The papers in this volume represent the proceedings of the Conference entitled "Ischia Group Theory 2010," which took place at NH Ischia Thermal SPA Resort, Ischia, Naples, Italy, from April 14 to April 17, 2010. The articles in this volume are contributions by speakers and participants of the Conference. The volume contains a collection of research articles by leading experts in group theory and some accessible surveys of recent research in the area. Together they provide an overview of the diversity of themes and applications that interest group theorists today. Topics covered in this volume include: finite p-groups, character and representation theory, combinatorial group theory, varieties of groups, profinite and pro-p-groups, linear groups, graphs connected with groups, subgroup structure, finiteness conditions, radical rings, conjugacy classes, automorphisms.