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This book discusses HVDC grids based on multi-terminal voltage-source converters (VSC), which is suitable for the connection of offshore wind farms and a possible solution for a continent wide overlay grid. HVDC Grids: For Offshore and Supergrid of the Future begins by introducing and analyzing the motivations and energy policy drives for developing offshore grids and the European Supergrid. HVDC transmission technology and offshore equipment are described in the second part of the book. The third part of the book discusses how HVDC grids can be developed and integrated in the existing power…mehr
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This book discusses HVDC grids based on multi-terminal voltage-source converters (VSC), which is suitable for the connection of offshore wind farms and a possible solution for a continent wide overlay grid. HVDC Grids: For Offshore and Supergrid of the Future begins by introducing and analyzing the motivations and energy policy drives for developing offshore grids and the European Supergrid. HVDC transmission technology and offshore equipment are described in the second part of the book. The third part of the book discusses how HVDC grids can be developed and integrated in the existing power system. The fourth part of the book focuses on HVDC grid integration, in studies, for different time domains of electric power systems. The book concludes by discussing developments of advanced control methods and control devices for enabling DC grids. * Presents the technology of the future offshore and HVDC grid * Explains how offshore and HVDC grids can be integrated in the existing power system * Provides the required models to analyse the different time domains of power system studies: from steady-state to electromagnetic transients This book is intended for power system engineers and academics with an interest in HVDC or power systems, and policy makers. The book also provides a solid background for researchers working with VSC-HVDC technologies, power electronic devices, offshore wind farm integration, and DC grid protection.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons / Wiley
- Seitenzahl: 528
- Erscheinungstermin: 19. Februar 2016
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 240mm x 161mm x 33mm
- Gewicht: 953g
- ISBN-13: 9781118859155
- ISBN-10: 1118859154
- Artikelnr.: 41024811
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons / Wiley
- Seitenzahl: 528
- Erscheinungstermin: 19. Februar 2016
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 240mm x 161mm x 33mm
- Gewicht: 953g
- ISBN-13: 9781118859155
- ISBN-10: 1118859154
- Artikelnr.: 41024811
Dirk Van Hertem is an Assistant Professor within ESAT-ELECTA at KU Leuven, Belgium. Dr. Van Hertem has written over 100 scientific papers in international journals and conferences. Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt is an Associate Professor in the Technical University of Catalonia (UPC). He is involved in the CITCEA-UPC research group and the Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC). Jun Liang is a Reader within the School of Engineering at Cardiff University, UK. He's also an Adjunct Professor at Changsha University of Science and Technology and North China Electric Power University.
LIST OF FIGURES xvii LIST OF TABLES xxv CONTRIBUTORS xxvii FOREWORD xxix
PREFACE xxxi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxv ACRONYMS xxxvii PART I HVDC GRIDS IN THE
ENERGY VISION OF THE FUTURE CHAPTER 1 DRIVERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HVDC
GRIDS 3 Dirk Van Hertem 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 From the Vertically
Integrated Industry to Fast Moving Liberalized Market 3 1.3 Drivers for
Change 5 1.3.1 Liberalized Energy Market 6 1.4 Investments in the Grid 12
1.5 Towards HVDC Grids 17 1.6 Conclusions 22 CHAPTER 2 ENERGY SCENARIOS:
PROJECTIONS ON EUROPE'S FUTURE GENERATION AND LOAD 25 Erik Delarue and
Cedric De Jonghe 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 System Setting 26 2.3 Scenarios
for Europe's Energy Provision 34 2.4 Conclusions 40 PART II HVDC TECHNOLOGY
AND TECHNOLOGY FOR OFFSHORE GRIDS CHAPTER 3 HVDC TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 45 Gen
Li, Chuanyue Li, and Dirk Van Hertem 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 LCC-HVDC
Systems 45 3.3 LCC-HVDC Converter Station Technology 51 3.4 VSC-HVDC
Systems 53 3.5 VSC-HVDC Converter Station Technology 53 3.6 Transmission
Lines 72 3.7 Conclusions 76 CHAPTER 4 COMPARISON OF HVAC AND HVDC
TECHNOLOGIES 79 Hakan Ergun and Dirk Van Hertem 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2
Current Technology Limits 79 4.3 Technical Comparison 82 4.4 Economic
Comparison 87 4.5 Conclusions 94 CHAPTER 5 WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES 97
Eduardo Prieto-Araujo and Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2
Parts of the Wind Turbine 98 5.3 Wind Turbine Types 99 5.4 Conclusions 107
CHAPTER 6 OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS (OWPPS) 109 Mikel De Prada-Gil, Jose
Luis Dominguez-Garcia, Francisco Diaz-Gonzalez, and Andreas Sumper 6.1
Introduction 109 6.2 AC OWPPs 111 6.3 DC OWPPs 130 6.4 Other OWPPs
Proposals 135 6.5 Conclusions 138 PART III PLANNING AND OPERATION OF HVDC
GRIDS CHAPTER 7 HVDC GRID PLANNING 143 Hakan Ergun and Dirk Van Hertem 7.1
Context of Transmission System Planning 143 7.2 Transmission Expansion
Optimization Methodologies 152 7.3 Specialties of Grid Planning with HVDC
Technology 155 7.4 Illustrative Examples 157 CHAPTER 8 HVDC GRID LAYOUTS
171 Jun Liang, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, and Dirk Van Hertem 8.1 What is an
HVDC Grid? 172 8.2 HVDC Grid Topologies 172 8.3 Topologies of HVDC Grids
for Offshore Wind Power Transmission 176 8.4 HVDC Converter Station
Configuration 183 8.5 Substation Configuration 189 8.6 Conclusions 189
CHAPTER 9 GOVERNANCE MODELS FOR FUTURE GRIDS 193 Muhajir Tadesse Mekonnen,
Diyun Huang, and Kristof De Vos 9.1 Introduction 193 9.2 Transmission Grid
Planning 194 9.3 Transmission Grid Ownership 197 9.4 Transmission Grid
Financing 201 9.5 Transmission Grid Pricing 204 9.6 Transmission Grid
Operation 208 9.7 Conclusions 210 CHAPTER 10 POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONS WITH
HVDC GRIDS 213 Dirk Van Hertem, Robert H. Renner, and Johan Rimez 10.1
Introduction 213 10.2 Who Operates the HVDC Link or Grid? 214 10.3
Reliability Considerations in Systems with HVDC 217 10.4 Managing Energy
Unbalances in the System 223 10.5 Active and Reactive Power Control 226
10.6 Ancillary Services 230 10.7 Grid Codes 235 10.8 Conclusions 235
CHAPTER 11 OPERATION AND CONTROL OF OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS 239 Oriol
Gomis-Bellmunt and Monica Aragues-Penalba 11.1 Introduction 239 11.2 System
Under Analysis 240 11.3 Control and Protection Requirements 240 11.4 Wind
Power Plant Control Structure 245 11.5 Dynamic Simulation of a Simplified
Example 249 11.6 Conclusions 254 PART IV MODELING HVDC GRIDS CHAPTER 12
MODELS FOR HVDC GRIDS 257 Jef Beerten and Dirk Van Hertem 12.1 Introduction
257 12.2 Power System Computation Programs 257 12.3 Modeling Power
Electronic Converters 258 12.4 HVDC Grids Modeling Challenges 262 12.5
Conclusions 264 CHAPTER 13 POWER FLOW MODELING OF HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS 267
Jef Beerten 13.1 Introduction 267 13.2 Simplified Power Flow Modeling 268
13.3 Detailed Power Flow Modeling 272 13.4 Sequential AC/DC Power Flow 279
13.5 Software Implementation 289 13.6 Test Case 289 13.7 Conclusions 290
CHAPTER 14 OPTIMAL POWER FLOW MODELING OF HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS 293 Johan
Rimez 14.1 Introduction 293 14.2 Optimal Power Flow: Standard Formulation
and Extension 293 14.3 Optimal Power Flow with DC Grids and Converters 299
14.4 Adding Security Constraints 306 14.5 Conclusions 313 CHAPTER 15
CONTROL PRINCIPLES OF HVDC GRIDS 315 Jef Beerten, Agusti Egea, and Til
Kristian Vrana 15.1 Introduction 315 15.2 Basic Control Principles 316 15.3
Basic Converter Control Strategies 318 15.4 Advanced Converter Control
Strategies 321 15.5 Basic Grid Control Strategies 324 15.6 Advanced Grid
Control Strategies 325 15.7 Converter Inner Current Control 326 15.8 System
Power Flow Control 328 15.9 Conclusions 330 CHAPTER 16 STATE-SPACE
REPRESENTATION OF HVDC GRIDS 333 Eduardo Prieto-Araujo and Fernando Bianchi
16.1 Introduction 333 16.2 Multi-Terminal Grid Modeling 333 16.3
Four-Terminal Grid Example 339 16.4 Conclusions 343 CHAPTER 17 DC FAULT
PHENOMENA AND DC GRID PROTECTION 345 Willem Leterme and Dirk Van Hertem
17.1 Introduction 345 17.2 Short-Circuit Faults in the DC Grid 346 17.3 DC
Grid Protection 361 17.4 DC Protection Components 366 17.5 Conclusions 368
CHAPTER 18 REAL-TIME SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS OF DC GRIDS 371 Oluwole Daniel
Adeuyi and Marc Cheah 18.1 Introduction 371 18.2 Real-Time Simulation in
Power Systems 375 18.3 Design of Experimental Test Rig 379 18.4 Potential
Applications of HIL Tests in DC Grids 386 PART V APPLICATIONS CHAPTER 19
POWER SYSTEM OSCILLATION DAMPING BY MEANS OF VSC-HVDC SYSTEMS 391 Jose Luis
Dominguez-Garcia and Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo 19.1 Introduction 391 19.2 Power
System Stability 392 19.3 VSC-HVDC Systems Damping Contribution:
Application Examples 397 19.4 Conclusions 409 CHAPTER 20 OPTIMAL DROOP
CONTROL OF MULTI-TERMINAL VSC-HVDC GRIDS 413 Fernando D. Bianchi and
Eduardo Prieto-Araujo 20.1 Introduction 413 20.2 Control of Multi-Terminal
VSC-HVDC Grids 414 20.3 Time-Varying Description for Droop Control Design
418 20.4 Design of Optimal Control Droops 421 20.5 Four-Terminal VSC-HVDC
Network Example 422 20.6 Conclusions 426 CHAPTER 21 DC GRID POWER FLOW
CONTROL DEVICES 429 Chunmei Feng, Sheng Wang, and Qing Mu 21.1 DC Power
Flow Control Devices (DCPFC) 430 21.2 Generic Modeling of DC Power Flow
Control Devices 437 21.3 Sensitivity Analysis of DCPFC in DC Grid 438 21.4
Case Study of Power Flow Control Devices in DC Grids 441 21.5 Control
Sensitivity of DCPFC in DC Grids 444 21.6 Comparison of Power Control
Devices 448 21.7 Conclusions 450 CHAPTER 22 MODELING AND CONTROL OF
OFFSHORE AC HUB 451 Xiaobo Hu, Jun Liang, and Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia
22.1 Reasons for Developing AC Hub 451 22.2 What is the AC Hub? 452 22.3
Frequency-Dependent Modeling of AC Hub Components 455 22.4 AC Hub Control
Using Variable Frequency 460 22.5 Conclusions 469
PREFACE xxxi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxv ACRONYMS xxxvii PART I HVDC GRIDS IN THE
ENERGY VISION OF THE FUTURE CHAPTER 1 DRIVERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HVDC
GRIDS 3 Dirk Van Hertem 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 From the Vertically
Integrated Industry to Fast Moving Liberalized Market 3 1.3 Drivers for
Change 5 1.3.1 Liberalized Energy Market 6 1.4 Investments in the Grid 12
1.5 Towards HVDC Grids 17 1.6 Conclusions 22 CHAPTER 2 ENERGY SCENARIOS:
PROJECTIONS ON EUROPE'S FUTURE GENERATION AND LOAD 25 Erik Delarue and
Cedric De Jonghe 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 System Setting 26 2.3 Scenarios
for Europe's Energy Provision 34 2.4 Conclusions 40 PART II HVDC TECHNOLOGY
AND TECHNOLOGY FOR OFFSHORE GRIDS CHAPTER 3 HVDC TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 45 Gen
Li, Chuanyue Li, and Dirk Van Hertem 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 LCC-HVDC
Systems 45 3.3 LCC-HVDC Converter Station Technology 51 3.4 VSC-HVDC
Systems 53 3.5 VSC-HVDC Converter Station Technology 53 3.6 Transmission
Lines 72 3.7 Conclusions 76 CHAPTER 4 COMPARISON OF HVAC AND HVDC
TECHNOLOGIES 79 Hakan Ergun and Dirk Van Hertem 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2
Current Technology Limits 79 4.3 Technical Comparison 82 4.4 Economic
Comparison 87 4.5 Conclusions 94 CHAPTER 5 WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES 97
Eduardo Prieto-Araujo and Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2
Parts of the Wind Turbine 98 5.3 Wind Turbine Types 99 5.4 Conclusions 107
CHAPTER 6 OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS (OWPPS) 109 Mikel De Prada-Gil, Jose
Luis Dominguez-Garcia, Francisco Diaz-Gonzalez, and Andreas Sumper 6.1
Introduction 109 6.2 AC OWPPs 111 6.3 DC OWPPs 130 6.4 Other OWPPs
Proposals 135 6.5 Conclusions 138 PART III PLANNING AND OPERATION OF HVDC
GRIDS CHAPTER 7 HVDC GRID PLANNING 143 Hakan Ergun and Dirk Van Hertem 7.1
Context of Transmission System Planning 143 7.2 Transmission Expansion
Optimization Methodologies 152 7.3 Specialties of Grid Planning with HVDC
Technology 155 7.4 Illustrative Examples 157 CHAPTER 8 HVDC GRID LAYOUTS
171 Jun Liang, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, and Dirk Van Hertem 8.1 What is an
HVDC Grid? 172 8.2 HVDC Grid Topologies 172 8.3 Topologies of HVDC Grids
for Offshore Wind Power Transmission 176 8.4 HVDC Converter Station
Configuration 183 8.5 Substation Configuration 189 8.6 Conclusions 189
CHAPTER 9 GOVERNANCE MODELS FOR FUTURE GRIDS 193 Muhajir Tadesse Mekonnen,
Diyun Huang, and Kristof De Vos 9.1 Introduction 193 9.2 Transmission Grid
Planning 194 9.3 Transmission Grid Ownership 197 9.4 Transmission Grid
Financing 201 9.5 Transmission Grid Pricing 204 9.6 Transmission Grid
Operation 208 9.7 Conclusions 210 CHAPTER 10 POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONS WITH
HVDC GRIDS 213 Dirk Van Hertem, Robert H. Renner, and Johan Rimez 10.1
Introduction 213 10.2 Who Operates the HVDC Link or Grid? 214 10.3
Reliability Considerations in Systems with HVDC 217 10.4 Managing Energy
Unbalances in the System 223 10.5 Active and Reactive Power Control 226
10.6 Ancillary Services 230 10.7 Grid Codes 235 10.8 Conclusions 235
CHAPTER 11 OPERATION AND CONTROL OF OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS 239 Oriol
Gomis-Bellmunt and Monica Aragues-Penalba 11.1 Introduction 239 11.2 System
Under Analysis 240 11.3 Control and Protection Requirements 240 11.4 Wind
Power Plant Control Structure 245 11.5 Dynamic Simulation of a Simplified
Example 249 11.6 Conclusions 254 PART IV MODELING HVDC GRIDS CHAPTER 12
MODELS FOR HVDC GRIDS 257 Jef Beerten and Dirk Van Hertem 12.1 Introduction
257 12.2 Power System Computation Programs 257 12.3 Modeling Power
Electronic Converters 258 12.4 HVDC Grids Modeling Challenges 262 12.5
Conclusions 264 CHAPTER 13 POWER FLOW MODELING OF HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS 267
Jef Beerten 13.1 Introduction 267 13.2 Simplified Power Flow Modeling 268
13.3 Detailed Power Flow Modeling 272 13.4 Sequential AC/DC Power Flow 279
13.5 Software Implementation 289 13.6 Test Case 289 13.7 Conclusions 290
CHAPTER 14 OPTIMAL POWER FLOW MODELING OF HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS 293 Johan
Rimez 14.1 Introduction 293 14.2 Optimal Power Flow: Standard Formulation
and Extension 293 14.3 Optimal Power Flow with DC Grids and Converters 299
14.4 Adding Security Constraints 306 14.5 Conclusions 313 CHAPTER 15
CONTROL PRINCIPLES OF HVDC GRIDS 315 Jef Beerten, Agusti Egea, and Til
Kristian Vrana 15.1 Introduction 315 15.2 Basic Control Principles 316 15.3
Basic Converter Control Strategies 318 15.4 Advanced Converter Control
Strategies 321 15.5 Basic Grid Control Strategies 324 15.6 Advanced Grid
Control Strategies 325 15.7 Converter Inner Current Control 326 15.8 System
Power Flow Control 328 15.9 Conclusions 330 CHAPTER 16 STATE-SPACE
REPRESENTATION OF HVDC GRIDS 333 Eduardo Prieto-Araujo and Fernando Bianchi
16.1 Introduction 333 16.2 Multi-Terminal Grid Modeling 333 16.3
Four-Terminal Grid Example 339 16.4 Conclusions 343 CHAPTER 17 DC FAULT
PHENOMENA AND DC GRID PROTECTION 345 Willem Leterme and Dirk Van Hertem
17.1 Introduction 345 17.2 Short-Circuit Faults in the DC Grid 346 17.3 DC
Grid Protection 361 17.4 DC Protection Components 366 17.5 Conclusions 368
CHAPTER 18 REAL-TIME SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS OF DC GRIDS 371 Oluwole Daniel
Adeuyi and Marc Cheah 18.1 Introduction 371 18.2 Real-Time Simulation in
Power Systems 375 18.3 Design of Experimental Test Rig 379 18.4 Potential
Applications of HIL Tests in DC Grids 386 PART V APPLICATIONS CHAPTER 19
POWER SYSTEM OSCILLATION DAMPING BY MEANS OF VSC-HVDC SYSTEMS 391 Jose Luis
Dominguez-Garcia and Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo 19.1 Introduction 391 19.2 Power
System Stability 392 19.3 VSC-HVDC Systems Damping Contribution:
Application Examples 397 19.4 Conclusions 409 CHAPTER 20 OPTIMAL DROOP
CONTROL OF MULTI-TERMINAL VSC-HVDC GRIDS 413 Fernando D. Bianchi and
Eduardo Prieto-Araujo 20.1 Introduction 413 20.2 Control of Multi-Terminal
VSC-HVDC Grids 414 20.3 Time-Varying Description for Droop Control Design
418 20.4 Design of Optimal Control Droops 421 20.5 Four-Terminal VSC-HVDC
Network Example 422 20.6 Conclusions 426 CHAPTER 21 DC GRID POWER FLOW
CONTROL DEVICES 429 Chunmei Feng, Sheng Wang, and Qing Mu 21.1 DC Power
Flow Control Devices (DCPFC) 430 21.2 Generic Modeling of DC Power Flow
Control Devices 437 21.3 Sensitivity Analysis of DCPFC in DC Grid 438 21.4
Case Study of Power Flow Control Devices in DC Grids 441 21.5 Control
Sensitivity of DCPFC in DC Grids 444 21.6 Comparison of Power Control
Devices 448 21.7 Conclusions 450 CHAPTER 22 MODELING AND CONTROL OF
OFFSHORE AC HUB 451 Xiaobo Hu, Jun Liang, and Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia
22.1 Reasons for Developing AC Hub 451 22.2 What is the AC Hub? 452 22.3
Frequency-Dependent Modeling of AC Hub Components 455 22.4 AC Hub Control
Using Variable Frequency 460 22.5 Conclusions 469
LIST OF FIGURES xvii LIST OF TABLES xxv CONTRIBUTORS xxvii FOREWORD xxix
PREFACE xxxi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxv ACRONYMS xxxvii PART I HVDC GRIDS IN THE
ENERGY VISION OF THE FUTURE CHAPTER 1 DRIVERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HVDC
GRIDS 3 Dirk Van Hertem 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 From the Vertically
Integrated Industry to Fast Moving Liberalized Market 3 1.3 Drivers for
Change 5 1.3.1 Liberalized Energy Market 6 1.4 Investments in the Grid 12
1.5 Towards HVDC Grids 17 1.6 Conclusions 22 CHAPTER 2 ENERGY SCENARIOS:
PROJECTIONS ON EUROPE'S FUTURE GENERATION AND LOAD 25 Erik Delarue and
Cedric De Jonghe 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 System Setting 26 2.3 Scenarios
for Europe's Energy Provision 34 2.4 Conclusions 40 PART II HVDC TECHNOLOGY
AND TECHNOLOGY FOR OFFSHORE GRIDS CHAPTER 3 HVDC TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 45 Gen
Li, Chuanyue Li, and Dirk Van Hertem 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 LCC-HVDC
Systems 45 3.3 LCC-HVDC Converter Station Technology 51 3.4 VSC-HVDC
Systems 53 3.5 VSC-HVDC Converter Station Technology 53 3.6 Transmission
Lines 72 3.7 Conclusions 76 CHAPTER 4 COMPARISON OF HVAC AND HVDC
TECHNOLOGIES 79 Hakan Ergun and Dirk Van Hertem 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2
Current Technology Limits 79 4.3 Technical Comparison 82 4.4 Economic
Comparison 87 4.5 Conclusions 94 CHAPTER 5 WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES 97
Eduardo Prieto-Araujo and Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2
Parts of the Wind Turbine 98 5.3 Wind Turbine Types 99 5.4 Conclusions 107
CHAPTER 6 OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS (OWPPS) 109 Mikel De Prada-Gil, Jose
Luis Dominguez-Garcia, Francisco Diaz-Gonzalez, and Andreas Sumper 6.1
Introduction 109 6.2 AC OWPPs 111 6.3 DC OWPPs 130 6.4 Other OWPPs
Proposals 135 6.5 Conclusions 138 PART III PLANNING AND OPERATION OF HVDC
GRIDS CHAPTER 7 HVDC GRID PLANNING 143 Hakan Ergun and Dirk Van Hertem 7.1
Context of Transmission System Planning 143 7.2 Transmission Expansion
Optimization Methodologies 152 7.3 Specialties of Grid Planning with HVDC
Technology 155 7.4 Illustrative Examples 157 CHAPTER 8 HVDC GRID LAYOUTS
171 Jun Liang, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, and Dirk Van Hertem 8.1 What is an
HVDC Grid? 172 8.2 HVDC Grid Topologies 172 8.3 Topologies of HVDC Grids
for Offshore Wind Power Transmission 176 8.4 HVDC Converter Station
Configuration 183 8.5 Substation Configuration 189 8.6 Conclusions 189
CHAPTER 9 GOVERNANCE MODELS FOR FUTURE GRIDS 193 Muhajir Tadesse Mekonnen,
Diyun Huang, and Kristof De Vos 9.1 Introduction 193 9.2 Transmission Grid
Planning 194 9.3 Transmission Grid Ownership 197 9.4 Transmission Grid
Financing 201 9.5 Transmission Grid Pricing 204 9.6 Transmission Grid
Operation 208 9.7 Conclusions 210 CHAPTER 10 POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONS WITH
HVDC GRIDS 213 Dirk Van Hertem, Robert H. Renner, and Johan Rimez 10.1
Introduction 213 10.2 Who Operates the HVDC Link or Grid? 214 10.3
Reliability Considerations in Systems with HVDC 217 10.4 Managing Energy
Unbalances in the System 223 10.5 Active and Reactive Power Control 226
10.6 Ancillary Services 230 10.7 Grid Codes 235 10.8 Conclusions 235
CHAPTER 11 OPERATION AND CONTROL OF OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS 239 Oriol
Gomis-Bellmunt and Monica Aragues-Penalba 11.1 Introduction 239 11.2 System
Under Analysis 240 11.3 Control and Protection Requirements 240 11.4 Wind
Power Plant Control Structure 245 11.5 Dynamic Simulation of a Simplified
Example 249 11.6 Conclusions 254 PART IV MODELING HVDC GRIDS CHAPTER 12
MODELS FOR HVDC GRIDS 257 Jef Beerten and Dirk Van Hertem 12.1 Introduction
257 12.2 Power System Computation Programs 257 12.3 Modeling Power
Electronic Converters 258 12.4 HVDC Grids Modeling Challenges 262 12.5
Conclusions 264 CHAPTER 13 POWER FLOW MODELING OF HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS 267
Jef Beerten 13.1 Introduction 267 13.2 Simplified Power Flow Modeling 268
13.3 Detailed Power Flow Modeling 272 13.4 Sequential AC/DC Power Flow 279
13.5 Software Implementation 289 13.6 Test Case 289 13.7 Conclusions 290
CHAPTER 14 OPTIMAL POWER FLOW MODELING OF HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS 293 Johan
Rimez 14.1 Introduction 293 14.2 Optimal Power Flow: Standard Formulation
and Extension 293 14.3 Optimal Power Flow with DC Grids and Converters 299
14.4 Adding Security Constraints 306 14.5 Conclusions 313 CHAPTER 15
CONTROL PRINCIPLES OF HVDC GRIDS 315 Jef Beerten, Agusti Egea, and Til
Kristian Vrana 15.1 Introduction 315 15.2 Basic Control Principles 316 15.3
Basic Converter Control Strategies 318 15.4 Advanced Converter Control
Strategies 321 15.5 Basic Grid Control Strategies 324 15.6 Advanced Grid
Control Strategies 325 15.7 Converter Inner Current Control 326 15.8 System
Power Flow Control 328 15.9 Conclusions 330 CHAPTER 16 STATE-SPACE
REPRESENTATION OF HVDC GRIDS 333 Eduardo Prieto-Araujo and Fernando Bianchi
16.1 Introduction 333 16.2 Multi-Terminal Grid Modeling 333 16.3
Four-Terminal Grid Example 339 16.4 Conclusions 343 CHAPTER 17 DC FAULT
PHENOMENA AND DC GRID PROTECTION 345 Willem Leterme and Dirk Van Hertem
17.1 Introduction 345 17.2 Short-Circuit Faults in the DC Grid 346 17.3 DC
Grid Protection 361 17.4 DC Protection Components 366 17.5 Conclusions 368
CHAPTER 18 REAL-TIME SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS OF DC GRIDS 371 Oluwole Daniel
Adeuyi and Marc Cheah 18.1 Introduction 371 18.2 Real-Time Simulation in
Power Systems 375 18.3 Design of Experimental Test Rig 379 18.4 Potential
Applications of HIL Tests in DC Grids 386 PART V APPLICATIONS CHAPTER 19
POWER SYSTEM OSCILLATION DAMPING BY MEANS OF VSC-HVDC SYSTEMS 391 Jose Luis
Dominguez-Garcia and Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo 19.1 Introduction 391 19.2 Power
System Stability 392 19.3 VSC-HVDC Systems Damping Contribution:
Application Examples 397 19.4 Conclusions 409 CHAPTER 20 OPTIMAL DROOP
CONTROL OF MULTI-TERMINAL VSC-HVDC GRIDS 413 Fernando D. Bianchi and
Eduardo Prieto-Araujo 20.1 Introduction 413 20.2 Control of Multi-Terminal
VSC-HVDC Grids 414 20.3 Time-Varying Description for Droop Control Design
418 20.4 Design of Optimal Control Droops 421 20.5 Four-Terminal VSC-HVDC
Network Example 422 20.6 Conclusions 426 CHAPTER 21 DC GRID POWER FLOW
CONTROL DEVICES 429 Chunmei Feng, Sheng Wang, and Qing Mu 21.1 DC Power
Flow Control Devices (DCPFC) 430 21.2 Generic Modeling of DC Power Flow
Control Devices 437 21.3 Sensitivity Analysis of DCPFC in DC Grid 438 21.4
Case Study of Power Flow Control Devices in DC Grids 441 21.5 Control
Sensitivity of DCPFC in DC Grids 444 21.6 Comparison of Power Control
Devices 448 21.7 Conclusions 450 CHAPTER 22 MODELING AND CONTROL OF
OFFSHORE AC HUB 451 Xiaobo Hu, Jun Liang, and Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia
22.1 Reasons for Developing AC Hub 451 22.2 What is the AC Hub? 452 22.3
Frequency-Dependent Modeling of AC Hub Components 455 22.4 AC Hub Control
Using Variable Frequency 460 22.5 Conclusions 469
PREFACE xxxi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxv ACRONYMS xxxvii PART I HVDC GRIDS IN THE
ENERGY VISION OF THE FUTURE CHAPTER 1 DRIVERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HVDC
GRIDS 3 Dirk Van Hertem 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 From the Vertically
Integrated Industry to Fast Moving Liberalized Market 3 1.3 Drivers for
Change 5 1.3.1 Liberalized Energy Market 6 1.4 Investments in the Grid 12
1.5 Towards HVDC Grids 17 1.6 Conclusions 22 CHAPTER 2 ENERGY SCENARIOS:
PROJECTIONS ON EUROPE'S FUTURE GENERATION AND LOAD 25 Erik Delarue and
Cedric De Jonghe 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 System Setting 26 2.3 Scenarios
for Europe's Energy Provision 34 2.4 Conclusions 40 PART II HVDC TECHNOLOGY
AND TECHNOLOGY FOR OFFSHORE GRIDS CHAPTER 3 HVDC TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 45 Gen
Li, Chuanyue Li, and Dirk Van Hertem 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 LCC-HVDC
Systems 45 3.3 LCC-HVDC Converter Station Technology 51 3.4 VSC-HVDC
Systems 53 3.5 VSC-HVDC Converter Station Technology 53 3.6 Transmission
Lines 72 3.7 Conclusions 76 CHAPTER 4 COMPARISON OF HVAC AND HVDC
TECHNOLOGIES 79 Hakan Ergun and Dirk Van Hertem 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2
Current Technology Limits 79 4.3 Technical Comparison 82 4.4 Economic
Comparison 87 4.5 Conclusions 94 CHAPTER 5 WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES 97
Eduardo Prieto-Araujo and Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2
Parts of the Wind Turbine 98 5.3 Wind Turbine Types 99 5.4 Conclusions 107
CHAPTER 6 OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS (OWPPS) 109 Mikel De Prada-Gil, Jose
Luis Dominguez-Garcia, Francisco Diaz-Gonzalez, and Andreas Sumper 6.1
Introduction 109 6.2 AC OWPPs 111 6.3 DC OWPPs 130 6.4 Other OWPPs
Proposals 135 6.5 Conclusions 138 PART III PLANNING AND OPERATION OF HVDC
GRIDS CHAPTER 7 HVDC GRID PLANNING 143 Hakan Ergun and Dirk Van Hertem 7.1
Context of Transmission System Planning 143 7.2 Transmission Expansion
Optimization Methodologies 152 7.3 Specialties of Grid Planning with HVDC
Technology 155 7.4 Illustrative Examples 157 CHAPTER 8 HVDC GRID LAYOUTS
171 Jun Liang, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, and Dirk Van Hertem 8.1 What is an
HVDC Grid? 172 8.2 HVDC Grid Topologies 172 8.3 Topologies of HVDC Grids
for Offshore Wind Power Transmission 176 8.4 HVDC Converter Station
Configuration 183 8.5 Substation Configuration 189 8.6 Conclusions 189
CHAPTER 9 GOVERNANCE MODELS FOR FUTURE GRIDS 193 Muhajir Tadesse Mekonnen,
Diyun Huang, and Kristof De Vos 9.1 Introduction 193 9.2 Transmission Grid
Planning 194 9.3 Transmission Grid Ownership 197 9.4 Transmission Grid
Financing 201 9.5 Transmission Grid Pricing 204 9.6 Transmission Grid
Operation 208 9.7 Conclusions 210 CHAPTER 10 POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONS WITH
HVDC GRIDS 213 Dirk Van Hertem, Robert H. Renner, and Johan Rimez 10.1
Introduction 213 10.2 Who Operates the HVDC Link or Grid? 214 10.3
Reliability Considerations in Systems with HVDC 217 10.4 Managing Energy
Unbalances in the System 223 10.5 Active and Reactive Power Control 226
10.6 Ancillary Services 230 10.7 Grid Codes 235 10.8 Conclusions 235
CHAPTER 11 OPERATION AND CONTROL OF OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS 239 Oriol
Gomis-Bellmunt and Monica Aragues-Penalba 11.1 Introduction 239 11.2 System
Under Analysis 240 11.3 Control and Protection Requirements 240 11.4 Wind
Power Plant Control Structure 245 11.5 Dynamic Simulation of a Simplified
Example 249 11.6 Conclusions 254 PART IV MODELING HVDC GRIDS CHAPTER 12
MODELS FOR HVDC GRIDS 257 Jef Beerten and Dirk Van Hertem 12.1 Introduction
257 12.2 Power System Computation Programs 257 12.3 Modeling Power
Electronic Converters 258 12.4 HVDC Grids Modeling Challenges 262 12.5
Conclusions 264 CHAPTER 13 POWER FLOW MODELING OF HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS 267
Jef Beerten 13.1 Introduction 267 13.2 Simplified Power Flow Modeling 268
13.3 Detailed Power Flow Modeling 272 13.4 Sequential AC/DC Power Flow 279
13.5 Software Implementation 289 13.6 Test Case 289 13.7 Conclusions 290
CHAPTER 14 OPTIMAL POWER FLOW MODELING OF HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS 293 Johan
Rimez 14.1 Introduction 293 14.2 Optimal Power Flow: Standard Formulation
and Extension 293 14.3 Optimal Power Flow with DC Grids and Converters 299
14.4 Adding Security Constraints 306 14.5 Conclusions 313 CHAPTER 15
CONTROL PRINCIPLES OF HVDC GRIDS 315 Jef Beerten, Agusti Egea, and Til
Kristian Vrana 15.1 Introduction 315 15.2 Basic Control Principles 316 15.3
Basic Converter Control Strategies 318 15.4 Advanced Converter Control
Strategies 321 15.5 Basic Grid Control Strategies 324 15.6 Advanced Grid
Control Strategies 325 15.7 Converter Inner Current Control 326 15.8 System
Power Flow Control 328 15.9 Conclusions 330 CHAPTER 16 STATE-SPACE
REPRESENTATION OF HVDC GRIDS 333 Eduardo Prieto-Araujo and Fernando Bianchi
16.1 Introduction 333 16.2 Multi-Terminal Grid Modeling 333 16.3
Four-Terminal Grid Example 339 16.4 Conclusions 343 CHAPTER 17 DC FAULT
PHENOMENA AND DC GRID PROTECTION 345 Willem Leterme and Dirk Van Hertem
17.1 Introduction 345 17.2 Short-Circuit Faults in the DC Grid 346 17.3 DC
Grid Protection 361 17.4 DC Protection Components 366 17.5 Conclusions 368
CHAPTER 18 REAL-TIME SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS OF DC GRIDS 371 Oluwole Daniel
Adeuyi and Marc Cheah 18.1 Introduction 371 18.2 Real-Time Simulation in
Power Systems 375 18.3 Design of Experimental Test Rig 379 18.4 Potential
Applications of HIL Tests in DC Grids 386 PART V APPLICATIONS CHAPTER 19
POWER SYSTEM OSCILLATION DAMPING BY MEANS OF VSC-HVDC SYSTEMS 391 Jose Luis
Dominguez-Garcia and Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo 19.1 Introduction 391 19.2 Power
System Stability 392 19.3 VSC-HVDC Systems Damping Contribution:
Application Examples 397 19.4 Conclusions 409 CHAPTER 20 OPTIMAL DROOP
CONTROL OF MULTI-TERMINAL VSC-HVDC GRIDS 413 Fernando D. Bianchi and
Eduardo Prieto-Araujo 20.1 Introduction 413 20.2 Control of Multi-Terminal
VSC-HVDC Grids 414 20.3 Time-Varying Description for Droop Control Design
418 20.4 Design of Optimal Control Droops 421 20.5 Four-Terminal VSC-HVDC
Network Example 422 20.6 Conclusions 426 CHAPTER 21 DC GRID POWER FLOW
CONTROL DEVICES 429 Chunmei Feng, Sheng Wang, and Qing Mu 21.1 DC Power
Flow Control Devices (DCPFC) 430 21.2 Generic Modeling of DC Power Flow
Control Devices 437 21.3 Sensitivity Analysis of DCPFC in DC Grid 438 21.4
Case Study of Power Flow Control Devices in DC Grids 441 21.5 Control
Sensitivity of DCPFC in DC Grids 444 21.6 Comparison of Power Control
Devices 448 21.7 Conclusions 450 CHAPTER 22 MODELING AND CONTROL OF
OFFSHORE AC HUB 451 Xiaobo Hu, Jun Liang, and Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia
22.1 Reasons for Developing AC Hub 451 22.2 What is the AC Hub? 452 22.3
Frequency-Dependent Modeling of AC Hub Components 455 22.4 AC Hub Control
Using Variable Frequency 460 22.5 Conclusions 469