E. Flügel

Microfacies Analysis of Limestones

Übersetzung: Christenson, K.

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Reviewers of the German edition of this book found that the text deals with facts and descriptions of limestones rather than with glo bal speculations on facies models or large-scale sedimentation pat terns. The book is neither a picture-book nor a recipe-book for facies interpretation of carbonates, but an attempt to summarize the present "state of the art" of a rather small but increasingly more im portant part of geology. The book is written for advanced undergraduate and post-grad uate students as well as for research workers and exploration geol ogists who need rapid and intensive training in modern methods of microfacies analysis. The book should facilitate decisions about which methods to use in one's own investigations, and where to look for comparative studies. Microfacies interpretation of carbonate rocks can not rely solely on the investigation of sedimentological and paleontological thin section data, but must also consider geological and palecological cri teria. It is beyond the scope of this book to describe all of these as pects. However, broader applications are indicated in the chapters dealing with the relationships between geochemical as well as physi cal data and the depositional and diagenetic fabric oflimestones.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Springer / Springer Berlin Heidelberg / Springer, Berlin
• Artikelnr. des Verlages: 978-3-642-68425-8
• Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1982
• Seitenzahl: 652
• Erscheinungstermin: 7. Dezember 2011
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 244mm x 170mm x 35mm
• Gewicht: 1106g
• ISBN-13: 9783642684258
• ISBN-10: 3642684254
• Artikelnr.: 36117803

Inhaltsangabe

1 Introduction to Fades Analysis.- 1.1 The Microfacies Concept.- 1.2 Methods of Facies Analysis.- 1.2.1 Fieldwork.- 1.2.2 Sampling.- 1.2.2.1 Selection and Number of Samples.- 1.2.2.2 Size and Orientation of Samples.- 1.2.3 Laboratory Work.- 1.2.3.1 Thin-Sections.- 1.2.3.2 Peels.- 1.2.3.3 Staining and Acid Etching.- 1.2.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy.- 1.3 References.- 1.3.1 References: Microfacies Concept.- 1.3.2 References: Methods of Facies Analysis.- 1.3.2.1 References: Fieldwork.- 1.3.2.2 References: Sampling.- 1.3.2.3 References: Laboratory Work.- 1.3.3 References: Sedimentary Structures in Carbonate Rocks.- 1.4 Supplementary Reading.- 1.4.1 Annotated Bibliography: Methods and Interpretation of Facies Analysis.- 1.4.2 Journals.- 2 Recent Carbonate Sedimentation.- 2.1 Carbonate Mineralogy.- 2.2 Carbonate Sedimentation in Marine Environments.- 2.2.1 Principles of Oceanographic Classification.- 2.2.2 Eulittoral Shallow-Water Sedimentation.- 2.2.3 Sublittoral Carbonate Sedimentation.- 2.2.4 Deep-Sea Carbonates.- 2.3 Lacustrine and Terrestrial Carbonate Sedimentation.- 2.3.1 Lacustrine Carbonates.- 2.3.2 Terrestrial Carbonates.- 2.3.2.1 Freshwater Limestones.- 2.3.2.2 Caliche (Calcrete).- 2.3.2.3 Cave Carbonates (Speleothems).- 2.3.2.4 Eolian Carbonates.- 2.4 References: Recent Carbonate Sedimentation.- 2.4.1 References: Marine Carbonates.- 2.4.2 References: Lacustrine and Terrestrial Carbonates.- 3 Carbonate Diagenesis.- 3.1 Diagenetic Environments. Classification of Diagenetic Processes.- 3.2 Carbonate Destruction.- 3.3 Cementation.- 3.3.1 Terminology of Cement Types.- 3.3.2 Cementation Phases.- 3.3.3 Carbonate Cement Fabrics as Facies Criteria.- 3.4 Sparite and Microsparite Terminology.- 3.4.1 Differentiation of Orthosparite and Pseudosparite.- 3.4.2 Descriptive Code for Orthosparite and Pseudosparite.- 3.5 Lithification of Lime Mud.- 3.6 Compaction.- 3.7 Stylolites.- 3.8 Calcite Veins.- 3.9 References: Carbonate Diagenesis.- 4 Microfacies Characteristics.- 4.1 "Groundmass" and Particles.- 4.1.1 Recent Carbonate Grains.- 4.1.2 Micrite.- 4.1.3 Limestone Particles.- 4.1.3.1 Skeletal Grains.- 4.1.3.2 Peloids.- 4.1.3.3 Aggregate Grains.- 4.1.3.4 Oncoids.- 4.1.3.5 Ooids.- 4.1.3.6 Pisoids.- 4.1.3.7 Coated Grains (Cortoids).- 4.1.3.8 Intraclasts and Extraclasts.- 4.1.4 Terrigenous Particles.- 4.1.5 Authigenic Minerals.- 4.1.6 Notes on the Differentiation of Particles.- 4.1.7 References: Groundmass and Particles.- 4.1.7.1 References: Micrite.- 4.1.7.2 References: Limestone Particles.- 4.1.7.3 References: Authigenic Minerals in Carbonate Rocks.- 4.2 Textural and Structural Criteria.- 4.2.1 Grain-Size Analyses.- 4.2.1.1 Methods and Examples.- 4.2.1.2 Annotated Bibliography: Grain-Size Analyses.- 4.2.2 Morphometric Criteria.- 4.2.2.1 Methods and Examples.- 4.2.2.2 References: Morphometric Criteria.- 4.2.3 Fabrics.- 4.2.3.1 Orientation and Packing of Particles.- 4.2.3.2 Graded Bedding.- 4.2.3.3 Lamination.- 4.2.3.4 Bioturbation Fabrics.- 4.2.3.5 Open-Space Structures and Fenestral Fabrics.- 4.2.3.6 Nodular Structures.- 4.2.3.7 Discontinuity Structures.- 4.2.3.8 Fissure Fillings (Neptunian Dikes).- 4.2.3.9 Geopetal Fabrics (Top and Bottom Structures).- 4.2.4 References: Limestone Fabrics.- 4.2.4.1 References: Orientation and Packing of Particles.- 4.2.4.2 References: Graded Bedding.- 4.2.4.3 References: Lamination.- 4.2.4.4 References: Bioturbation.- 4.2.4.5 References: Open-Space Structures.- 4.2.4.6 References: Nodular Structures.- 4.2.4.7 References: Discontinuities and Fissure Fillings.- 4.2.4.8 References: Geopetal Fabrics.- 4.3 Frequency Analysis (Constituent Analysis).- 4.3.1 Methods and Examples.- 4.3.2 References: Frequency Analysis.- 5 Fossils in Thin-Sections.- 5.1 General Survey.- 5.2 Key to Identification.- 5.3 Selected Groups of Organisms.- 5.3.1 Foraminifera (with References).- 5.3.2 Radiolaria (with References).- 5.3.3 Calpionellids (with References).- 5.3.4 Sponges (with References).- 5.3.5 Stromatoporoids, Tabulozoans, Hydrozoans (with References).- 5.3.6 Corals (with References).- 5.3.7 Bryozoans (with References).- 5.3.8 Shells of Brachiopods, Mollusks, and Serpulids (with References).- 5.3.9 Trilobites (with References).- 5.3.10 Ostracods (with References).- 5.3.11 Echinoderms (with References).- 5.3.12 Calcareous Algae.- 5.3.12.1 Classification.- 5.3.12.2 Mode of Calcification and Morphology.- 5.3.12.3 Ecological Factors.- 5.3.12.4 Algae and Carbonate Sedimentation.- 5.3.12.5 Biostratigraphic Significance.- 5.3.12.6 Key to Identification of the Major Groups of Calcareous Algae.- 5.3.12.7 Supplementary Reading: Calcareous Algae.- 5.3.13 Microproblematica (with References).- 5.4 Microfacies Zones (with References).- 5.5 Annotated Bibliography: Microfacies Monographs.- 6 Classifications of Carbonate Rocks.- 6.1 Principles of Classification.- 6.2 Systems of Classification.- 6.2.1 Folk Classification (1959, 1962).- 6.2.2 Dunham Classification (1962).- 6.2.3 Classifications of Leighton and Pendexter (1962), Bissell and Chilingar (1967), and Füchtbauer (1974).- 6.2.4 Energy Index Classification (Plumley et al., 1962).- 6.3 Discussion and Examples.- 6.4 References: Classification of Carbonate Rocks.- 7 Microfacies Types.- 7.1 Prerequisites.- 7.2 Qualitative Categorization.- 7.3 Quantitative Categorization.- 7.3.1 Statistical Methods.- 7.3.2 Annotated Bibliography: Multivariate Facies Analysis.- 7.4 Checklist for Microfacies Studies.- 8 Standard Microfacies Types.- 8.1 Principles.- 8.2 SMF Types.- 8.3 SMF Types and Facies Belts.- 8.4 Discussion and Examples.- 8.5 References: Standard Microfacies Types.- 9 Complementary Methods.- 9.1 Relationship Between Microfacies and Geochemical Criteria.- 9.1.1 Insoluble Residues of Carbonate Rocks.- 9.1.1.1 Amount of Clastic Material.- 9.1.1.2 Mineralogical Composition of Residues.- 9.1.2 Trace Elements.- 9.1.3 Stable Isotopes.- 9.1.4 References: Isotopes.- 9.1.5 References: Geochemistry of Carbonate Rocks.- 9.2 Relationship Between Microfacies and Physical Criteria.- 9.2.1 Facies-Controlled Porosity in Carbonate Rocks.- 9.2.1.1 Basic Porosity Types.- 9.2.1.2 Examples.- 9.2.2 Carbonate Rock Type and Log Response.- 9.2.3 Microfacies and Technological Properties of Carbonate Rocks.- 9.3 Relationship Between Microfacies and Chemism of Carbonate Rocks.- 9.4 References: Physical and Technological Criteria of Limestones.- 10 Facies Diagnosis and Facies Models.- 10.1 Diagnosis of Environmental Factors.- 10.1.1 Water Energy and Oxygen Supply.- 10.1.2 Terrigenous Influx and Indications of Coastlines.- 10.1.3 Light Penetration and Water Depth; Subaquatic and Subaerial Environments.- 10.1.4 Salinity.- 10.1.5 Temperature.- 10.1.6 Substrate.- 10.1.7 Continuous and Discontinuous Sedimentation.- 10.1.8 References: Environmental Factors.- 10.2 Facies Criteria.- 10.2.1 Non-Marine Environments.- 10.2.2 Marginal Marine and Shallow Marine Environments.- 10.2.3 Reef Complexes.- 10.2.4 Deep-Marine Environments.- 10.2.4.1 Pelagic Carbonates.- 10.2.4.2 Allochthonous Carbonate Deposits in Deeper-Marine Environments.- 10.2.5 References: Facies Criteria.- 10.3 Facies Models.- 10.3.1 Principles of Facies Models.- 10.3.2 Shelf - Shelf Margin - Basin: The Wilson Model.- 10.3.3 Carbonate Platforms.- 10.3.4 Shallow Shelf Environment Without Terrigenous Influx: The Irwin-Lees Model.- 10.3.5 Shelf Margins.- 10.3.6 Reefs.- 10.3.7 Mud Mounds.- 10.3.8 Slope Deposits and Deep-Sea Sediments.- 10.3.9 References: Facies Models.- 11 Case Histories.- 11.1 Lacustrine Carbonates: Miocene Lake Deposits of the Ries, Southern Germany.- 11.2 Arid Carbonate Shorelines and Evaporites: Miocene of the Gulf of Suez Region, Egypt.- 11.3 Inner Shelf Carbonate Platform: Upper Jurassic of Karaburun, Western Anatolia.- 11.4 Outer Shelf Carbonate Platform: Upper Jurassic Sulzfluh Limestone, Graubünden, Switzerland.- 11.5 Ecologic Reefs: Upper Triassic Dachstein Reef Limestones of the Northern Alps, Austria.- 11.6 Stratigraphie Reefs: Lower Permian Trogkofel Limestones of the Southern Alps.- 11.7 Mud Mounds: Sponge-Algal Buildups from the Upper Jurassic of Northern Franconia, Germany.- 11.8 Subtidal Open-Marine Shelf Carbonates: Mishrif Formation, Cretaceous, Middle East.- 11.9 Shallow-Water Limestone Turbidites: Allodapic Limestones in the Upper Jurassic of Southern Franconia, Germany.- 11.10 Allochthonous Carbonate Deposits: Liassic Scheck Conglomerate: Adnet, Salzburg/Austria.- 12 Answers to Exercises.- 13 Indices.- 13.1 Author Index.- 13.2 Subject Index.- 13.3 Where to Find the Plates.