Robert E. Maclaury

Color and Cognition in Mesoamerica

Constructing Categories as Vantages

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

More than 100 indigenous languages are spoken in Mexico and Central America. Each language partitions the color spectrum according to a pattern that is unique in some way. But every local system of color categories also shares characteristics with the systems of other Mesoamerican languages and of languages elsewhere in the world. This book presents the results of the Mesoamerican Color Survey, which Robert E. MacLaury conducted in 1978-1981. Drawn from interviews with 900 speakers of some 116 Mesoamerican languages, the book provides a sweeping overview of the organization and semantics of color categorization in modern Mesoamerica. Extensive analysis and MacLaury's use of vantage theory reveal complex and often surprising interrelationships among the ways languages categorize colors. His findings offer valuable cross-cultural data for all students of Mesoamerica. They will also be of interest to all linguists and cognitive scientists working on theories of categorization more generally.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: University of Texas Press
• Seitenzahl: 646
• Erscheinungstermin: 1. Februar 1997
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 229mm x 152mm x 38mm
• Gewicht: 1033g
• ISBN-13: 9780292729551
• ISBN-10: 0292729553
• Artikelnr.: 33375517

Autorenporträt

By Robert E. MacLaury

Inhaltsangabe

1. Foreword by John R. Taylor
2. Preface
3. Acknowledgments
4. Permissions
5. Conventions
6. Part One. Preliminaries
7. 1. Conceptual and Material Equipment
8. 1.1. Influential Concepts
9. 1.2. Stimulus Materials
* 1.2.1. A Short History of Standards
10. 1.3. Summary
11. 2. Issues in Color Ethnography
12. 2.1. Language versus Vision: An Evolutionary Debate
13. 2.2. Crosscultural Perception
14. 2.3. Relativism
15. 2.4. Universalism à la Berlin and Kay
* 2.4.1. The 1975 Hue Sequence
* 2.4.2. Fuzzy Sets and Neural Response Categories
* 2.4.3. Semiotic Models
* 2.4.4. Surveys and Reformulation
16. 2.5. A Dynamic Model
17. 2.6. World Overview
18. 2.7. Summary
19. 3. Descriptive Method
20. 3.1. Equipment
21. 3.2. Elicitation
22. 3.3. Display of Individual Data
* 3.3.1. Naming Ranges and Qualifier Distributions
* 3.3.2. Foci
* 3.3.3. Mappings
23. 3.4. Analysis of Individual Data
* 3.4.1. Naming Ranges and Mappings
* 3.4.2. Correspondence among Mappings
* 3.4.3. Qualifiers and Mappings
* 3.4.4. Complementation of Qualifiers
24. 3.5. Summary
25. 4. Axioms
26. 4.1. Perceptual Axioms
27. 4.1.1. Evidence
* 4.1.1.1. Discrimination Distance
* 4.1.1.2. The Disadvantage of Short-Wavelength Cones
* 4.1.1.3. Other Evidence
28. 4.2. Cognitive Axioms
29. 4.3. Motivation
30. 4.4. Engagement of Axioms
31. 4.5. Using the Axioms
* 4.5.1. Tzeltal Hue Categories
* 4.5.2. A Model of Variation in Tzeltal Color Categorization
* 4.5.3. Issues of Theory
32. 4.6. Summary
33. Part Two. Viewpoint and Category Change: A Continuous Typology of Relations
34. 5. Coextensive Semantic Ranges
35. 5.1. Characteristics of Coextension
* 5.1.1. Coextension in the Warm Category
* 5.1.2. Coextension in the Cool Category
* 5.1.3. Coextension in Two Environments
36. 5.2. Coextension in Relation to Other Semantic Types
37. 5.3. Semantic Evolution in Two Environments
38. 5.4. Summary
39. 6. Vantages
40. 6.1. The Dominant-Recessive Pattern of Coextension
* 6.1.1. Variation on a Continuum
* 6.1.2. The Null Hypothesis
* 6.1.3. Alternative Explanations
41. 6.2. Categorization as Spatiotemporal Analogy
42. 6.2.1. Vantages and Coordinates
43. 6.2.2. Relativity of Coordinates
44. 6.2.3. Formalisms
* 6.2.3.1. Different Sizes of Dominant and Recessive Ranges
* 6.2.3.2. Increase of the Size Differential
* 6.2.3.3. Near Synonymy, Coextension, and Inclusion
* 6.2.3.4. Complementation
45. 6.2.4. Pragmatics
46. 6.2.5. Summation
47. 6.3. Descriptions of Coextension
* 6.3.1. Early Coextension
* 6.3.2. Late Coextension
* 6.3.3. Dominant and Recessive Qualifiers
* 6.3.4. Lexical Borrowing
* 6.3.5. Triple Coextension
* 6.3.6. Balanced Coextension
* 6.3.7. Systems Not in Table 6.1
* 6.3.8. Foci of the Warm Category
48. 6.4. Implications of Vantage Theory
* 6.4.1. Analogy on the Level of Coordinates
* 6.4.2. Phylogeny
* 6.4.3. Human versus Animal Categorization
* 6.4.4. Innateness
* 6.4.5. Embodiment
* 6.4.6. A Vantage Is Always Part of a Category
* 6.4.7. Coordinates versus Features
* 6.4.8. Primary Motivation versus Function
* 6.4.9. Alternative Accounts of Color Categorization
* 6.4.10. Etic and Emic
* 6.4.11. Point of View and Fuzziness
* 6.4.12. Boundaries
* 6.4.13. Contextualization and Connotation
* 6.4.14. Category Change
* 6.4.15. Judgments of Similarity and Difference within Categories
* 6.4.16. Judgments of Asymmetry within Categories
* 6.4.17. Reference Point Reasoning
* 6.4.18. Categorical Perception versus Weber's Law
* 6.4.19. Relativity and Universality
* 6.4.20. Is the Space-Time Analogy Alive or Dead?
* 6.4.21. Speed and Productivity
* 6.4.22. Is It Possible to Categorize without Constructing a Vantage?
49. 6.5. Summary
50. 7. Category Division
51. 7.1. Pulling Apart the Warm Category
* 7.1.1. Superordination in Reference to Yellow
* 7.1.2. Superordination in Reference to Red
* 7.1.3. Inclusion to Complementation
* 7.1.4. Polarized Inclusion
* 7.1.5. Notions of Categorization
52. 7.2. Mirror Images of the Dark-Cool Category
* 7.2.1. Categories of Elemental Color
* 7.2.2. Categories of Brightness
53. 7.3. The Elusive Light-Warm Category
54. 7.4. Summary
55. Part Three. Further Dynamics, Reflectivity, and Complex Categorization
56. 8. Skewing and Darkening
57. 8.1. Skewing
* 8.1.1. Degree of Skewing
* 8.1.2. Direction of Skewing
58. 8.2. Quantification
59. 8.2.1. Outline of Major Numbers
60. 8.2.2. Descriptions and Analyses
* 8.2.2.1. Statistics on the Direction of Skewing
* 8.2.2.2. Statistics on the Degree of Skewing
* 8.2,2.3. Statistics on Darkening
* 8.2.2.4. Statistics on the Dominant-Recessive Pattern
* 8.2.2.5. Statistics on Transference
* 8.2.2.6. Miscellaneous Statistics
61. 8.2.3. Synopsis
62. 8.3. Darkening
63. 8.4. Qualifiers and Skewing
64. 8.5. Aggregates of Foci in Specific Languages
65. 8.6. Transference versus Areal Diffusion
66. 8.7 Summary
67. 9. Submerged Versus Reflective Categorization
68. 9.1. Single Foci
69. 9.2. Dual Foci
70. 9.3. Triple Foci
71. 9.4. Overviews of Viewpoints
* 9.4.1. Kinds of Thinking
* 9.4.2. In Common Terms
* 9.4.3. In Formal Terms
72. 9.5. Distinguishing Closely versus Customarily Taking an Overview
73. 9.6. Summary
74. 10. Crossover
* 10.1. Crossover and Coextension
* 10.2. Crossover and Inclusion
* 10.3. An Areal Study
* 10.4. Qualifier Coextension
* 10.5. Brightness Coextension
* 10.6. Summary
75. 11. Transference Versus Diffusion: Mesoamerica Compared With the World
76. 11.1. The Cool Category in Global Perspective
77. 11.2. Results of Skewing
78. 11.3. Conditions That Affect Skewing
* 11.3.1. Crossover
* 11.3.2. Brightness Categories Focused in Blue
* 11.3.3. Brightness Categories Focused in Yellow
* 11.3.4. Yellow-with-Green Hue Categories
* 11.3.5. Coextensive Naming
* 11.3.6. Incipient Transference
79. 11.4. Transference in State Societies
80. 11.5. Summary
81. Part Four. Conclusion
82. 12. Color and Categorization
83. 12.1. Three Levels of Analysis
84. 12.1.1. Raw Observations
* 12.1.2. A Model of Color Categorization
* 12.1.2.1. Axioms and Dynamics
* 12.1.2.2. Points of View and Frames of Reference
* 12.1.2.3. Simplex and Complex Categorization
* 12.1.2.4. Flip-Flop
85. 12.1.3. A Theory of Categorization
86. Appendix I. Inventory of Data, Collaborators, Languages, and Locations
87. Appendix II. Linguistic Relations
88. Appendix III. Technical Information
89. Appendix IV. A Cognitive Ceiling of Eleven Basic Color Terms
90. Appendix V. North and South of Mesoamerica
91. Appendix VI. Data Organization Methods
92. Appendix VII. Inventory of Observations
93. Appendix VIII. Formulae
94. Notes
95. Glossary
96. Bibliography
97. Name Index
98. Language Index
99. Subject Index