Global warming poses a serious threat to the quality of life in the 21st century. Taking Japan as an example, this book explains the anticipated impact of global warming on modern society-natural ecosystems; agriculture, forestry, and fisheries; water resources and environments; the infrastructure and socioeconomic system; and human health. The most recent scientific and technical information is presented by more than 30 prominent researchers who are assessing the potential impact of global warming on nature and society. The results of their research provide dramatic evidence of the urgency of…mehr
Global warming poses a serious threat to the quality of life in the 21st century. Taking Japan as an example, this book explains the anticipated impact of global warming on modern society-natural ecosystems; agriculture, forestry, and fisheries; water resources and environments; the infrastructure and socioeconomic system; and human health. The most recent scientific and technical information is presented by more than 30 prominent researchers who are assessing the potential impact of global warming on nature and society. The results of their research provide dramatic evidence of the urgency of the task faced by policy makers in responding to climate change. For scientists and government officials alike, this volume may be considered required reading.
1 Climate Change Projections.- Summary.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Global-scale climate change projection.- 1.2.1 Emission scenarios of GHGs.- 1.2.2 Projections of future climate change.- 1.3 Climate change projections for Japan.- 1.3.1 Changes in temperature and precipitation.- 1.3.2 Changes in meteorological phenomenon indigenous to Japan.- 1.4 Future subjects.- References.- 2 Impacts on Natural Ecosystems.- Summary.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Impacts on mountainous region.- 2.2.1 Impacts on geomorphological processes of mountains.- 2.2.2 Impacts of global warming on forest distribution.- 2.3 Impacts of global warming on grasslands in Japan.- 2.3.1 Characteristics and vulnerability of grassland in Japan.- 2.3.2 Effects of global warming and human impact on grasslands in Japan.- 2.3.3 Future problems.- 2.4 Desertification: Effects on Japan across national borders.- 2.4.1 Desertification.- 2.4.2 Desertification in China.- 2.4.3 Impact on Japan.- 2.5 Impacts on wetlands.- 2.5.1 Wetlands characteristics and fragility.- 2.5.2 Effects of warming and human activities.- 2.6 Impacts on biodiversity and nature conservation areas.- 2.6.1 Warming and rare species, extinction of distributionally-bound species.- 2.6.2 Warming-induced degradation of conservation areas.- 2.6.3 Compound effects from warming and human activity.- References.- 3 Impacts on Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.- Summary.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Importance and vulnerability.- 3.2.1 Agriculture.- 3.2.2 Forest and forestry.- 3.3.1 Fisheries.- 3.3 State-of-art in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries research sector.- 3.3.1 Agriculture.- 3.3.2 Forest and forestry.- 3.3.3 Fisheries.- 3.4 Future research needs.- 3.4.1 Agriculture.- 3.4.2 Forest and forestry.- 3.4.4 Fisheries.- References.- 4 Impacts on Hydrology / Water Resources and Water Environment.- Summary.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Hydrology and water resources.- 4.2.2 Effect of warming on hydrology and water Resource/ countermeasures to warming.- 4.2.3 River flow predictions based on warming scenarios and long-term runoff models.- 4.2.4 Evaluation of effects based on Meteorological Agency general circulation model and Ministry of Construction, mesoscale hydro-meteorological models.- 4.2.5 Evaluation of effects based on CRIEPI regional climate model.- 4.2.6 Effects on snow and ice.- 4.3 Freshwater ecosystem.- 4.3.1 Characteristics of freshwater ecosystem in Japan.- 4.3.2 Effects of climatic warming on freshwater ecosystem in Japan.- 4.4 Coastal and marine environment.- 4.4.1 Characteristics of coastal and marine environments.- 4.4.2 Impacts on coastal and marine environments.- 4.5 Future research needs.- References ..- 5 Impacts on Infrastructure and Socioeconomic System.- Summary.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Present situation and problems regarding coastal zones, human settlements, social infrastructure, and industrial activities.- 5.2.1 Coastal zones.- 5.2.2 Infrastructure.- 5.2.3 Industry and energy.- 5.3 Researches on vulnerability of coastal zones, human settlement, infrastructure, and industrial activities.- 5.3.1 Impacts on coastal zones.- 5.3.2 Impacts on human settlement.- 5.3.3 Impacts on infrastructures.- 5.3.4 Impacts and energy sector.- 5.4 Future research needs.- References.- 6 Impacts on Human Health.- Summary.- 6.1 Direct Impacts of global warming on human health in Japan.- 6.1.1 Introduction.- 6.1.2 Impacts on heat waves on human health.- 6.1.3 Possible adaptability to heat stress.- 6.2 Impacts on vector-borne diseases.- 6.3 Impacts of warming on mortality.- 6.3.1 Introduction.- 6.3.2 Important issues for Japan.- 6.3.3 Recent research on mortality and temperature.- 6.3.4 Future research needs.- References.- 7 Vulnerability of Japan to Climate Change.- Summary.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Vulnerability to extreme climate events in Japan.- 7.2.1 Definition of extreme events.- 7.2.2 Description of extreme events in IPCC Second Assessment Report.- 7.2.3 Vulnerability of Japan to extreme events.- 7.2.4 Examples of vulnerability.- 7.3 Impacts of global warming on environmental quality.- 7.3.1 Impacts on atmospheric environment.- 7.3.2 Combined impacts of global warming and local environmental pollution.- 7.4 Impact of hot summers in 1994 and 1995.- 7.4.1 Characteristics of climate/weather in 1994 and 1995.- 7.4.2 Factors affected by hot summers.- 7.4.3 Potential impacts of global warming on daily living.- 7.5 Future research needs.- References.
1 Climate Change Projections.- Summary.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Global-scale climate change projection.- 1.2.1 Emission scenarios of GHGs.- 1.2.2 Projections of future climate change.- 1.3 Climate change projections for Japan.- 1.3.1 Changes in temperature and precipitation.- 1.3.2 Changes in meteorological phenomenon indigenous to Japan.- 1.4 Future subjects.- References.- 2 Impacts on Natural Ecosystems.- Summary.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Impacts on mountainous region.- 2.2.1 Impacts on geomorphological processes of mountains.- 2.2.2 Impacts of global warming on forest distribution.- 2.3 Impacts of global warming on grasslands in Japan.- 2.3.1 Characteristics and vulnerability of grassland in Japan.- 2.3.2 Effects of global warming and human impact on grasslands in Japan.- 2.3.3 Future problems.- 2.4 Desertification: Effects on Japan across national borders.- 2.4.1 Desertification.- 2.4.2 Desertification in China.- 2.4.3 Impact on Japan.- 2.5 Impacts on wetlands.- 2.5.1 Wetlands characteristics and fragility.- 2.5.2 Effects of warming and human activities.- 2.6 Impacts on biodiversity and nature conservation areas.- 2.6.1 Warming and rare species, extinction of distributionally-bound species.- 2.6.2 Warming-induced degradation of conservation areas.- 2.6.3 Compound effects from warming and human activity.- References.- 3 Impacts on Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.- Summary.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Importance and vulnerability.- 3.2.1 Agriculture.- 3.2.2 Forest and forestry.- 3.3.1 Fisheries.- 3.3 State-of-art in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries research sector.- 3.3.1 Agriculture.- 3.3.2 Forest and forestry.- 3.3.3 Fisheries.- 3.4 Future research needs.- 3.4.1 Agriculture.- 3.4.2 Forest and forestry.- 3.4.4 Fisheries.- References.- 4 Impacts on Hydrology / Water Resources and Water Environment.- Summary.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Hydrology and water resources.- 4.2.2 Effect of warming on hydrology and water Resource/ countermeasures to warming.- 4.2.3 River flow predictions based on warming scenarios and long-term runoff models.- 4.2.4 Evaluation of effects based on Meteorological Agency general circulation model and Ministry of Construction, mesoscale hydro-meteorological models.- 4.2.5 Evaluation of effects based on CRIEPI regional climate model.- 4.2.6 Effects on snow and ice.- 4.3 Freshwater ecosystem.- 4.3.1 Characteristics of freshwater ecosystem in Japan.- 4.3.2 Effects of climatic warming on freshwater ecosystem in Japan.- 4.4 Coastal and marine environment.- 4.4.1 Characteristics of coastal and marine environments.- 4.4.2 Impacts on coastal and marine environments.- 4.5 Future research needs.- References ..- 5 Impacts on Infrastructure and Socioeconomic System.- Summary.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Present situation and problems regarding coastal zones, human settlements, social infrastructure, and industrial activities.- 5.2.1 Coastal zones.- 5.2.2 Infrastructure.- 5.2.3 Industry and energy.- 5.3 Researches on vulnerability of coastal zones, human settlement, infrastructure, and industrial activities.- 5.3.1 Impacts on coastal zones.- 5.3.2 Impacts on human settlement.- 5.3.3 Impacts on infrastructures.- 5.3.4 Impacts and energy sector.- 5.4 Future research needs.- References.- 6 Impacts on Human Health.- Summary.- 6.1 Direct Impacts of global warming on human health in Japan.- 6.1.1 Introduction.- 6.1.2 Impacts on heat waves on human health.- 6.1.3 Possible adaptability to heat stress.- 6.2 Impacts on vector-borne diseases.- 6.3 Impacts of warming on mortality.- 6.3.1 Introduction.- 6.3.2 Important issues for Japan.- 6.3.3 Recent research on mortality and temperature.- 6.3.4 Future research needs.- References.- 7 Vulnerability of Japan to Climate Change.- Summary.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Vulnerability to extreme climate events in Japan.- 7.2.1 Definition of extreme events.- 7.2.2 Description of extreme events in IPCC Second Assessment Report.- 7.2.3 Vulnerability of Japan to extreme events.- 7.2.4 Examples of vulnerability.- 7.3 Impacts of global warming on environmental quality.- 7.3.1 Impacts on atmospheric environment.- 7.3.2 Combined impacts of global warming and local environmental pollution.- 7.4 Impact of hot summers in 1994 and 1995.- 7.4.1 Characteristics of climate/weather in 1994 and 1995.- 7.4.2 Factors affected by hot summers.- 7.4.3 Potential impacts of global warming on daily living.- 7.5 Future research needs.- References.
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