Leanne Alexis Levers is a political scientist who works as a strategic advocacy, communications, and policy consultant, having in-depth knowledge of justice reform, global health, gender equality and racial justice. She is also the co-founder of Dope Black Women CIC, an award-winning global platform dedicating to the empowerment of Black women.
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Foreword by Dr. Anthony Harriott ix Foreword by Dr. Lloyd Barnett, OJ, PhD, LLD (Hon) xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Decolonisation and Restorative Justice 1 What Is Restorative Justice? 4 Decolonisation 6 Research Questions 13 Contributions 13 Chapter Summaries 16 Notes 18 References 20 2 Policy Transfer as a Tool of Decolonisation in the Caribbean 27 Dolowitz and Marsh Framework 32 Who Is Involved in Policy Transfer? 32 What Is the Motivation to Engage in Policy Transfer? 34 What Is Being Transferred? 35 From Where Is Information Transferred? 35 What Is the Degree of Transfer? 35 What Enables or Constrains Policy Transfer? 35 How Do These Factors Affect the Success or Failure of Policy Transfer? 36 Globalisation and Policy Transfer as a Tool of Colonialism 38 Justice Policy in the Caribbean 40 Methodology 42 Case Study Approach 43 Triangulation 45 Limitations of the Study 46 Ethical Considerations 50 Privacy 50 Researcher Effect 53 Conclusion 54 Notes 55 References 56 3 Crime, Politics, and Justice in Jamaica 64 Jamaican Class Structure 65 Jamaican Politics 68 Political Structure 68 Political Party Competitiveness, Clientelism, and Violence 70 Garrisons 72 Dons 73 Homogeneous Voting 74 The Rise of the Don and Organised Crime 74 Clientelism Continued: Appeasing the Elite 76 Clientelism Continued: International Stakeholders and the State 78 Donor Countries 78 IFIs 80 Jamaican Justice Policy 81 Consequences of Semi-Coercive Policy Transfer 82 A Shift Towards Opportunistic Policy Transfer 83 Conclusion 86 Notes 87 References 89 4 Decolonising Restorative Justice within a Jamaican Context 95 The Failure of the Formal Jamaican Justice System 95 Access to Justice 96 Bias and Corruption 97 Lack of Contextual Legislation 98 Inhumane Treatment of Prisoners 99 Dissatisfaction with the Justice System 99 Does RJ Work? 100 Retributive Aspects of RJ 100 Does RJ Work in Jamaica? 102 Is Decolonisation Possible? 102 Imagining Decolonised RJ in Jamaica 105 Decolonisation Framework 106 The Roots of RJ 106 Public Opinion 108 The Trunk of RJ 109 Civil Society 111 Other Non-State Actors 114 Dons and the Jungle Justice System 115 Maroons Justice System 117 The Branches of RJ 119 The Fruit of RJ 121 Conclusion 121 Notes 122 References 126 5 A History of Restorative Justice in Jamaica 134 History of Restorative Justice in Jamaica 134 RJ National Policy 134 Conclusion 149 Notes 149 References 151 6 Examining the Transfer of Restorative Justice Policy in Jamaica 153 Dolowitz and Marsh Policy Framework 153 Who Was Involved in Policy Transfer? 154 What Was the Motivation for Policy Transfer? 161 Where Was the Policy Transferred From? 163 What Was Transferred? 164 What Was the Degree of Transfer? 166 What Factors Constrained or Enabled Policy Transfer? 167 What Was the Impact of Policy Transfer? 169 Conclusion 169 Notes 172 References 173 Appendix One: Document Analysis 175 Appendix Two: Garrison Information 177 Appendix Three: Timeline 178 Index 184
Foreword by Dr. Anthony Harriott ix Foreword by Dr. Lloyd Barnett, OJ, PhD, LLD (Hon) xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Decolonisation and Restorative Justice 1 What Is Restorative Justice? 4 Decolonisation 6 Research Questions 13 Contributions 13 Chapter Summaries 16 Notes 18 References 20 2 Policy Transfer as a Tool of Decolonisation in the Caribbean 27 Dolowitz and Marsh Framework 32 Who Is Involved in Policy Transfer? 32 What Is the Motivation to Engage in Policy Transfer? 34 What Is Being Transferred? 35 From Where Is Information Transferred? 35 What Is the Degree of Transfer? 35 What Enables or Constrains Policy Transfer? 35 How Do These Factors Affect the Success or Failure of Policy Transfer? 36 Globalisation and Policy Transfer as a Tool of Colonialism 38 Justice Policy in the Caribbean 40 Methodology 42 Case Study Approach 43 Triangulation 45 Limitations of the Study 46 Ethical Considerations 50 Privacy 50 Researcher Effect 53 Conclusion 54 Notes 55 References 56 3 Crime, Politics, and Justice in Jamaica 64 Jamaican Class Structure 65 Jamaican Politics 68 Political Structure 68 Political Party Competitiveness, Clientelism, and Violence 70 Garrisons 72 Dons 73 Homogeneous Voting 74 The Rise of the Don and Organised Crime 74 Clientelism Continued: Appeasing the Elite 76 Clientelism Continued: International Stakeholders and the State 78 Donor Countries 78 IFIs 80 Jamaican Justice Policy 81 Consequences of Semi-Coercive Policy Transfer 82 A Shift Towards Opportunistic Policy Transfer 83 Conclusion 86 Notes 87 References 89 4 Decolonising Restorative Justice within a Jamaican Context 95 The Failure of the Formal Jamaican Justice System 95 Access to Justice 96 Bias and Corruption 97 Lack of Contextual Legislation 98 Inhumane Treatment of Prisoners 99 Dissatisfaction with the Justice System 99 Does RJ Work? 100 Retributive Aspects of RJ 100 Does RJ Work in Jamaica? 102 Is Decolonisation Possible? 102 Imagining Decolonised RJ in Jamaica 105 Decolonisation Framework 106 The Roots of RJ 106 Public Opinion 108 The Trunk of RJ 109 Civil Society 111 Other Non-State Actors 114 Dons and the Jungle Justice System 115 Maroons Justice System 117 The Branches of RJ 119 The Fruit of RJ 121 Conclusion 121 Notes 122 References 126 5 A History of Restorative Justice in Jamaica 134 History of Restorative Justice in Jamaica 134 RJ National Policy 134 Conclusion 149 Notes 149 References 151 6 Examining the Transfer of Restorative Justice Policy in Jamaica 153 Dolowitz and Marsh Policy Framework 153 Who Was Involved in Policy Transfer? 154 What Was the Motivation for Policy Transfer? 161 Where Was the Policy Transferred From? 163 What Was Transferred? 164 What Was the Degree of Transfer? 166 What Factors Constrained or Enabled Policy Transfer? 167 What Was the Impact of Policy Transfer? 169 Conclusion 169 Notes 172 References 173 Appendix One: Document Analysis 175 Appendix Two: Garrison Information 177 Appendix Three: Timeline 178 Index 184
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