S. Government's income--the river's many hindrances, centered around Hell Gate, included whirlpools, rocks and reefs. These, combined with swirling currents and powerful tides, led to deaths, cargo losses and destruction of vessels. Charged with clearing the river, General John Newton of the Army Corps of Engineers went to work with the most rudimentary tools for diving, mining, lighting,…mehr
After the Civil War, the New York City's East River was a massive unsolved and dangerous navigation problem. A major waterway into and out of the Harbor--where customs revenue equaled 42 percent of the U.S. Government's income--the river's many hindrances, centered around Hell Gate, included whirlpools, rocks and reefs. These, combined with swirling currents and powerful tides, led to deaths, cargo losses and destruction of vessels. Charged with clearing the river, General John Newton of the Army Corps of Engineers went to work with the most rudimentary tools for diving, mining, lighting, pumping and drilling. His crews worked for 20 years, using a steam-drilling scow of his own design and a new and perilous explosive--nitroglycerine. In 1885, Newton destroyed the nine-acre Flood Rock with 282,730 pounds of high explosives. The demolition was watched by tens of thousands. This book chronicles the clearing of the East River and the ingenuity of the Army engineer whose work was praised by the National Academy of Sciences.
Thomas Barthel, a professor emeritus in the State University of New York system, has written nine books on subjects ranging from the Civil War, to baseball history to civil engineering. He lives in Clinton, New York.
Inhaltsangabe
Table of Contents Preface Introduction One. A City of Islands Travel on Land New York, a Maritime City The Sandy Hook Problem The East River Passage Fulton on the Hudson Clinton's Ditch Shipbuilding, Commerce and New York City Famed Ships and Shipbuilders Two. The Business of the City Some Studies Are Begun The Channels of the East River From Throgs Neck to Little Hell Gate Little Hell Gate Hallet's Point Reef Changes in Ships and Ship Building The First Glimmer of Funds Coasters Maillefert at Work The Politics of Funding Three. General Newton Takes Command Newton Is Chosen The City Changes Ferries, Pilots, and The News Newton Designs the Projects Some Solutions, Some Problems Newton Includes Nitroglycerin Four. Newton's Needs Planning and Progress Hazards and Virtues of Nitroglycerine The East River Association At Work with Sidney Shelbourne and Benjamin S.H. Maillefert Again The Case of the Thatcher Magoun Work Begins on the Reef at Hallet's Point Five. Newton Adapts The First Steps Ships and Vanderbilt's Trains Dockage and Piers Despite Nitroglycerine's Deadly Accidents Newton Trusts It Newton's Confidence Six. Newton's Marvelous Machine The Creation of Newton's Steam Drilling Scow Nitroglycerine Is Studied The Handling, Transportation and Storage of Nitroglycerine Newton Adapts to the Steam Drill The Railroads Show Their Promise Hallet's Point Reef: The Tools and the Workers Interested Parties The Danger Remains; the Funds Arrive Seven. The Scow at Work Progress with Some Obstacles in the River Changes in Ships Verify Newton's Work on the River The Importance of Julius H. Striedinger Newton's Refining of the Scow's Operations The Accidents Continue and the Tunnels Move Under the River Improvements in Steam Drills and Other Tools Eight. The Long Depression Begins The Work Goes On Even as the Appropriations Fall Short Newton's Additional Duties on the Hudson as the Economy Crashes Advantages and Dangers of Nitroglycerine Divers and the Positioning of Explosives Changes and Adaptations in American Shipping Hallet's Point Reef Preparation Continues Newton's Jurisdiction Extends into Vermont Explosives, Fuses and Continuing Dangers The Newton Steam Drilling Scow at Work Changes in Newton's Plan Two Rocks and a Reef: The Frying Pan, Way's Reef, and Pot Rock Spuyten Duyvel and the Harlem River Up and Down the River Close to the Finish Nine. Newton's Many Plans The Country Is Attentive Hallet's Point Reef A Decision on Explosives Making the Cartridges Wiring the Cartridges Connecting the Wires The Danger Remained The City Reacts Ten. Newton's Triumph of Science The Crowds Assemble Blast Time Reaction and Judgment Eleven. Newton's Aim of 26 Feet Newton's Second Decade Some Results A Challenge Newton's Argument Delays at Hell Gate The New York Central The Delays Go On The Harlem River Studied Again Twelve. Newton's Work Slows Newton's Strategy Progress at Flood Rock Expanding the Site Newton Considers Interest Increases Other Projects at the Same Time The Working Force Slowdown of 1882-1883 Newton in Charge Thirteen. Newton Readies the Explosion Strategies Are Decided Preparing the Cartridges Installing the Cartridges The Guests and the Police Explosions Explained Fourteen. Newton's Violent Triumph Saturday Night Preparations Before the Sunday Blast Sunday Morning's Tasks Blast Time Newton Arrives at the Firing Point After the Blast Estimates of Work to Be Done Some Measurements of the Explosion Fifteen. Newton's Last Decade Death Honors A Gazetteer of the East River Obstructions Chapter Notes Bibliography Index
Table of Contents Preface Introduction One. A City of Islands Travel on Land New York, a Maritime City The Sandy Hook Problem The East River Passage Fulton on the Hudson Clinton's Ditch Shipbuilding, Commerce and New York City Famed Ships and Shipbuilders Two. The Business of the City Some Studies Are Begun The Channels of the East River From Throgs Neck to Little Hell Gate Little Hell Gate Hallet's Point Reef Changes in Ships and Ship Building The First Glimmer of Funds Coasters Maillefert at Work The Politics of Funding Three. General Newton Takes Command Newton Is Chosen The City Changes Ferries, Pilots, and The News Newton Designs the Projects Some Solutions, Some Problems Newton Includes Nitroglycerin Four. Newton's Needs Planning and Progress Hazards and Virtues of Nitroglycerine The East River Association At Work with Sidney Shelbourne and Benjamin S.H. Maillefert Again The Case of the Thatcher Magoun Work Begins on the Reef at Hallet's Point Five. Newton Adapts The First Steps Ships and Vanderbilt's Trains Dockage and Piers Despite Nitroglycerine's Deadly Accidents Newton Trusts It Newton's Confidence Six. Newton's Marvelous Machine The Creation of Newton's Steam Drilling Scow Nitroglycerine Is Studied The Handling, Transportation and Storage of Nitroglycerine Newton Adapts to the Steam Drill The Railroads Show Their Promise Hallet's Point Reef: The Tools and the Workers Interested Parties The Danger Remains; the Funds Arrive Seven. The Scow at Work Progress with Some Obstacles in the River Changes in Ships Verify Newton's Work on the River The Importance of Julius H. Striedinger Newton's Refining of the Scow's Operations The Accidents Continue and the Tunnels Move Under the River Improvements in Steam Drills and Other Tools Eight. The Long Depression Begins The Work Goes On Even as the Appropriations Fall Short Newton's Additional Duties on the Hudson as the Economy Crashes Advantages and Dangers of Nitroglycerine Divers and the Positioning of Explosives Changes and Adaptations in American Shipping Hallet's Point Reef Preparation Continues Newton's Jurisdiction Extends into Vermont Explosives, Fuses and Continuing Dangers The Newton Steam Drilling Scow at Work Changes in Newton's Plan Two Rocks and a Reef: The Frying Pan, Way's Reef, and Pot Rock Spuyten Duyvel and the Harlem River Up and Down the River Close to the Finish Nine. Newton's Many Plans The Country Is Attentive Hallet's Point Reef A Decision on Explosives Making the Cartridges Wiring the Cartridges Connecting the Wires The Danger Remained The City Reacts Ten. Newton's Triumph of Science The Crowds Assemble Blast Time Reaction and Judgment Eleven. Newton's Aim of 26 Feet Newton's Second Decade Some Results A Challenge Newton's Argument Delays at Hell Gate The New York Central The Delays Go On The Harlem River Studied Again Twelve. Newton's Work Slows Newton's Strategy Progress at Flood Rock Expanding the Site Newton Considers Interest Increases Other Projects at the Same Time The Working Force Slowdown of 1882-1883 Newton in Charge Thirteen. Newton Readies the Explosion Strategies Are Decided Preparing the Cartridges Installing the Cartridges The Guests and the Police Explosions Explained Fourteen. Newton's Violent Triumph Saturday Night Preparations Before the Sunday Blast Sunday Morning's Tasks Blast Time Newton Arrives at the Firing Point After the Blast Estimates of Work to Be Done Some Measurements of the Explosion Fifteen. Newton's Last Decade Death Honors A Gazetteer of the East River Obstructions Chapter Notes Bibliography Index
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