Peter Matthiessen

Endocrine Disrupters

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

This book describes methodology and applications for endocrine disrupter toxicity testing, an issue of considerable urgency, because of international regulatory authorities currently considering such testing schemes. The coverage examines major animal groups for sensitivity to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), identifying endpoints and procedures for testing guidelines. Three EDC screening methods (two using fish and one using amphibians) are examined in detail for their efficacy and applicability. Edited by, and with contributions from, a leading participant in regulatory efforts, the book outlines methods that combine sensitivity, efficiency, statistical power, acceptable cost, and minimum ethical concern.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 416
• Erscheinungstermin: 25. März 2013
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 240mm x 161mm x 27mm
• Gewicht: 712g
• ISBN-13: 9780470932094
• ISBN-10: 0470932090
• Artikelnr.: 34745139

Autorenporträt

PETER MATTHIESSEN, PhD, is an aquatic ecotoxicologist who works as an independent consultant. Specializing in the study of endocrine disrupters, he has conducted extensive research into how sewage effluents cause feminization in wild male fish as well as how tributyltin-based antifoulants cause masculinization in wild female mollusks. Professor Matthiessen is a member of the UK Advisory Committee on Pesticides and Co-chair of the OECD Validation Management Group for Ecotoxicity Tests. He has contributed to the development of standardized ecotoxicity assays with sensitivity for endocrine disrupters as well as written guidance for the interpretation of the resulting data.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface ix Contributors xi 1 Ecotoxicity Test Methods for
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: An Introduction 1 Peter Matthiessen 1.1
Background 1 1.2 Regulatory Concerns 2 1.3 Invertebrates 2 1.4 Vertebrates
3 1.5 Testing Schemes for EDCs 5 Reference 6 2 Endocrine Disruption
inWildlife: Background, Effects, and Implications 7 Dick Vethaak and
Juliette Legler 2.1 Background to Endocrine Disruption 8 2.2 Effects of
EDCs on Wildlife 19 2.3 Weight of Evidence and Ecological Significance of
ED Effects 32 2.4 Implications for Effect Assessment and Toxicity Testing
36 2.5 Need for More Field Studies and an Integrated Approach 38 2.6
Concluding Points 39 References 40 3 The Regulatory Need for Tests to
Detect EDCs and Assess Their Hazards toWildlife 59 Hans-Christian
Stolzenberg, Tobias Frische, Vicki L. Dellarco, Gary Timm, Anne Gourmelon,
Taisen Iguchi, Flemming Ingerslev, and Mike Roberts 3.1 Emerging Concerns
and Policy Responses: Focusing on EDCs as a Large Pseudo-Uniform Group of
Substances 60 3.2 General Approaches in Substance-Related Regulatory
Frameworks (EU) 80 3.3 How to Make EDC Definitions Operational for
Substance-Related Regulatory Work 87 3.4 Future Perspectives 91 3.5
Conclusions 92 References 93 4 Techniques for Measuring Endocrine
Disruption in Insects 100 Lennart Weltje 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 Methods
105 4.3 Discussion 108 4.4 Conclusion 110 4.5 Acknowledgments 110
References 110 5 Crustaceans 116 Magnus Breitholtz 5.1 Introduction 116 5.2
Background to Crustacean Endocrinology 118 5.3 State of the Art: What Do We
Know About Endocrine Disruption in Crustaceans? 121 5.4 Available
Subchronic/Chronic Standard Test Protocols 128 5.5 Complementary Tools for
Identification of Endocrine Disruption 129 5.6 Summary and Conclusions 132
References 134 6 Endocrine Disruption in Molluscs: Processes and Testing
143 Patricia D. McClellan-Green 6.1 Background and Introduction 143 6.2
What Constitutes the Endocrine System in Molluscs? 145 6.3 End Points and
Biomarkers of Endocrine Disruption 154 6.4 Current Test Methods Using
Molluscs 164 6.5 Proposed Test Methods 167 6.6 Conclusions 171 References
172 7 Using Fish to Detect Endocrine Disrupters and Assess Their Potential
Environmental Hazards 185 Peter Matthiessen 7.1 Introduction 185 7.2
International Efforts to Standardize Fish-Based Methods for Screening and
Testing Endocrine-Disrupting 7.3 Fish-Based Screens Developed by OECD for
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals 189 7.4 Progress with Developing Fish
Partial Life Cycle Tests for Endocrine Disrupters 194 7.5 Prospects for the
Standardization of Fish Full Life Cycle and Multigeneration Tests 195 7.6
Strengths and Weaknesses of a Hazard Evaluation Strategy Based Partly on
Available and Proposed Fish Screens and Tests 197 7.7 Conclusions 198
References 198 8 Screening and Testing for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
in Amphibian Models 202 Daniel B. Pickford 8.1 Introduction 202 8.2
Potential Uses of Amphibians in Endocrine Disrupter Screening and Testing
Programs 203 8.3 Embryonic Development 205 8.4 Hatching 208 8.5 Larval
Development 209 8.6 Higher-Tier Tests with Amphibians 224 8.7 Other and
Emerging Test Methods 227 8.8 Summary and Conclusions 229 References 232 9
Endocrine Disruption and Reptiles: Using the Unique Attributes of
Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination to Assess Impacts 245 Satomi Kohno
and Louis J. Guillette, Jr. 9.1 Introduction 245 9.2 Approaches to Examine
Effects of EDCs 252 9.3 Induction of Sex Reversal In Ovo 255 9.4 Analysis
of Sex-Reversed Animals 260 9.5 Conclusions 265 References 266 10 Birds 272
Paul D. Jones, Markus Hecker, Steve Wiseman, and John P. Giesy 10.1
Introduction 272 10.2 Differences Between Birds and Mammals and Among Bird
Species 275 10.3 In Vitro Techniques 278 10.4 Studies with Embryos 280 10.5
In Vivo Techniques 280 10.6 Examples of EDC Effects from Field Studies 285
10.7 Proposed Two-Generation Test 288 10.8 Conclusions 291 References 292
11 Mammalian Methods for Detecting and Assessing Endocrine-Active Compounds
304 M. Sue Marty 11.1 Introduction 304 11.2 Mammalian Tier 1 Screening
Assays 306 11.3 Tier 2 Tests 326 11.4 Human and Wildlife Relevance of
Estrogen, Androgen, and Thyroid Screening Assays 329 11.5 Potential Future
Assays for Endocrine Screening 330 References 332 12 Application of the
OECD Conceptual Framework for Assessing the Human Health and Ecological
Effects of Endocrine Disrupters 341 Thomas H. Hutchinson, Jenny Odum, and
Anne Gourmelon 12.1 Introduction 342 12.2 Overview of the OECD Revised CF
343 12.3 Application of the Klimisch Criteria to the EE2 and VIN Case
Studies 346 12.4 Case Study: Data Examples for 17-Ethynylestradiol 346 12.5
Case Study: Data Examples for Vinclozolin 357 12.6 Conclusions 367
References 368 13 The Prospects for Routine Testing of Chemicals for
Endocrine-Disrupting Properties and Potential Ecological Impacts 373 Peter
Matthiessen 13.1 Introduction 373 13.2 Are There Gaps in the Test Suite for
EDCs? 374 13.3 "New" Modes of Endocrine-Disrupting Action 376 13.4 How
Should Tests for EDCs Be Deployed in an Integrated Fashion? 377 13.5 Use of
Weight of Evidence when Assessing Possible EDCs 380 13.6 Conclusions 382
References 382 Index 385