1 Kevin Moses It is now 25 years since the study of the development of the compound eye in Drosophila really began with a classic paper (Ready et al. 1976). In 1864, August Weismann published a monograph on the development of Diptera and included some beautiful drawings of the developing imaginal discs (Weismann 1864). One of these is the first description of the third instar eye disc in which Weismann drew a vertical line separating a posterior domain that included a regular pattern of clustered cells from an anterior domain without such a pattern. Weismann suggested that these clusters were…mehr
1 Kevin Moses It is now 25 years since the study of the development of the compound eye in Drosophila really began with a classic paper (Ready et al. 1976). In 1864, August Weismann published a monograph on the development of Diptera and included some beautiful drawings of the developing imaginal discs (Weismann 1864). One of these is the first description of the third instar eye disc in which Weismann drew a vertical line separating a posterior domain that included a regular pattern of clustered cells from an anterior domain without such a pattern. Weismann suggested that these clusters were the precursors of the adult ommatidia and that the line marks the anterior edge of the eye. In his first suggestion he was absolutely correct - in his second he was wrong. The vertical line shown was not the anterior edge of the eye, but the anterior edge of a moving wave of patterning and cell type specification that 112 years later (1976) Ready, Hansen and Benzer would name the "morphogenetic furrow". While it is too late to hear from August Weismann, it is a particular pleasure to be able to include a chapter in this Volume from the first author of that 1976 paper: Don Ready! These past 25 years have seen an astonishing explosion in the study of the fly eye (see Fig.
References.- Retinal Specification and Determination in Drosophila.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Structure and Early Development of the Drosophila Eye.- 3 The Retinal Determination Network.- 4 Retinal Determination Genes: New Members?.- 5 Patterning Genes and Retinal Determination.- 6 Conclusions and Future Directions.- References.- Regulators of the Morphogenetic Furrow.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Notch Activation Defines the Initiation Point.- 3 Hedgehog is Essential for Morphogenetic Furrow Movement.- 4 Decapentaplegic Promotes Morphogenetic Furrow Movement.- 5 Wingless Inhibits Morphogenetic Furrow Movement.- 6 Conclusions.- References.- NOTCH and the Patterning of Ommatidial Founder Cells in the Developing Drosophila Eye.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Discovery of Ommatidial Founder Cells.- 3 R8 Cell Specification and Patterning.- 4 Intermediate Group Specification and Patterning.- 5 Conclusions.- References.- The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Drosophila Eye Development.- 1 Introduction.- 2 EGFR Gene Organization, Protein Structure and Mutant Classes.- 3 EGFR Pathway.- 4 Origin and Structure of the Eye.- 5 Eye Specification.- 6 Cell Fate Specification.- 7 Programmed Cell Death.- 8 Concluding Remarks.- References.- Cell Fate Specification in the Drosophila Eye.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Early Events in Cell Fate Specification.- 3 Undifferentiated Cells.- 4 The Precluster.- 5 The Second Wave of Morphogenesis.- 6 Generating and Testing Combinatorial Models.- References.- Tissue Polarity in the Retina.- 1 Tissue Polarization in Development.- 2 The Arrangement of the Ommatidia Within the Plane of the Retina.- 3 Genetic Control of Retinal Polarization.- 4 How Is the Polarity Signal Interpreted Within a Single Ommatidium?.- 5 Ommatidial Rotation.- 6 General Conclusions.- References.- Regulation of Growth and Cell Proliferation During Eye Development.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Growth and Cell Proliferation During Eye Development.- 3 Mechanisms That Regulate Imaginal Disc Growth.- 4 Mechanisms That Regulate Growth and Cell Proliferation in the Eye-Imaginal Disc.- 5 Connections Between Disc Patterning and Growth.- 6 Concluding Remarks.- References.- Evolution of Color Vision.- 1 The Retinal Mosaic of the Compound Eye.- 2 Photoreceptors and Visual Pigments.- 3 Spectral Organization of the Fly Retina.- References.- Developmental Regulation Through Protein Stability.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Ubiquitin/Proteasome Pathway.- 3 Regulation of Ttk88 Protein Stability.- 4 Control of Cell Communication by Faf, a Ubp.- 5 Future Directions.- References.- Programmed Death in Eye Development.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Downstream Components: Molecules of Death.- 3 Adaptive Apoptosis: DNA Damage.- 4 Upstream Signals: Death Decisions in the Fly Eye.- 5 Morphogenesis of Lattice Patterning: Making a Hexagon.- 6 Retinal Degeneration.- 7 Concluding Remarks.- References.- Drosophila Compound Eye Morphogenesis: Blind Mechanical Engineers?.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Morphogenic Forces Are Grounded in Epithelial Tension.- 3 Apical Cell-Cell Contacts.- 4 Apical-ECM Contacts.- 5 Basal-ECM Contacts.- 6 Rhabdomere Morphogenesis.- 7 The Rhabdomere Terminal Web.- 8 Constrained Expansion.- 9 Conclusion.- References.- The Establishment of Retinal Connectivity.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Structure of the Adult Visual System.- 3 The Development of the Photoreceptor Projection.- 4 Anterograde Signals: Incoming Retinal Fibers Trigger Target Cell Development.- 5 Retrograde Signals.- 6 Signal Transduction in Photoreceptor Axon Growth Cones.- 7 Outlook.- References.- Homologies Between Vertebrate and Invertebrate Eyes.- 1Eye Field Topology.- 2 The Expression Pattern of Regulatory Genes.- 3 Signaling Pathways That Partition the Eye Field.- 4 Eye Morphogenesis.- 5 Retinal Differentiation.- 6 Evolution and Homologies.- References.- Applications of the Drosophila Retina to Human Disease Modeling.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Classic Forward Genetics in the Drosophila Retina.- 3 Phototransduction Cascade Mutants.- 4 Creating Directed Models for Human Disease.- 5 Concluding Remarks.- References.
References.- Retinal Specification and Determination in Drosophila.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Structure and Early Development of the Drosophila Eye.- 3 The Retinal Determination Network.- 4 Retinal Determination Genes: New Members?.- 5 Patterning Genes and Retinal Determination.- 6 Conclusions and Future Directions.- References.- Regulators of the Morphogenetic Furrow.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Notch Activation Defines the Initiation Point.- 3 Hedgehog is Essential for Morphogenetic Furrow Movement.- 4 Decapentaplegic Promotes Morphogenetic Furrow Movement.- 5 Wingless Inhibits Morphogenetic Furrow Movement.- 6 Conclusions.- References.- NOTCH and the Patterning of Ommatidial Founder Cells in the Developing Drosophila Eye.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Discovery of Ommatidial Founder Cells.- 3 R8 Cell Specification and Patterning.- 4 Intermediate Group Specification and Patterning.- 5 Conclusions.- References.- The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Drosophila Eye Development.- 1 Introduction.- 2 EGFR Gene Organization, Protein Structure and Mutant Classes.- 3 EGFR Pathway.- 4 Origin and Structure of the Eye.- 5 Eye Specification.- 6 Cell Fate Specification.- 7 Programmed Cell Death.- 8 Concluding Remarks.- References.- Cell Fate Specification in the Drosophila Eye.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Early Events in Cell Fate Specification.- 3 Undifferentiated Cells.- 4 The Precluster.- 5 The Second Wave of Morphogenesis.- 6 Generating and Testing Combinatorial Models.- References.- Tissue Polarity in the Retina.- 1 Tissue Polarization in Development.- 2 The Arrangement of the Ommatidia Within the Plane of the Retina.- 3 Genetic Control of Retinal Polarization.- 4 How Is the Polarity Signal Interpreted Within a Single Ommatidium?.- 5 Ommatidial Rotation.- 6 General Conclusions.- References.- Regulation of Growth and Cell Proliferation During Eye Development.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Growth and Cell Proliferation During Eye Development.- 3 Mechanisms That Regulate Imaginal Disc Growth.- 4 Mechanisms That Regulate Growth and Cell Proliferation in the Eye-Imaginal Disc.- 5 Connections Between Disc Patterning and Growth.- 6 Concluding Remarks.- References.- Evolution of Color Vision.- 1 The Retinal Mosaic of the Compound Eye.- 2 Photoreceptors and Visual Pigments.- 3 Spectral Organization of the Fly Retina.- References.- Developmental Regulation Through Protein Stability.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Ubiquitin/Proteasome Pathway.- 3 Regulation of Ttk88 Protein Stability.- 4 Control of Cell Communication by Faf, a Ubp.- 5 Future Directions.- References.- Programmed Death in Eye Development.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Downstream Components: Molecules of Death.- 3 Adaptive Apoptosis: DNA Damage.- 4 Upstream Signals: Death Decisions in the Fly Eye.- 5 Morphogenesis of Lattice Patterning: Making a Hexagon.- 6 Retinal Degeneration.- 7 Concluding Remarks.- References.- Drosophila Compound Eye Morphogenesis: Blind Mechanical Engineers?.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Morphogenic Forces Are Grounded in Epithelial Tension.- 3 Apical Cell-Cell Contacts.- 4 Apical-ECM Contacts.- 5 Basal-ECM Contacts.- 6 Rhabdomere Morphogenesis.- 7 The Rhabdomere Terminal Web.- 8 Constrained Expansion.- 9 Conclusion.- References.- The Establishment of Retinal Connectivity.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Structure of the Adult Visual System.- 3 The Development of the Photoreceptor Projection.- 4 Anterograde Signals: Incoming Retinal Fibers Trigger Target Cell Development.- 5 Retrograde Signals.- 6 Signal Transduction in Photoreceptor Axon Growth Cones.- 7 Outlook.- References.- Homologies Between Vertebrate and Invertebrate Eyes.- 1Eye Field Topology.- 2 The Expression Pattern of Regulatory Genes.- 3 Signaling Pathways That Partition the Eye Field.- 4 Eye Morphogenesis.- 5 Retinal Differentiation.- 6 Evolution and Homologies.- References.- Applications of the Drosophila Retina to Human Disease Modeling.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Classic Forward Genetics in the Drosophila Retina.- 3 Phototransduction Cascade Mutants.- 4 Creating Directed Models for Human Disease.- 5 Concluding Remarks.- References.
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