Teratology is at once among the oldest and youngest of human preoccupations. Coincident with man's first observations of the stars were his recordings of human and animal deformities. But, such aberrancies must have occurred even earlier, for although it is one of those things-like evolution-that cannot be proven, it is nevertheless indisputable that dysmorphogenesis must have occurred from the time complex forms of life first arose on our planet; and that from the beginnings of human awareness our species was conscious of such happenings. From the earliest recordings of this fascination with…mehr
Teratology is at once among the oldest and youngest of human preoccupations. Coincident with man's first observations of the stars were his recordings of human and animal deformities. But, such aberrancies must have occurred even earlier, for although it is one of those things-like evolution-that cannot be proven, it is nevertheless indisputable that dysmorphogenesis must have occurred from the time complex forms of life first arose on our planet; and that from the beginnings of human awareness our species was conscious of such happenings. From the earliest recordings of this fascination with the form and meaning of abnormality a tortuous but continuous line extends to modern struggles to understand and control these manifestations. And now, after long occupying an honorable but peripheral place in the halls of philosophical and scientific pursuits, teratology has quite suddenly come to take a prominent position at the hub of a complex crossroads of human concerns. This shift in its fortune has taken several forms. Fetal maldevelopment has become the concern of environmentalists, activists of various persuasions, indus trial organizations, government agencies, ethicists, parents-i. e. , individuals and groups whose actions are impelled by apprehension. Such motives are of course not without basis; the trauma of thalidomide left a scar yet raw. For still others clinicians, academics, experimentalists-the upsurge in the interest in fetal mal development is at a different level, and their pursuits are broad, taking external agents as but one of the causes of defective development.
1. Problems in Human Teratology.- 1. Introductory Remarks.- 2. Advances in Knowledge and Technology during the Past 30 Years.- 3. Clinical Progress through Application of Practical Procedures.- 4. Present-Day Problems.- 5. Future Perspectives.- 6. Conclusion.- 7. Summary.- 2. Teratology: Spectrum of a Science.- 1. Ancient Records.- 2. Portents.- 3. Hybrids.- 4. Teratology and Superstition.- 5. Natural Philosophy.- 6. Anatomy and Pathology.- 7. Embryology and Experimental Teratology.- 8. Genetics.- 9. Surgery.- 10. Obstetrics.- 11. Law.- 12. Prevention.- References.- 3. Cytogenetics of Human Reproductive Wastage.- 1. History and Definition of Abortion.- 2. Historical Aspects of Cytogenetics.- 3. Frequency of Chromosome Anomalies in Miscarriages.- 4. Techniques of Study.- 5. Relative Frequency of Types of Chromosome Anomalies.- 6. Cystic Changes of the Chorionic Villi.- 7. Cytogenetic Studies of Stillbirth and Neonatal Death.- 8. Translocations in Miscarriages.- 9. Chromosome Anomalies and Recurrent Abortion.- 10. Etiology of Chromosome Anomalies.- 11. Sex Ratio.- 12. Significance of the Cytogenetic Findings in Pregnancy Wastage.- 13. The Future for Cytogenetic Studies of Abortuses.- References.- 4. Twenty Years of Study of the Etiology of Congenital Malformations in Finland.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Study Population.- 3. The Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations.- 4. Incidence of Congenital Malformations.- 5. The Matched-Pair Register.- 6. Special Studies.- 7. Limitations and Pitfalls of Epidemiologic Studies.- 8. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 5. Genome and Chromosome Mutations: Balance between Appearance and Elimination.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Numerical Chromosome Anomalies or Genome Mutations.- 3. Chromosome Structural Rearrangements or Chromosome Mutations.- 4. Human Chromosome Heteromorphisms (Variants, Polymorphisms).- 5. Minor Deletions and Mutation.- 6. Chromosomal Mutations and Evolution.- 7. Population Genetics of Structural Chromosome Rearrangements.- 8. Conclusion.- References.- 6. Developmental Toxicity and Nonhuman Primates: Interspecies Comparisons.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Thalidomide.- 3. Fungicides.- 4. Cytotoxic Agents.- 5. X-Irradiation.- 6. Hyperthermia.- 7. Androgens and Progestins.- 8. Glucocorticoids.- 9. Summary.- 10. Experimental Protocols.- 11. Comparative Embryology.- 12. Conclusion.- References.- 7. Teratogenic Risk Assessment: Past, Present, and Future.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Present Testing Strategy: Tolerance Levels/Risk-Benefit Analysis and the Concept of "Thresholds".- 3. The Past in Risk Assessment of Teratogens.- 4. New Concepts of Toxicity Which May Have Application in Risk Assessment of Potential Teratogens.- 5. Appropriate Present-Day Approaches to Teratogenic Risk Assessment.- 6. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 8. Thalidomide and Embryonic Sensory Peripheral Neuropathy: An Appraisal of the Neuropathic Theory of Limb Reduction Defects.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Statement of the Neuropathic Theory of Limb Reduction Defects.- 3. Premises of the Theory.- 4. Analysis of the Premises and Supporting Arguments and Observations.- 5. Summary.- 6. Other Theories of the Mechanism of Thalidomide Teratogenicity.- References.- 9. Restorative Growth in Mammalian Embryos.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Embryologic Studies.- 3. Teratologic Studies.- 4. Conclusions and Discussion.- References.- 10. Functional Teratology of the Cardiovascular and Other Organ Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effects of the Pesticide Mirex on the Fetal Cardiovascular System-A Case Study.- 3. Functional Teratology of Other OrganSystems.- 4. Concluding Comments.- References.- 11. Searching for the Mechanism of Acetazolamide Teratogenesis.- 1. Acetazolamide Teratology.- 2. Carbonic Anhydrase.- 3. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition by Acetazolamide.- 4. Carbonic Anhydrase during Development.- 5. Studies of the Mechanism of Acetazolamide Teratogenesis.- 6. Recent Studies on the Teratogenic Mechanism of Acetazolamide.- 7. Comparative Studies in Rats, Rabbits, and Monkeys.- 8. Discussion.- References.
1. Problems in Human Teratology.- 1. Introductory Remarks.- 2. Advances in Knowledge and Technology during the Past 30 Years.- 3. Clinical Progress through Application of Practical Procedures.- 4. Present-Day Problems.- 5. Future Perspectives.- 6. Conclusion.- 7. Summary.- 2. Teratology: Spectrum of a Science.- 1. Ancient Records.- 2. Portents.- 3. Hybrids.- 4. Teratology and Superstition.- 5. Natural Philosophy.- 6. Anatomy and Pathology.- 7. Embryology and Experimental Teratology.- 8. Genetics.- 9. Surgery.- 10. Obstetrics.- 11. Law.- 12. Prevention.- References.- 3. Cytogenetics of Human Reproductive Wastage.- 1. History and Definition of Abortion.- 2. Historical Aspects of Cytogenetics.- 3. Frequency of Chromosome Anomalies in Miscarriages.- 4. Techniques of Study.- 5. Relative Frequency of Types of Chromosome Anomalies.- 6. Cystic Changes of the Chorionic Villi.- 7. Cytogenetic Studies of Stillbirth and Neonatal Death.- 8. Translocations in Miscarriages.- 9. Chromosome Anomalies and Recurrent Abortion.- 10. Etiology of Chromosome Anomalies.- 11. Sex Ratio.- 12. Significance of the Cytogenetic Findings in Pregnancy Wastage.- 13. The Future for Cytogenetic Studies of Abortuses.- References.- 4. Twenty Years of Study of the Etiology of Congenital Malformations in Finland.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Study Population.- 3. The Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations.- 4. Incidence of Congenital Malformations.- 5. The Matched-Pair Register.- 6. Special Studies.- 7. Limitations and Pitfalls of Epidemiologic Studies.- 8. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 5. Genome and Chromosome Mutations: Balance between Appearance and Elimination.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Numerical Chromosome Anomalies or Genome Mutations.- 3. Chromosome Structural Rearrangements or Chromosome Mutations.- 4. Human Chromosome Heteromorphisms (Variants, Polymorphisms).- 5. Minor Deletions and Mutation.- 6. Chromosomal Mutations and Evolution.- 7. Population Genetics of Structural Chromosome Rearrangements.- 8. Conclusion.- References.- 6. Developmental Toxicity and Nonhuman Primates: Interspecies Comparisons.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Thalidomide.- 3. Fungicides.- 4. Cytotoxic Agents.- 5. X-Irradiation.- 6. Hyperthermia.- 7. Androgens and Progestins.- 8. Glucocorticoids.- 9. Summary.- 10. Experimental Protocols.- 11. Comparative Embryology.- 12. Conclusion.- References.- 7. Teratogenic Risk Assessment: Past, Present, and Future.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Present Testing Strategy: Tolerance Levels/Risk-Benefit Analysis and the Concept of "Thresholds".- 3. The Past in Risk Assessment of Teratogens.- 4. New Concepts of Toxicity Which May Have Application in Risk Assessment of Potential Teratogens.- 5. Appropriate Present-Day Approaches to Teratogenic Risk Assessment.- 6. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 8. Thalidomide and Embryonic Sensory Peripheral Neuropathy: An Appraisal of the Neuropathic Theory of Limb Reduction Defects.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Statement of the Neuropathic Theory of Limb Reduction Defects.- 3. Premises of the Theory.- 4. Analysis of the Premises and Supporting Arguments and Observations.- 5. Summary.- 6. Other Theories of the Mechanism of Thalidomide Teratogenicity.- References.- 9. Restorative Growth in Mammalian Embryos.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Embryologic Studies.- 3. Teratologic Studies.- 4. Conclusions and Discussion.- References.- 10. Functional Teratology of the Cardiovascular and Other Organ Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effects of the Pesticide Mirex on the Fetal Cardiovascular System-A Case Study.- 3. Functional Teratology of Other OrganSystems.- 4. Concluding Comments.- References.- 11. Searching for the Mechanism of Acetazolamide Teratogenesis.- 1. Acetazolamide Teratology.- 2. Carbonic Anhydrase.- 3. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition by Acetazolamide.- 4. Carbonic Anhydrase during Development.- 5. Studies of the Mechanism of Acetazolamide Teratogenesis.- 6. Recent Studies on the Teratogenic Mechanism of Acetazolamide.- 7. Comparative Studies in Rats, Rabbits, and Monkeys.- 8. Discussion.- References.
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