Emergence develops a novel account of diachronic ontological emergence called transformational emergence and locates it in an established historical framework. The author shows how many problems affecting ontological emergence result from a dominant but inappropriate metaphysical tradition and provides a comprehensive assessment of current theories of emergence.
Emergence develops a novel account of diachronic ontological emergence called transformational emergence and locates it in an established historical framework. The author shows how many problems affecting ontological emergence result from a dominant but inappropriate metaphysical tradition and provides a comprehensive assessment of current theories of emergence.
Paul Humphreys is Commonwealth Professor of Philosophy and co-Director of the Center for the Study of Data and Knowledge at the University of Virginia. Co-editor of the widely used collection Emergence: Contemporary Readings in Science and Philosophy, his current research interests include computational science, data analytics in science and the humanities, probability, causality, and explanation.
Inhaltsangabe
* Preamble * 1. Basic Features of Emergence * §1.0 Introduction * §1.0.1 The General Approach * §1.1 A General Strategy * §1.1.1 Method * §1.1.2 Models and Reality * §1.2 Generative Atomism * §1.2.1 An Aside on Eddington's Tables * §1.2.2 Generalizations * §1.3 Checkers World * §1.4 Atomism * §1.4.1 Immutability * §1.4.2 Indivisibility * §1.4.3 Distinguishability * §1.4.4 What Counts as an Atom? * §1.5 Criteria for Emergence * §1.5.1 The First Feature: Emergence is Relational * §1.5.2 The Second and Third Features: Novelty and Autonomy * §1.5.3 Holism * §1.6 A Taxonomy for Emergence * §1.6.1 Inferential Emergence * §1.6.2 Conceptual Emergence * §1.6.3 Ontological Emergence * §1.6.4 The Temporal Taxonomy * §1.7 Examples of Emergence * §1.8 Other Approaches to Emergence * §1.8.1 Emergence as Unexplainability. * §1.8.2 Nomological Emergence. * §1.8.3 Emergence as a Result of Essential Interactions * §1.8.4 Emergence as Non-Definability. * §1.9 The Rarity Heuristic * 2. Ontological Emergence * §2.0 Ontological Emergence * §2.1 Transformational Emergence * §2.1.1 A Possible Example of Transformational Emergence * §2.2 Fusion Emergence * §2.2.1 The Money Example: Fusion without Emergence * §2.2.2 The Probability Example: Failure of Supervenience without Fusion * §2.2.3 The Representation of Fusion * §2.2.4 Defusion * §2.2.5 Examples * §2.3 Arguments Against Fusion * §2.4 The Origins of the Universe Argument * 3. Ancestors and Relatives * §3.0 Mill and Broad on Emergence * §3.1 Internal and External Relations * §3.1.1 G.E. Moore * §3.1.2 Lewis's Definitions * §3.1.3 Relationism, Holism, and Interactions * Appendix * §3.2 Levels * §3.3 Downward Causation * §3.3.1 Cube World * §3.4 Holism, Contextualism, and Transformation * §3.4.1 Transformation Revisited * §3.4.2 Contextualism and Compositionality * §3.4.3 Generative Atomism Again * 4. Inferential Emergence * §4.0 A Definition * §4.1 Pattern Emergence * §4.1.1 Nonrandomness * §4.1.2 Self-Organization * §4.1.3 Generation and Stability * §4.1.4 Pattern Emergence Need Not Be Discontinuous * §4.1.5 Pattern Emergence is Historical * §4.1.6 Properties of Pattern Emergence * §4.1.7 Multiple Instantiability and Multiple Realizability * §4.2 Weak Emergence * §4.2.1 Illustrations: Bird Flocking and Traffic Jams * §4.2.2 Assessment * §4.2.3 Weak Emergence as Explanatory Incompressibility * §4.2.4 Weak Emergence and Explanation * 5. Conceptual Emergence * §5.0 Conceptual Innovation * §5.1 Reduction and Construction * §5.1.1 A Turn to Ontology * §5.2 Philosophical Counterparts to Constructionism * §5.3 Functional Reduction * 6. Philosophical Topics Related to Emergence * §6.0 Physicalism * § 6.0.1 Motivations for Physicalism * § 6.0.2 Limit Physics * §6.1 Emergence as Supervenience * §6.1.1 Nomological Supervenience * §6.1.2 Why Use Supervenience? * §6.1.3 Supervenience Definitions * §6.1.4 Nomological or Logical Necessitation? * §6.1.5 Supervenience is Not Explanatory * §6.1.6 Humean Supervenience * §6.2 Fundamentality * §6.3 Multiple Realizability * §6.3.1 Token versus Type Identity * §6.4 Compositionality and Aggregativity * §6.4.1 A Suggested Amendment to the Nonaggregativity Approach * §6.5 Emergence as Non-Structural Properties * §6.5.1 The Relation of Nonstructural Properties to Transformational Emergence * §6.6 Properties and Objects * 7. Scientific Topics Related to Emergence * §7.0 An Example: Ferromagnetism * §7.0.1 Basic Features of Ferromagnetism * §7.0.2 The Status of Ferromagnetism as an Emergent Phenomenon * §7.0.3 Models, Possibilities, and Actuality * §7.1 Linearity, Nonlinearity, and Complexity Theory * §7.1.1 Linearity * §7.1.2 Complexity Theory * §7.2 Dynamical Systems * References * Index
* Preamble * 1. Basic Features of Emergence * §1.0 Introduction * §1.0.1 The General Approach * §1.1 A General Strategy * §1.1.1 Method * §1.1.2 Models and Reality * §1.2 Generative Atomism * §1.2.1 An Aside on Eddington's Tables * §1.2.2 Generalizations * §1.3 Checkers World * §1.4 Atomism * §1.4.1 Immutability * §1.4.2 Indivisibility * §1.4.3 Distinguishability * §1.4.4 What Counts as an Atom? * §1.5 Criteria for Emergence * §1.5.1 The First Feature: Emergence is Relational * §1.5.2 The Second and Third Features: Novelty and Autonomy * §1.5.3 Holism * §1.6 A Taxonomy for Emergence * §1.6.1 Inferential Emergence * §1.6.2 Conceptual Emergence * §1.6.3 Ontological Emergence * §1.6.4 The Temporal Taxonomy * §1.7 Examples of Emergence * §1.8 Other Approaches to Emergence * §1.8.1 Emergence as Unexplainability. * §1.8.2 Nomological Emergence. * §1.8.3 Emergence as a Result of Essential Interactions * §1.8.4 Emergence as Non-Definability. * §1.9 The Rarity Heuristic * 2. Ontological Emergence * §2.0 Ontological Emergence * §2.1 Transformational Emergence * §2.1.1 A Possible Example of Transformational Emergence * §2.2 Fusion Emergence * §2.2.1 The Money Example: Fusion without Emergence * §2.2.2 The Probability Example: Failure of Supervenience without Fusion * §2.2.3 The Representation of Fusion * §2.2.4 Defusion * §2.2.5 Examples * §2.3 Arguments Against Fusion * §2.4 The Origins of the Universe Argument * 3. Ancestors and Relatives * §3.0 Mill and Broad on Emergence * §3.1 Internal and External Relations * §3.1.1 G.E. Moore * §3.1.2 Lewis's Definitions * §3.1.3 Relationism, Holism, and Interactions * Appendix * §3.2 Levels * §3.3 Downward Causation * §3.3.1 Cube World * §3.4 Holism, Contextualism, and Transformation * §3.4.1 Transformation Revisited * §3.4.2 Contextualism and Compositionality * §3.4.3 Generative Atomism Again * 4. Inferential Emergence * §4.0 A Definition * §4.1 Pattern Emergence * §4.1.1 Nonrandomness * §4.1.2 Self-Organization * §4.1.3 Generation and Stability * §4.1.4 Pattern Emergence Need Not Be Discontinuous * §4.1.5 Pattern Emergence is Historical * §4.1.6 Properties of Pattern Emergence * §4.1.7 Multiple Instantiability and Multiple Realizability * §4.2 Weak Emergence * §4.2.1 Illustrations: Bird Flocking and Traffic Jams * §4.2.2 Assessment * §4.2.3 Weak Emergence as Explanatory Incompressibility * §4.2.4 Weak Emergence and Explanation * 5. Conceptual Emergence * §5.0 Conceptual Innovation * §5.1 Reduction and Construction * §5.1.1 A Turn to Ontology * §5.2 Philosophical Counterparts to Constructionism * §5.3 Functional Reduction * 6. Philosophical Topics Related to Emergence * §6.0 Physicalism * § 6.0.1 Motivations for Physicalism * § 6.0.2 Limit Physics * §6.1 Emergence as Supervenience * §6.1.1 Nomological Supervenience * §6.1.2 Why Use Supervenience? * §6.1.3 Supervenience Definitions * §6.1.4 Nomological or Logical Necessitation? * §6.1.5 Supervenience is Not Explanatory * §6.1.6 Humean Supervenience * §6.2 Fundamentality * §6.3 Multiple Realizability * §6.3.1 Token versus Type Identity * §6.4 Compositionality and Aggregativity * §6.4.1 A Suggested Amendment to the Nonaggregativity Approach * §6.5 Emergence as Non-Structural Properties * §6.5.1 The Relation of Nonstructural Properties to Transformational Emergence * §6.6 Properties and Objects * 7. Scientific Topics Related to Emergence * §7.0 An Example: Ferromagnetism * §7.0.1 Basic Features of Ferromagnetism * §7.0.2 The Status of Ferromagnetism as an Emergent Phenomenon * §7.0.3 Models, Possibilities, and Actuality * §7.1 Linearity, Nonlinearity, and Complexity Theory * §7.1.1 Linearity * §7.1.2 Complexity Theory * §7.2 Dynamical Systems * References * Index
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