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The Russian banking system has always been affected by the economic downturn due to serious deficiencies in its institutional framework. But, for a long time, it was hidden, due to high-return risk transactions, which were facilitated by high inflation. One of the drawbacks of its institutional framework is limited diversification of its credit portfolio. This problem originated in the first stage of the reform, when specialized banks were established. In the conditions of subsequent reforms, which contributed to the collapse of the national network of banks, specialized banks turned into banks serving one sector of the economy in one region. In addition, the economic downturn did not contribute to the expansion of the circle of borrowers at the expense of "outside" clients, which did not facilitate their involvement in the banks. This led to the fact that only a few banks today have a diversified loan portfolio. Also in the conditions of high inflation, when the banks, and first of all, the Central Bank pursued a policy of "expensive money", a number of successfully operating enterprises refused loans at 250-300% per annum.