With the advent of genetic engineering methods and improved biochemical tech niques, much has been learned about the replication of influenza viruses, their structure and their epidemiology. It appears that the time is ripe to review these efforts and to provide a molecular perspective of influenza virology. It is hoped that this book will stimulate our thinking, help us in designing new experiments, and possibly show avenues leading to the control of the diseases associated with influenza viruses. Peter Palese, New York, N. Y. August 1983 David W. Kingsbury, Memphis, Tenn. Contents List of…mehr
With the advent of genetic engineering methods and improved biochemical tech niques, much has been learned about the replication of influenza viruses, their structure and their epidemiology. It appears that the time is ripe to review these efforts and to provide a molecular perspective of influenza virology. It is hoped that this book will stimulate our thinking, help us in designing new experiments, and possibly show avenues leading to the control of the diseases associated with influenza viruses. Peter Palese, New York, N. Y. August 1983 David W. Kingsbury, Memphis, Tenn. Contents List of Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV 1. The Evolution of Influenza Viral Genetics - A Perspective. By E. D. Kilbourne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. The Development of Modern Influenza Viral Genetics 2 A. Early Evidence of Genetic Variation in the Laboratory 2 B. Application of Formal Genetic Techniques to Studies of Influenza Virus . . . . . . . 3 C. Genetic Markers. . . . . . . . . 3 D. Development of Plaquing Systems. . . 4 E. The Use of Conditional Lethal Mutants 5 F. New Approaches in Influenza Virus Genetics. 6 1. The Biochemical Identification of Viral Gene Products in the Unambiguous Definition of Viral Inheritance . . . 6 2. Mapping of the Influenza Virus Genome by Correlative Physico-Chemical and Biological Techniques. . . . . . 7 3. The Application of Molecular Biological Techniques to the Study of Viral Genetic Variation. . . . . . . . . 8 4. Oligonucleotide Mapping of Viral RNA's . . . . . . . 8 5. Contribution of Protein and RNA Sequencing to Influenza Viral Genetics-Intragenic Mapping . . . . . . . 8 III. Viral Genetics and the Understanding of Viral Virulence and Pathogenicity . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
1. The Evolution of Influenza Viral Genetics - A Perspective.- I. Introduction.- II. The Development of Modern Influenza Viral Genetics.- III. Viral Genetics and the Understanding of Viral Virulence and Pathogenicity.- IV. Influenza Virus Genetics and the Epidemiology and Evolution of Influenza Viruses (Molecular Epidemiology).- V. Practical Applications of Influenza Viral Genetics.- VI. The Special Genetics of Divided Genome Viruses in Relation to Problems in Influenza.- VII. Unsolved Problems in Influenza and Genetic Approaches to Their Solution.- References.- 2. The Influenza Virus RNA Segments and Their Encoded Proteins.- I. Introduction.- II. The Influenza Virus Particle: Basic Structure.- III. Structure of the Genome.- IV. The Influenza Vims RNA Segments.- Acknowledgements.- Appendix: The Influenza Vims Nucleotide Sequence (A/PR/8/34 Strain).- References.- 3. Transcription and Replication of Influenza Viruses.- I. Introduction.- II Viral mRNA Synthesis.- III. Synthesis of Full-Length Transcripts.- IV. Synthesis of vRNA (Replication).- References.- 4. Genetic Relatedness of Influenza Viruses (RNA and Protein).- I. Introduction.- II Genetic Relatedness of Viral RNAs.- III. Genetic Relatedness of Viral Proteins.- IV. Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 5. Antigenic Variation Among Type A Influenza Viruses.- I. Introduction.- II. Historical.- III. Nomenclature.- IV. Chemical and Physical Properties of the Antigens.- V. The Hemagglutinin (HA).- VI. The Neuraminidase (NA).- VII. Antigenic Shift.- VIII. Variation in the Nucleoprotein.- IX. Variation in the Matrix Protein.- X. Variation in the Nonstmctural Proteins.- XI. Variation in the Polymerase Proteins.- XII What of the Future?.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 6. Expression of Cloned InfluenzaVims Genes.- I. Introduction.- II. Expression Vectors.- III. Expression of Influenza Virus Genes in E. coli.- IV. Expression of Influenza Vims Genes in Eukaryotic Cells.- V. Analysis of the Expression of Mutant HA Proteins.- References.- 7. Mutants of Influenza Virus.- I. Introduction.- II. Characterization of Vims Mutants.- III. Temperature-Sensitive Mutants.- IV. Cold-Adapted Mutants.- V. Host Range Mutants.- VI. Amantadine-Resistant Mutants.- VII. General Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 8. The Stmcture of Influenza Virus Defective Interfering (DI) RNAs and Their Progenitor Genes.- I. Introduction.- II. Properties of Influenza DI Particles.- III. RNA of Influenza Vims DI Particles.- IV. Stmcture of Polymerase Genes and Polymerase Proteins.- V. Stmcture of DI RNAs.- VI. Generation of DI RNAs from the Progenitor RNAs.- VII. Transcription of Influenza Vims DI Vimses.- VIII. Interference by Influenza DI Viruses.- IX. Conclusion.- Acknowledgement.- References.- 9. Influenza B and Influenza C Viruses.- I. Introduction.- II. Influenza B Vims.- III. Influenza C Vims.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 10. Virus-Determined Differences in the Pathogenesis of Influenza Virus Infections.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- III. Hemagglutinin-Related Differences in Biologic Properties.- IV. Virulence in Chickens.- V. Neurovirulence in Mice.- VI. Virulence in Other Experimental Animals.- VII Vims-Determined Differences in Other Systems.- VIII. Virulence in Man.- IX. Summary.- References.- 11. Molecular Epidemiology of Influenza Virus.- I. Introduction.- II. Influenza A, B, and C Viruses and Associated Diseases.- III. Influenza in the 20th Century.- IV. Surveillance of Influenza Vimses.- V. The 1977 H1N1 Vimses.- VI. Molecular Epidemiology of Influenza in Animals.- VII. Mechanisms Contributing to Variation in Influenza Virus Field Strains.- VIII. Outiook for the Future.- References.
1. The Evolution of Influenza Viral Genetics - A Perspective.- I. Introduction.- II. The Development of Modern Influenza Viral Genetics.- III. Viral Genetics and the Understanding of Viral Virulence and Pathogenicity.- IV. Influenza Virus Genetics and the Epidemiology and Evolution of Influenza Viruses (Molecular Epidemiology).- V. Practical Applications of Influenza Viral Genetics.- VI. The Special Genetics of Divided Genome Viruses in Relation to Problems in Influenza.- VII. Unsolved Problems in Influenza and Genetic Approaches to Their Solution.- References.- 2. The Influenza Virus RNA Segments and Their Encoded Proteins.- I. Introduction.- II. The Influenza Virus Particle: Basic Structure.- III. Structure of the Genome.- IV. The Influenza Vims RNA Segments.- Acknowledgements.- Appendix: The Influenza Vims Nucleotide Sequence (A/PR/8/34 Strain).- References.- 3. Transcription and Replication of Influenza Viruses.- I. Introduction.- II Viral mRNA Synthesis.- III. Synthesis of Full-Length Transcripts.- IV. Synthesis of vRNA (Replication).- References.- 4. Genetic Relatedness of Influenza Viruses (RNA and Protein).- I. Introduction.- II Genetic Relatedness of Viral RNAs.- III. Genetic Relatedness of Viral Proteins.- IV. Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 5. Antigenic Variation Among Type A Influenza Viruses.- I. Introduction.- II. Historical.- III. Nomenclature.- IV. Chemical and Physical Properties of the Antigens.- V. The Hemagglutinin (HA).- VI. The Neuraminidase (NA).- VII. Antigenic Shift.- VIII. Variation in the Nucleoprotein.- IX. Variation in the Matrix Protein.- X. Variation in the Nonstmctural Proteins.- XI. Variation in the Polymerase Proteins.- XII What of the Future?.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 6. Expression of Cloned InfluenzaVims Genes.- I. Introduction.- II. Expression Vectors.- III. Expression of Influenza Virus Genes in E. coli.- IV. Expression of Influenza Vims Genes in Eukaryotic Cells.- V. Analysis of the Expression of Mutant HA Proteins.- References.- 7. Mutants of Influenza Virus.- I. Introduction.- II. Characterization of Vims Mutants.- III. Temperature-Sensitive Mutants.- IV. Cold-Adapted Mutants.- V. Host Range Mutants.- VI. Amantadine-Resistant Mutants.- VII. General Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 8. The Stmcture of Influenza Virus Defective Interfering (DI) RNAs and Their Progenitor Genes.- I. Introduction.- II. Properties of Influenza DI Particles.- III. RNA of Influenza Vims DI Particles.- IV. Stmcture of Polymerase Genes and Polymerase Proteins.- V. Stmcture of DI RNAs.- VI. Generation of DI RNAs from the Progenitor RNAs.- VII. Transcription of Influenza Vims DI Vimses.- VIII. Interference by Influenza DI Viruses.- IX. Conclusion.- Acknowledgement.- References.- 9. Influenza B and Influenza C Viruses.- I. Introduction.- II. Influenza B Vims.- III. Influenza C Vims.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 10. Virus-Determined Differences in the Pathogenesis of Influenza Virus Infections.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- III. Hemagglutinin-Related Differences in Biologic Properties.- IV. Virulence in Chickens.- V. Neurovirulence in Mice.- VI. Virulence in Other Experimental Animals.- VII Vims-Determined Differences in Other Systems.- VIII. Virulence in Man.- IX. Summary.- References.- 11. Molecular Epidemiology of Influenza Virus.- I. Introduction.- II. Influenza A, B, and C Viruses and Associated Diseases.- III. Influenza in the 20th Century.- IV. Surveillance of Influenza Vimses.- V. The 1977 H1N1 Vimses.- VI. Molecular Epidemiology of Influenza in Animals.- VII. Mechanisms Contributing to Variation in Influenza Virus Field Strains.- VIII. Outiook for the Future.- References.
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