Marco Tacchini

Functional Safety of Machinery

How to Apply ISO 13849-1 and Iec 62061

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

FUNCTIONAL SAFETY OF MACHINERY

Enables readers to understand ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061 standards and provides a practical approach to functional safety in machinery design

Functional Safety of Machinery: How to Apply ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061 introduces functional safety of machinery as a single unified approach, despite the existence of two standards. Aligning with the latest updates of ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061, the book explains the intent behind the standards and the mathematical basis on which they are written, details the differences between the two standards, and prescribes ways to put them into practice.

To aid in seamless reader comprehension, detailed examples are included throughout the book which walk readers through concepts like Random and Systematic Failures, High and Low demand mode of operation, Diagnostic Coverage, and Safe Failure Fraction. Other sample topics covered within the book include:
_ Basics of reliability engineering and functional safety
_ Roles of the standards in the design and evaluation of safety functions
_ Description of the Main Parameters used in the two standards
_ How to deal with Low Demand Safety Systems
_ The Categories of ISO 13849-1 and the Basic Subsystem Architectures of IEC 62061
_ How Categories and Architectures can be validated

Machinery design engineers, machinery manufacturers, and professionals in system and industrial safety fields can use this book as a one-stop resource to understand the specifics and applications of ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley / Wiley & Sons
• Artikelnr. des Verlages: 1W119789040
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 352
• Erscheinungstermin: 28. März 2023
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 260mm x 183mm x 24mm
• Gewicht: 742g
• ISBN-13: 9781119789048
• ISBN-10: 1119789044
• Artikelnr.: 63335607

Autorenporträt

Marco Tacchini is Technical Director and owner of the consulting company GT Engineering, based in Brescia, Italy, which specializes in CE Marking, risk assessment, and risk reduction of machineries. Marco is a member of several technical committees that define Functional Safety Standards, including: * ISO/TC 199 WG 8 for ISO 13849-1 Safe Control Systems * TC 44/MT 62061 for IEC 62061 Safe control systems for machinery * TC 65/SC 65A/MT 61511 for IEC 61511 Safety instrumented systems for the process industry * TC 65/SC 65A/MT 61508-1-2 for IEC 61508 Maintenance of IEC 61508-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6 and 7 He leads short courses on functional safety at Brescia Engineering University and Milan Polytechnique.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xix

About the Author xxi

Before You Start Reading this Book xxiii

1 The Basics of Reliability Engineering 1

1.1 The Birth of Reliability Engineering 1

1.1.1 Safety Critical Systems 2

1.2 Basic Definitions and Concepts of Reliability 2

1.3 Faults and Failures 2

1.3.1 Definitions 3

1.3.2 Random and Systematic Failures 3

1.3.2.1 How Random is a Random Failure? 4

1.4 Probability Elements Beyond Reliability Concepts 5

1.4.1 The Discrete Probability Distribution 5

1.4.1.1 Example: 10 Colored Balls 6

1.4.1.2 Example: 2 Dice 7

1.4.2 The Probability Density Function f (x) 7

1.4.2.1 Example 8

1.4.3 The Cumulative Distribution Function F(x) 9

1.4.4 The Reliability Function R(t) 10

1.5 Failure Rate lambda 11

1.5.1 The Maclaurin Series 14

1.5.2 The Failure in Time or FIT 14

1.5.2.1 Example 14

1.6 Mean Time to Failure 14

1.6.1 Example of a Non-Constant Failure Rate 15

1.6.2 The Importance of the MTTF 16

1.6.3 The Median Life 16

1.6.4 The Mode 16

1.6.4.1 Example 17

1.6.4.2 Example 17

1.7 Mean Time Between Failures 18

1.8 Frequency Approach Example 19

1.8.1 Initial Data 19

1.8.2 Empirical Definition of Reliability and Unreliability 20

1.9 Reliability Evaluation of Series and Parallel Structures 22

1.9.1 The Reliability Block Diagrams 22

1.9.2 The Series Configuration 23

1.9.3 The Parallel Configuration 24

1.9.3.1 Two Equal and Independent Elements 24

1.9.4 M Out of N Functional Configurations 26

1.10 Reliability Functions in Low and High Demand Mode 27

1.10.1 The PFD 28

1.10.1.1 The Protection Layers 29

1.10.1.2 Testing of the Safety Instrumented System 30

1.10.2 The PFDavg 30

1.10.2.1 Dangerous Failures 31

1.10.2.2 How to Calculate the PFDavg 31

1.10.3 The PFH 32

1.10.3.1 Unconditional Failure Intensity w(t) vs Failure Density f (t) 32

1.10.3.2 Reliability Models Used to Estimate the PFH 34

1.11 Weibull Distribution 34

1.11.1 The Probability Density Function 34

1.11.2 The Cumulative Density Function 35

1.11.3 The Instantaneous Failure Rate 36

1.11.4 The Mean Time to Failure 37

1.11.4.1 Example 38

1.12 B10Dand the Importance of T10D39

1.12.1 The BX% Life Parameter and the B10D 39

1.12.1.1 Example 40

1.12.2 How lambdaD and MTTFD are Derived from B10D40

1.12.3 The Importance of the Parameter T10D41

1.12.4 The Surrogate Failure Rate 43

1.12.5 Markov 43

1.13 Logical and Physical Representation of a Safety Function 45

1.13.1 De-energization of Solenoid Valves 45

1.13.2 Energization of Solenoid Valves 46

2 What is Functional Safety 47

2.1 A Brief History of Functional Safety Standards 47

2.1.1 IEC 61508 (All Parts) 48

2.1.1.1 HSE Study 49

2.1.1.2 Safety Integrity Levels 50

2.1.1.3 FMEDA 51

2.1.1.4 High and Low Demand Mode of Operation 52

2.1.1.5 Safety Functions and Safety-Related Systems 53

2.1.1.6 An Example of Risk Reduction Through Functional Safety 54

2.1.1.7 Why IEC 61508 was Written 54

2.1.2 ISO 13849-1 55

2.1.3 IEC 62061 56

2.1.4 IEC 61511 56

2.1.4.1 Introduction 56

2.1.4.2 The Sec