The histones are now a very well established part of Biochemistry. The interpretation of all that is known about them, however, is already too great a burden for a single author to undertake. Indeed, a survey of the indexed literature shows that the number of publications on the histones has approximately doubled in every three years for the past 15 years, and is now several hundred a year. It is time then to bring together in one publication the major topics embraced by this great research effort. This book therefore endeavours to give, in six chapters, a broad and searching account of the…mehr
The histones are now a very well established part of Biochemistry. The interpretation of all that is known about them, however, is already too great a burden for a single author to undertake. Indeed, a survey of the indexed literature shows that the number of publications on the histones has approximately doubled in every three years for the past 15 years, and is now several hundred a year. It is time then to bring together in one publication the major topics embraced by this great research effort. This book therefore endeavours to give, in six chapters, a broad and searching account of the biochemistry and biophysics of these interesting proteins and their complexes with nucleic acids, the nucleohistones. Each chapter is written by different authors who are all active in this research and who have had many years experience with these proteins and their complexes. Chapters 1, 2, part of 3, and all of Chapters 5 and 6, cover the occurrence, preparation, characterization, sequence structure, bio physical properties and finally, the biosynthesis and functions of the histones. The other part of Chapter 3, the whole of Chapter 4 and to a less extent some other chapters, all discuss the properties and structure of the nucleohistones. The study of these complexes is undoubtedly of great importance in bridging the gaps in our knowledge of template activity and differentiation as well as of chromosomal structure and mechanics.
1 The Preparation and Characterization of Histones.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Definition of Histones.- 1.3 Occurrence of Histones.- 1.4 Preparation of Whole Histone.- 1.5 Preparation of Whole Protamine.- 1.6 Fractionation Procedures for Whole Histone.- 1.7 Selective Extraction Procedures.- 1.8 Fractionation Procedures Applied to Histones for Their Further Subdivision or Purification.- 1.9 Complexity and Heterogeneity of Histones.- 1.10 The Fractionation of Protamine.- 1.11 Histone Specificity.- 1.12 Characterization of Histones.- 1.13 Unusual Histones or Nuclear Proteins.- 1.14 A Comparison of Histone Fractions and Nomenclatures.- 1.15 The Aggregation of Histones.- 1.16 Other General Properties of Histones.- 2 The Primary Structure of Histones and Protamines.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Methods Used in Amino Acid Sequence Work with Histones.- 2.3 The Primary Structure of Histone F1(I).- 2.4 The Primary Structure of Histone F2B(IIb2).- 2.5 The Primary Structure of Histone F2A2(IIbl).- 2.6 The Primary Structure of Histone F2A1(IV).- 2.7 The Primary Structure of Histone F3(III).- 2.8 The Primary Structure of Protamines.- 2.9 Histone Sequence and Histone Evolution.- 2.10 The Primary Structure of Histones in Relation to the Structure of Deoxyribonucleohistone.- 3 Physical and Conformational Studies of Histones and Nucleohistones.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Histones.- 3.3 The Conformation of Nucleohistone.- 3.4 Partial Nucleoproteins.- 3.5 Recombination of Histones with DNA.- 3.6 A Structural Role for Histones.- 4 The Chemical and Physical Properties of Nucleohistones.- 4.1 The Preparation and Composition of Nucleo-Histones.- 4.2 Physico-Chemical Properties of Nucleohistones.- 4.3 Interactions of DNA and Nucleohistones with Other Molecules.- 4.4 General Conclusions and Structural Aspects.- 5 Histone Biosynthesis and the Cell Cycle.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Histone Synthesis.- 5.3 Histone Synthesis in Gametes and During Embryogenesis.- 5.4 The Integrity of Chromatin.- 6 Functional and Metabolic Aspects of DNA-Associated Proteins.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 The Effect of Histones in the Cell.- 6.3 Enzymatic Modifications of Histone Structure.- 6.4 Changes in Acidic Chromosomal Proteins at Times of Gene Activation.
1 The Preparation and Characterization of Histones.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Definition of Histones.- 1.3 Occurrence of Histones.- 1.4 Preparation of Whole Histone.- 1.5 Preparation of Whole Protamine.- 1.6 Fractionation Procedures for Whole Histone.- 1.7 Selective Extraction Procedures.- 1.8 Fractionation Procedures Applied to Histones for Their Further Subdivision or Purification.- 1.9 Complexity and Heterogeneity of Histones.- 1.10 The Fractionation of Protamine.- 1.11 Histone Specificity.- 1.12 Characterization of Histones.- 1.13 Unusual Histones or Nuclear Proteins.- 1.14 A Comparison of Histone Fractions and Nomenclatures.- 1.15 The Aggregation of Histones.- 1.16 Other General Properties of Histones.- 2 The Primary Structure of Histones and Protamines.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Methods Used in Amino Acid Sequence Work with Histones.- 2.3 The Primary Structure of Histone F1(I).- 2.4 The Primary Structure of Histone F2B(IIb2).- 2.5 The Primary Structure of Histone F2A2(IIbl).- 2.6 The Primary Structure of Histone F2A1(IV).- 2.7 The Primary Structure of Histone F3(III).- 2.8 The Primary Structure of Protamines.- 2.9 Histone Sequence and Histone Evolution.- 2.10 The Primary Structure of Histones in Relation to the Structure of Deoxyribonucleohistone.- 3 Physical and Conformational Studies of Histones and Nucleohistones.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Histones.- 3.3 The Conformation of Nucleohistone.- 3.4 Partial Nucleoproteins.- 3.5 Recombination of Histones with DNA.- 3.6 A Structural Role for Histones.- 4 The Chemical and Physical Properties of Nucleohistones.- 4.1 The Preparation and Composition of Nucleo-Histones.- 4.2 Physico-Chemical Properties of Nucleohistones.- 4.3 Interactions of DNA and Nucleohistones with Other Molecules.- 4.4 General Conclusions and Structural Aspects.- 5 Histone Biosynthesis and the Cell Cycle.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Histone Synthesis.- 5.3 Histone Synthesis in Gametes and During Embryogenesis.- 5.4 The Integrity of Chromatin.- 6 Functional and Metabolic Aspects of DNA-Associated Proteins.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 The Effect of Histones in the Cell.- 6.3 Enzymatic Modifications of Histone Structure.- 6.4 Changes in Acidic Chromosomal Proteins at Times of Gene Activation.
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