Kathleen Hess-Kosa (Canyo OMEGA Southwest Environmental Consulting
Building Materials
Product Emission and Combustion Health Hazards
Kathleen Hess-Kosa (Canyo OMEGA Southwest Environmental Consulting
Building Materials
Product Emission and Combustion Health Hazards
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The construction industry is challenged with building materials components of which are more and more difficult, if not impossible, to identify. Building material emissions have been implicated as a major source of indoor air pollution, and toxic gases, often unidentified, are generated in building fires. Building Materials: Product Emission and Combustion Health Hazards undertakes the task of identifying building materials emission and combustion health hazards. This easy-to-read, practical book is a "composite of multiple and/or obscure sources of information"-intended to minimize the…mehr
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The construction industry is challenged with building materials components of which are more and more difficult, if not impossible, to identify. Building material emissions have been implicated as a major source of indoor air pollution, and toxic gases, often unidentified, are generated in building fires. Building Materials: Product Emission and Combustion Health Hazards undertakes the task of identifying building materials emission and combustion health hazards. This easy-to-read, practical book is a "composite of multiple and/or obscure sources of information"-intended to minimize the reader's research time and confusion when planning healthy building materials in construction and renovation projects.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Taylor & Francis Inc
- Seitenzahl: 324
- Erscheinungstermin: 14. April 2017
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 241mm x 161mm x 25mm
- Gewicht: 632g
- ISBN-13: 9781498714938
- ISBN-10: 1498714935
- Artikelnr.: 48092932
- Verlag: Taylor & Francis Inc
- Seitenzahl: 324
- Erscheinungstermin: 14. April 2017
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 241mm x 161mm x 25mm
- Gewicht: 632g
- ISBN-13: 9781498714938
- ISBN-10: 1498714935
- Artikelnr.: 48092932
Kathleen Hess-Kosa, MS, CIH, is an industrial hygiene/environmental consultant with Omega Environmental Consulting in Canyon Lake, Texas. In 1972, she earned her Bachelor of Science in microbiology with a minor in chemistry from Oklahoma State University. In 1979, she earned a Master of Science in industrial hygiene from the College of Engineering at Texas A&M University. After her travails through the education system, she finally entered the real world and became challenged with all problems great and small within an insurance company. While working for Firemen's Fund Insurance Companies, she had the opportunity to become involved in a variety of unique industrial hygiene assessments including her first indoor air quality study which involved a newly constructed 800-occupant high rise office building. This was back in 1982, and the 90% complaint rate dropped to 10%-after throwing everything but the kitchen sink at the problem. Her success sparked that which has become her passion for indoor air quality. Subsequently, she has pursued multiple avenues to effectively respond to the new challenges. Upon starting her own consulting firm in 1986, Ms. Hess-Kosa has continued to pursue her passion, added to her list of curiosities mold/moisture damage, sewage contamination, and all things out of the ordinary. She has taken several courses in construction techniques at the local community college. She has designed and been involved in construction projects involving two of her own homes. One of her hobbies it that of building massive southwest wood doors. She has also been a consultant to several construction firms. Beyond this book, Ms. Hess-Kosa is credited with several other technical books. They include Environmental Sampling for Unknowns, Indoor Air Quality: Sampling Methodologies (2nd edition), Environmental Site Assessment Phase I: A Basic Guide (2nd edition), An Environmental Health and Safety Auditing Made Easy, A Checklist Approach for Industry, Indoor Air Quality: The Latest Sampling and Analytical Methods. Ms. Hess-Kosa is an active outdoor enthusiast and world traveler, photographer, and avid reader of adventure novels. Life is full of challenges!
Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................
xiii
Acknowledgments.................................................................................................xv
Author...................................................................................................................
xvii
Section I All Things Considered
1. Building Material Components: Old and New, Natural and
Synthetic............................................................................................................3
Natural Building
Products..............................................................................4
Asbestos.........................................................................................................5
Lead................................................................................................................7
Crystalline
Silica..........................................................................................8
Non-Emission
Toxins..................................................................................9
Plastics' Most
Notorious..................................................................................9
Formaldehyde.............................................................................................
10
Modern Building
Materials...........................................................................
11
Summary..........................................................................................................
12
References........................................................................................................
13
2. Product Emissions and Evolution of Indoor Air
Pollution................... 15
Evolution of Public
Awareness.....................................................................
16
Tainted Chinese
Drywall..........................................................................
18
Laminate
Flooring.....................................................................................20
The Wonderland of Product
Emissions....................................................... 21
The Green
Movement.....................................................................................22
The U.S. Green Building Council LEED
Program.................................22
The Standard for the Design of High-Performance, Green
Buildings: Except Low-Rise Residential
Buildings............................... 24
Summary..........................................................................................................25
References........................................................................................................27
3. Safety Data Sheets, Green Movement, and
More...................................29
Safety Data
Sheets...........................................................................................30
California Green Buildings Emissions Testing for
VOCs.........................33
Green Product Emissions Testing and Certification Programs...............36
U.S. EPA Toxic Substances Control Listings and Formaldehyde
Standards for Composite Wood
Products................................................... 41
Information and Interpretation
Limitations...............................................42
Environmental Movement Banishes Toxin Building Materials...............44
Summary..........................................................................................................48
References........................................................................................................50
Section II Polymers in Construction
4. Polymers in Our
World.................................................................................55
The World of
Polymers...................................................................................56
The Chemistry of
Polymers...........................................................................60
Polymerization of Synthetic
Polymers.................................................... 61
The Polymeric
Backbone...........................................................................
61
Thermoset Plastics versus
Thermoplastic.............................................. 62
Molecular Arrangement and Properties of Thermoplastic
Polymers...................................................................................................
62
Plasticizers and
Additives........................................................................63
Hazards of
Polymers......................................................................................63
Summary..........................................................................................................65
References........................................................................................................66
5. Plastics Commonly Found in Building
Materials.................................. 69
Thermoplastic
Polymers................................................................................
70
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene............................................................71
Polycarbonate..............................................................................................72
Polymethyl
Methacrylate..........................................................................72
Polyethylene................................................................................................73
Polypropylene.............................................................................................75
Polyvinyl
Chloride.....................................................................................75
Thermoset
Plastics..........................................................................................77
Urea
Formaldehyde...................................................................................77
Melamine
Formaldehyde..........................................................................79
Phenol
Formaldehyde................................................................................80
Resorcinol
Formaldehyde.........................................................................82
References........................................................................................................82
6. Polymeric
Foams............................................................................................85
Foremost in
Popularity..................................................................................86
Polyurethane
Foam....................................................................................86
Polyisocyanurate
Foam.............................................................................
87
Polystyrene
Foam.......................................................................................88
Minor
Contributors........................................................................................89
Polyvinyl Chloride
Foam..........................................................................90
Polyethylene
Foam.....................................................................................
91
Infamy Worthy of
Mention............................................................................
91
Urea Formaldehyde
Foam........................................................................92
Summary..........................................................................................................93
References........................................................................................................94
7. Elastomeric
Polymers....................................................................................95
Butyl
Rubber....................................................................................................96
Chlorosulfonated
Polyethylene.....................................................................97
Ethylene Polypropylene Diene Monomer
Rubber......................................99
Neoprene
Rubber..........................................................................................
100
Polyurea/Polyaspartic
Elastomer...............................................................
101
Silicone...........................................................................................................
102
Summary........................................................................................................
103
References......................................................................................................
103
8.
Plasticizers....................................................................................................
105
Most Prominent
Plasticizers.......................................................................
106
Phthalates..................................................................................................
106
Lesser
Plasticizers.........................................................................................
110
Trimellitates..............................................................................................
110
Adipates.....................................................................................................
111
Sebacates....................................................................................................
111
Maleates.....................................................................................................
112
Benzoates...................................................................................................
113
Chlorinated
Paraffins..............................................................................
113
Summary........................................................................................................
115
References......................................................................................................
115
9. Plastic
Additives..........................................................................................
117
Stabilizers.......................................................................................................
117
Antioxidants.............................................................................................
118
Ultraviolet Light
Stabilizers....................................................................
118
Heat
Stabilizers.........................................................................................
120
Flame
Retardants..........................................................................................122
Halogenated Flame
Retardants............................................................. 123
Inorganic Flame
Retardants...................................................................
125
Phosphorus-Based Flame
Retardants................................................... 126
Fillers..............................................................................................................
127
Foaming
Agents............................................................................................
128
Physical Foaming
Agents........................................................................
129
Chemical Foaming
Agents.....................................................................
129
Summary........................................................................................................
132
References......................................................................................................
133
Section III Building Materials by Function
10. Overview of Building Material
Components........................................ 137
Function versus
Type...................................................................................
137
Composition Gone
Wild..............................................................................
138
Toxins of
Old.............................................................................................
138
Polymers Run
Amuck..............................................................................
139
The Brew of Organic
Toxins...................................................................
140
Toxic Metals and
Metalloids...................................................................
142
Thermal Decomposition and
Combustion................................................ 143
Heating Up: Abundance of
Irritants/Toxins........................................ 143
Combustion Silent
Killers.......................................................................
144
Carcinogenic Combustion Products Associated with Fires.............. 145
Dioxins, Not to Be Confused with
Dioxane......................................... 147
The Ever Present
Asbestos......................................................................
148
Location of Building Material Emitters and the Effect of
Environmental
Conditions..........................................................................
148
Summary........................................................................................................
150
References......................................................................................................
151
11. Foundations, Framing, Sheathing, and Vapor
Barriers....................... 153
Foundation
Components.............................................................................
153
Timber
Piles..............................................................................................
155
Stone Foundation Building
Materials................................................... 156
Concrete
Foundations.............................................................................
156
Concrete and Steel Support
Piles........................................................... 158
Framing
Components...................................................................................
158
Wood
Framing..........................................................................................
158
Conventional
Lumber.........................................................................
159
Treated
Lumber...................................................................................
160
Engineered Lumber
Products........................................................... 170
Components, Emissions, and Heat Decomposition By-Products
of
Lumber..................................................................................................
172
Steel
Framing............................................................................................
173
Concrete Formed
Walls...........................................................................
174
Exterior Wall/Roof Sheathing and Structural Subflooring....................
175
Asphalt-Impregnated Fiberboard
Sheathing....................................... 175
Plywood Sheathing and Interior
Subflooring...................................... 176
OSB Sheathing and Interior
Subflooring.............................................. 177
Gypsum Board Exterior
Sheathing....................................................... 177
Cement Board Sheathing and Interior Subflooring............................
178
Vapor
Barriers................................................................................................
179
Asphalt-Saturated
Felt.............................................................................
181
Plastic Vapor
Barriers..............................................................................
181
Summary........................................................................................................
183
References......................................................................................................
183
12. Exterior Enclosure
Components...............................................................
185
Windows and
Doors.....................................................................................
185
Wood..........................................................................................................
186
Aluminum/Steel and
More....................................................................
188
Fiberglass...................................................................................................
188
Rigid
Vinyl................................................................................................
189
Hollow Core Door and Window Frame Treatments........................... 190
Glazing
Treatments..................................................................................
191
Roofing
Materials..........................................................................................
191
Asphalt
Shingles......................................................................................
192
Wood Shakes and
Shingles.....................................................................
192
Clay and Concrete
Tiles..........................................................................
193
Slate
Tiles...................................................................................................
194
Metal Sheets and
Panels..........................................................................
194
Built-Up
Roof............................................................................................
195
MB Roof
Membranes...............................................................................
197
Synthetic Roof
Membranes.....................................................................
198
Rubber
Membranes.............................................................................
198
Thermoplastic Polymer
Membranes................................................ 199
Exterior Wall
Cladding................................................................................
201
Siding and
Panels.....................................................................................
201
Metal.....................................................................................................
202
Wood.....................................................................................................
202
Fiber
Cement........................................................................................203
Hardboard............................................................................................203
Vinyl
Siding..........................................................................................204
Masonry
Products....................................................................................204
Natural
Stone.......................................................................................204
Brick.......................................................................................................206
Stucco....................................................................................................
207
Synthetic/Faux Walls (e.g.,
EIFS)........................................................... 207
Finishing
Touches.........................................................................................209
Summary........................................................................................................209
References......................................................................................................
211
13. Plumbing, Electrical, and Mechanical
Systems.................................... 213
Plumbing: Water and Sewage/Wastewater
Pipes.................................... 214
Metal Water and Wastewater
Pipes....................................................... 216
Plastic
Pipes..............................................................................................
217
Electricals.......................................................................................................
218
Conductor
Insulation...............................................................................
219
Conduit/Raceways...................................................................................
219
Heating, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning.............................................220
HVAC Thermal/Acoustical
Insulation.................................................. 221
Guilty by Association: Refrigerant Gases and Heating Fuels...........222
Refrigerant
Gases................................................................................222
Heating
Fuels.......................................................................................223
Condensate Water
Drains..................................................................
224
Summary........................................................................................................226
References......................................................................................................227
14. Thermal/Acoustical Insulation and Interior Wall/Ceiling
Materials........................................................................................................229
Thermal/Acoustical Building
Insulation..................................................230
Natural Fibers and Cellulose
Insulation...............................................230
Mineral
Insulation...................................................................................
232
Fiberglass
Insulation...............................................................................233
Spray and Rigid Panel Foam Building
Insulation...............................235
Interior Walls and
Ceilings.........................................................................236
Gypsum
Board.........................................................................................236
Cement
Board...........................................................................................238
Lime
Plaster...................................................................................................238
Magnesia
Wallboard................................................................................
239
Solid Wood and Composite Wood
Products........................................ 239
Mined/Quarried
Products......................................................................
240
Faux Stone and Stone Veneer
Products................................................. 241
Light Transmitting
Concrete..................................................................
241
Suspended Ceiling Tiles and
Panels..................................................... 242
Summary........................................................................................................
244
References......................................................................................................
245
15. Interior Finish-Out
Components..............................................................
247
Cabinets..........................................................................................................
247
Solid Wood and Veneered
Cabinets...................................................... 248
Stainless Steel and Other Metal
Cabinets............................................ 249
Synthetic Polymer
Cabinets....................................................................
249
Countertops...................................................................................................250
Natural Stone
Countertops.....................................................................250
Metal
Countertops...................................................................................
251
Ceramic and Porcelain Tile
Countertops.............................................. 251
Concrete
Countertops..............................................................................
251
Butcher Block
Countertops.....................................................................
251
Synthetic Polymer
Countertops.............................................................
251
Flooring
Materials........................................................................................253
Natural
Stone............................................................................................253
Wood
Flooring..........................................................................................254
Ceramic/Porcelain
Tiles..........................................................................
257
Carpeting..................................................................................................
257
Acrylic Fiber
Carpet............................................................................
259
Olefin Fiber
Carpets............................................................................260
Nylon
Carpets......................................................................................
261
Polyester
Carpets.................................................................................
262
Wool
Carpets.......................................................................................263
Carpet
Padding........................................................................................263
Resilient
Flooring.....................................................................................264
Linoleum..............................................................................................264
Cork
Flooring.......................................................................................264
Rubber
Flooring...................................................................................264
Vinyl
Flooring......................................................................................265
Terrazzo
Flooring................................................................................265
Trim, Molding, and
More............................................................................265
Summary........................................................................................................
267
References......................................................................................................268
16. Adhesives, Sealants, Surface Finishes, and
More................................. 271
Adhesives.......................................................................................................
271
Thermoplastic
Adhesives........................................................................
272
Polyvinyl Acetate
Adhesives............................................................. 272
Acrylic
Preface....................................................................................................................
xiii
Acknowledgments.................................................................................................xv
Author...................................................................................................................
xvii
Section I All Things Considered
1. Building Material Components: Old and New, Natural and
Synthetic............................................................................................................3
Natural Building
Products..............................................................................4
Asbestos.........................................................................................................5
Lead................................................................................................................7
Crystalline
Silica..........................................................................................8
Non-Emission
Toxins..................................................................................9
Plastics' Most
Notorious..................................................................................9
Formaldehyde.............................................................................................
10
Modern Building
Materials...........................................................................
11
Summary..........................................................................................................
12
References........................................................................................................
13
2. Product Emissions and Evolution of Indoor Air
Pollution................... 15
Evolution of Public
Awareness.....................................................................
16
Tainted Chinese
Drywall..........................................................................
18
Laminate
Flooring.....................................................................................20
The Wonderland of Product
Emissions....................................................... 21
The Green
Movement.....................................................................................22
The U.S. Green Building Council LEED
Program.................................22
The Standard for the Design of High-Performance, Green
Buildings: Except Low-Rise Residential
Buildings............................... 24
Summary..........................................................................................................25
References........................................................................................................27
3. Safety Data Sheets, Green Movement, and
More...................................29
Safety Data
Sheets...........................................................................................30
California Green Buildings Emissions Testing for
VOCs.........................33
Green Product Emissions Testing and Certification Programs...............36
U.S. EPA Toxic Substances Control Listings and Formaldehyde
Standards for Composite Wood
Products................................................... 41
Information and Interpretation
Limitations...............................................42
Environmental Movement Banishes Toxin Building Materials...............44
Summary..........................................................................................................48
References........................................................................................................50
Section II Polymers in Construction
4. Polymers in Our
World.................................................................................55
The World of
Polymers...................................................................................56
The Chemistry of
Polymers...........................................................................60
Polymerization of Synthetic
Polymers.................................................... 61
The Polymeric
Backbone...........................................................................
61
Thermoset Plastics versus
Thermoplastic.............................................. 62
Molecular Arrangement and Properties of Thermoplastic
Polymers...................................................................................................
62
Plasticizers and
Additives........................................................................63
Hazards of
Polymers......................................................................................63
Summary..........................................................................................................65
References........................................................................................................66
5. Plastics Commonly Found in Building
Materials.................................. 69
Thermoplastic
Polymers................................................................................
70
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene............................................................71
Polycarbonate..............................................................................................72
Polymethyl
Methacrylate..........................................................................72
Polyethylene................................................................................................73
Polypropylene.............................................................................................75
Polyvinyl
Chloride.....................................................................................75
Thermoset
Plastics..........................................................................................77
Urea
Formaldehyde...................................................................................77
Melamine
Formaldehyde..........................................................................79
Phenol
Formaldehyde................................................................................80
Resorcinol
Formaldehyde.........................................................................82
References........................................................................................................82
6. Polymeric
Foams............................................................................................85
Foremost in
Popularity..................................................................................86
Polyurethane
Foam....................................................................................86
Polyisocyanurate
Foam.............................................................................
87
Polystyrene
Foam.......................................................................................88
Minor
Contributors........................................................................................89
Polyvinyl Chloride
Foam..........................................................................90
Polyethylene
Foam.....................................................................................
91
Infamy Worthy of
Mention............................................................................
91
Urea Formaldehyde
Foam........................................................................92
Summary..........................................................................................................93
References........................................................................................................94
7. Elastomeric
Polymers....................................................................................95
Butyl
Rubber....................................................................................................96
Chlorosulfonated
Polyethylene.....................................................................97
Ethylene Polypropylene Diene Monomer
Rubber......................................99
Neoprene
Rubber..........................................................................................
100
Polyurea/Polyaspartic
Elastomer...............................................................
101
Silicone...........................................................................................................
102
Summary........................................................................................................
103
References......................................................................................................
103
8.
Plasticizers....................................................................................................
105
Most Prominent
Plasticizers.......................................................................
106
Phthalates..................................................................................................
106
Lesser
Plasticizers.........................................................................................
110
Trimellitates..............................................................................................
110
Adipates.....................................................................................................
111
Sebacates....................................................................................................
111
Maleates.....................................................................................................
112
Benzoates...................................................................................................
113
Chlorinated
Paraffins..............................................................................
113
Summary........................................................................................................
115
References......................................................................................................
115
9. Plastic
Additives..........................................................................................
117
Stabilizers.......................................................................................................
117
Antioxidants.............................................................................................
118
Ultraviolet Light
Stabilizers....................................................................
118
Heat
Stabilizers.........................................................................................
120
Flame
Retardants..........................................................................................122
Halogenated Flame
Retardants............................................................. 123
Inorganic Flame
Retardants...................................................................
125
Phosphorus-Based Flame
Retardants................................................... 126
Fillers..............................................................................................................
127
Foaming
Agents............................................................................................
128
Physical Foaming
Agents........................................................................
129
Chemical Foaming
Agents.....................................................................
129
Summary........................................................................................................
132
References......................................................................................................
133
Section III Building Materials by Function
10. Overview of Building Material
Components........................................ 137
Function versus
Type...................................................................................
137
Composition Gone
Wild..............................................................................
138
Toxins of
Old.............................................................................................
138
Polymers Run
Amuck..............................................................................
139
The Brew of Organic
Toxins...................................................................
140
Toxic Metals and
Metalloids...................................................................
142
Thermal Decomposition and
Combustion................................................ 143
Heating Up: Abundance of
Irritants/Toxins........................................ 143
Combustion Silent
Killers.......................................................................
144
Carcinogenic Combustion Products Associated with Fires.............. 145
Dioxins, Not to Be Confused with
Dioxane......................................... 147
The Ever Present
Asbestos......................................................................
148
Location of Building Material Emitters and the Effect of
Environmental
Conditions..........................................................................
148
Summary........................................................................................................
150
References......................................................................................................
151
11. Foundations, Framing, Sheathing, and Vapor
Barriers....................... 153
Foundation
Components.............................................................................
153
Timber
Piles..............................................................................................
155
Stone Foundation Building
Materials................................................... 156
Concrete
Foundations.............................................................................
156
Concrete and Steel Support
Piles........................................................... 158
Framing
Components...................................................................................
158
Wood
Framing..........................................................................................
158
Conventional
Lumber.........................................................................
159
Treated
Lumber...................................................................................
160
Engineered Lumber
Products........................................................... 170
Components, Emissions, and Heat Decomposition By-Products
of
Lumber..................................................................................................
172
Steel
Framing............................................................................................
173
Concrete Formed
Walls...........................................................................
174
Exterior Wall/Roof Sheathing and Structural Subflooring....................
175
Asphalt-Impregnated Fiberboard
Sheathing....................................... 175
Plywood Sheathing and Interior
Subflooring...................................... 176
OSB Sheathing and Interior
Subflooring.............................................. 177
Gypsum Board Exterior
Sheathing....................................................... 177
Cement Board Sheathing and Interior Subflooring............................
178
Vapor
Barriers................................................................................................
179
Asphalt-Saturated
Felt.............................................................................
181
Plastic Vapor
Barriers..............................................................................
181
Summary........................................................................................................
183
References......................................................................................................
183
12. Exterior Enclosure
Components...............................................................
185
Windows and
Doors.....................................................................................
185
Wood..........................................................................................................
186
Aluminum/Steel and
More....................................................................
188
Fiberglass...................................................................................................
188
Rigid
Vinyl................................................................................................
189
Hollow Core Door and Window Frame Treatments........................... 190
Glazing
Treatments..................................................................................
191
Roofing
Materials..........................................................................................
191
Asphalt
Shingles......................................................................................
192
Wood Shakes and
Shingles.....................................................................
192
Clay and Concrete
Tiles..........................................................................
193
Slate
Tiles...................................................................................................
194
Metal Sheets and
Panels..........................................................................
194
Built-Up
Roof............................................................................................
195
MB Roof
Membranes...............................................................................
197
Synthetic Roof
Membranes.....................................................................
198
Rubber
Membranes.............................................................................
198
Thermoplastic Polymer
Membranes................................................ 199
Exterior Wall
Cladding................................................................................
201
Siding and
Panels.....................................................................................
201
Metal.....................................................................................................
202
Wood.....................................................................................................
202
Fiber
Cement........................................................................................203
Hardboard............................................................................................203
Vinyl
Siding..........................................................................................204
Masonry
Products....................................................................................204
Natural
Stone.......................................................................................204
Brick.......................................................................................................206
Stucco....................................................................................................
207
Synthetic/Faux Walls (e.g.,
EIFS)........................................................... 207
Finishing
Touches.........................................................................................209
Summary........................................................................................................209
References......................................................................................................
211
13. Plumbing, Electrical, and Mechanical
Systems.................................... 213
Plumbing: Water and Sewage/Wastewater
Pipes.................................... 214
Metal Water and Wastewater
Pipes....................................................... 216
Plastic
Pipes..............................................................................................
217
Electricals.......................................................................................................
218
Conductor
Insulation...............................................................................
219
Conduit/Raceways...................................................................................
219
Heating, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning.............................................220
HVAC Thermal/Acoustical
Insulation.................................................. 221
Guilty by Association: Refrigerant Gases and Heating Fuels...........222
Refrigerant
Gases................................................................................222
Heating
Fuels.......................................................................................223
Condensate Water
Drains..................................................................
224
Summary........................................................................................................226
References......................................................................................................227
14. Thermal/Acoustical Insulation and Interior Wall/Ceiling
Materials........................................................................................................229
Thermal/Acoustical Building
Insulation..................................................230
Natural Fibers and Cellulose
Insulation...............................................230
Mineral
Insulation...................................................................................
232
Fiberglass
Insulation...............................................................................233
Spray and Rigid Panel Foam Building
Insulation...............................235
Interior Walls and
Ceilings.........................................................................236
Gypsum
Board.........................................................................................236
Cement
Board...........................................................................................238
Lime
Plaster...................................................................................................238
Magnesia
Wallboard................................................................................
239
Solid Wood and Composite Wood
Products........................................ 239
Mined/Quarried
Products......................................................................
240
Faux Stone and Stone Veneer
Products................................................. 241
Light Transmitting
Concrete..................................................................
241
Suspended Ceiling Tiles and
Panels..................................................... 242
Summary........................................................................................................
244
References......................................................................................................
245
15. Interior Finish-Out
Components..............................................................
247
Cabinets..........................................................................................................
247
Solid Wood and Veneered
Cabinets...................................................... 248
Stainless Steel and Other Metal
Cabinets............................................ 249
Synthetic Polymer
Cabinets....................................................................
249
Countertops...................................................................................................250
Natural Stone
Countertops.....................................................................250
Metal
Countertops...................................................................................
251
Ceramic and Porcelain Tile
Countertops.............................................. 251
Concrete
Countertops..............................................................................
251
Butcher Block
Countertops.....................................................................
251
Synthetic Polymer
Countertops.............................................................
251
Flooring
Materials........................................................................................253
Natural
Stone............................................................................................253
Wood
Flooring..........................................................................................254
Ceramic/Porcelain
Tiles..........................................................................
257
Carpeting..................................................................................................
257
Acrylic Fiber
Carpet............................................................................
259
Olefin Fiber
Carpets............................................................................260
Nylon
Carpets......................................................................................
261
Polyester
Carpets.................................................................................
262
Wool
Carpets.......................................................................................263
Carpet
Padding........................................................................................263
Resilient
Flooring.....................................................................................264
Linoleum..............................................................................................264
Cork
Flooring.......................................................................................264
Rubber
Flooring...................................................................................264
Vinyl
Flooring......................................................................................265
Terrazzo
Flooring................................................................................265
Trim, Molding, and
More............................................................................265
Summary........................................................................................................
267
References......................................................................................................268
16. Adhesives, Sealants, Surface Finishes, and
More................................. 271
Adhesives.......................................................................................................
271
Thermoplastic
Adhesives........................................................................
272
Polyvinyl Acetate
Adhesives............................................................. 272
Acrylic
Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................
xiii
Acknowledgments.................................................................................................xv
Author...................................................................................................................
xvii
Section I All Things Considered
1. Building Material Components: Old and New, Natural and
Synthetic............................................................................................................3
Natural Building
Products..............................................................................4
Asbestos.........................................................................................................5
Lead................................................................................................................7
Crystalline
Silica..........................................................................................8
Non-Emission
Toxins..................................................................................9
Plastics' Most
Notorious..................................................................................9
Formaldehyde.............................................................................................
10
Modern Building
Materials...........................................................................
11
Summary..........................................................................................................
12
References........................................................................................................
13
2. Product Emissions and Evolution of Indoor Air
Pollution................... 15
Evolution of Public
Awareness.....................................................................
16
Tainted Chinese
Drywall..........................................................................
18
Laminate
Flooring.....................................................................................20
The Wonderland of Product
Emissions....................................................... 21
The Green
Movement.....................................................................................22
The U.S. Green Building Council LEED
Program.................................22
The Standard for the Design of High-Performance, Green
Buildings: Except Low-Rise Residential
Buildings............................... 24
Summary..........................................................................................................25
References........................................................................................................27
3. Safety Data Sheets, Green Movement, and
More...................................29
Safety Data
Sheets...........................................................................................30
California Green Buildings Emissions Testing for
VOCs.........................33
Green Product Emissions Testing and Certification Programs...............36
U.S. EPA Toxic Substances Control Listings and Formaldehyde
Standards for Composite Wood
Products................................................... 41
Information and Interpretation
Limitations...............................................42
Environmental Movement Banishes Toxin Building Materials...............44
Summary..........................................................................................................48
References........................................................................................................50
Section II Polymers in Construction
4. Polymers in Our
World.................................................................................55
The World of
Polymers...................................................................................56
The Chemistry of
Polymers...........................................................................60
Polymerization of Synthetic
Polymers.................................................... 61
The Polymeric
Backbone...........................................................................
61
Thermoset Plastics versus
Thermoplastic.............................................. 62
Molecular Arrangement and Properties of Thermoplastic
Polymers...................................................................................................
62
Plasticizers and
Additives........................................................................63
Hazards of
Polymers......................................................................................63
Summary..........................................................................................................65
References........................................................................................................66
5. Plastics Commonly Found in Building
Materials.................................. 69
Thermoplastic
Polymers................................................................................
70
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene............................................................71
Polycarbonate..............................................................................................72
Polymethyl
Methacrylate..........................................................................72
Polyethylene................................................................................................73
Polypropylene.............................................................................................75
Polyvinyl
Chloride.....................................................................................75
Thermoset
Plastics..........................................................................................77
Urea
Formaldehyde...................................................................................77
Melamine
Formaldehyde..........................................................................79
Phenol
Formaldehyde................................................................................80
Resorcinol
Formaldehyde.........................................................................82
References........................................................................................................82
6. Polymeric
Foams............................................................................................85
Foremost in
Popularity..................................................................................86
Polyurethane
Foam....................................................................................86
Polyisocyanurate
Foam.............................................................................
87
Polystyrene
Foam.......................................................................................88
Minor
Contributors........................................................................................89
Polyvinyl Chloride
Foam..........................................................................90
Polyethylene
Foam.....................................................................................
91
Infamy Worthy of
Mention............................................................................
91
Urea Formaldehyde
Foam........................................................................92
Summary..........................................................................................................93
References........................................................................................................94
7. Elastomeric
Polymers....................................................................................95
Butyl
Rubber....................................................................................................96
Chlorosulfonated
Polyethylene.....................................................................97
Ethylene Polypropylene Diene Monomer
Rubber......................................99
Neoprene
Rubber..........................................................................................
100
Polyurea/Polyaspartic
Elastomer...............................................................
101
Silicone...........................................................................................................
102
Summary........................................................................................................
103
References......................................................................................................
103
8.
Plasticizers....................................................................................................
105
Most Prominent
Plasticizers.......................................................................
106
Phthalates..................................................................................................
106
Lesser
Plasticizers.........................................................................................
110
Trimellitates..............................................................................................
110
Adipates.....................................................................................................
111
Sebacates....................................................................................................
111
Maleates.....................................................................................................
112
Benzoates...................................................................................................
113
Chlorinated
Paraffins..............................................................................
113
Summary........................................................................................................
115
References......................................................................................................
115
9. Plastic
Additives..........................................................................................
117
Stabilizers.......................................................................................................
117
Antioxidants.............................................................................................
118
Ultraviolet Light
Stabilizers....................................................................
118
Heat
Stabilizers.........................................................................................
120
Flame
Retardants..........................................................................................122
Halogenated Flame
Retardants............................................................. 123
Inorganic Flame
Retardants...................................................................
125
Phosphorus-Based Flame
Retardants................................................... 126
Fillers..............................................................................................................
127
Foaming
Agents............................................................................................
128
Physical Foaming
Agents........................................................................
129
Chemical Foaming
Agents.....................................................................
129
Summary........................................................................................................
132
References......................................................................................................
133
Section III Building Materials by Function
10. Overview of Building Material
Components........................................ 137
Function versus
Type...................................................................................
137
Composition Gone
Wild..............................................................................
138
Toxins of
Old.............................................................................................
138
Polymers Run
Amuck..............................................................................
139
The Brew of Organic
Toxins...................................................................
140
Toxic Metals and
Metalloids...................................................................
142
Thermal Decomposition and
Combustion................................................ 143
Heating Up: Abundance of
Irritants/Toxins........................................ 143
Combustion Silent
Killers.......................................................................
144
Carcinogenic Combustion Products Associated with Fires.............. 145
Dioxins, Not to Be Confused with
Dioxane......................................... 147
The Ever Present
Asbestos......................................................................
148
Location of Building Material Emitters and the Effect of
Environmental
Conditions..........................................................................
148
Summary........................................................................................................
150
References......................................................................................................
151
11. Foundations, Framing, Sheathing, and Vapor
Barriers....................... 153
Foundation
Components.............................................................................
153
Timber
Piles..............................................................................................
155
Stone Foundation Building
Materials................................................... 156
Concrete
Foundations.............................................................................
156
Concrete and Steel Support
Piles........................................................... 158
Framing
Components...................................................................................
158
Wood
Framing..........................................................................................
158
Conventional
Lumber.........................................................................
159
Treated
Lumber...................................................................................
160
Engineered Lumber
Products........................................................... 170
Components, Emissions, and Heat Decomposition By-Products
of
Lumber..................................................................................................
172
Steel
Framing............................................................................................
173
Concrete Formed
Walls...........................................................................
174
Exterior Wall/Roof Sheathing and Structural Subflooring....................
175
Asphalt-Impregnated Fiberboard
Sheathing....................................... 175
Plywood Sheathing and Interior
Subflooring...................................... 176
OSB Sheathing and Interior
Subflooring.............................................. 177
Gypsum Board Exterior
Sheathing....................................................... 177
Cement Board Sheathing and Interior Subflooring............................
178
Vapor
Barriers................................................................................................
179
Asphalt-Saturated
Felt.............................................................................
181
Plastic Vapor
Barriers..............................................................................
181
Summary........................................................................................................
183
References......................................................................................................
183
12. Exterior Enclosure
Components...............................................................
185
Windows and
Doors.....................................................................................
185
Wood..........................................................................................................
186
Aluminum/Steel and
More....................................................................
188
Fiberglass...................................................................................................
188
Rigid
Vinyl................................................................................................
189
Hollow Core Door and Window Frame Treatments........................... 190
Glazing
Treatments..................................................................................
191
Roofing
Materials..........................................................................................
191
Asphalt
Shingles......................................................................................
192
Wood Shakes and
Shingles.....................................................................
192
Clay and Concrete
Tiles..........................................................................
193
Slate
Tiles...................................................................................................
194
Metal Sheets and
Panels..........................................................................
194
Built-Up
Roof............................................................................................
195
MB Roof
Membranes...............................................................................
197
Synthetic Roof
Membranes.....................................................................
198
Rubber
Membranes.............................................................................
198
Thermoplastic Polymer
Membranes................................................ 199
Exterior Wall
Cladding................................................................................
201
Siding and
Panels.....................................................................................
201
Metal.....................................................................................................
202
Wood.....................................................................................................
202
Fiber
Cement........................................................................................203
Hardboard............................................................................................203
Vinyl
Siding..........................................................................................204
Masonry
Products....................................................................................204
Natural
Stone.......................................................................................204
Brick.......................................................................................................206
Stucco....................................................................................................
207
Synthetic/Faux Walls (e.g.,
EIFS)........................................................... 207
Finishing
Touches.........................................................................................209
Summary........................................................................................................209
References......................................................................................................
211
13. Plumbing, Electrical, and Mechanical
Systems.................................... 213
Plumbing: Water and Sewage/Wastewater
Pipes.................................... 214
Metal Water and Wastewater
Pipes....................................................... 216
Plastic
Pipes..............................................................................................
217
Electricals.......................................................................................................
218
Conductor
Insulation...............................................................................
219
Conduit/Raceways...................................................................................
219
Heating, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning.............................................220
HVAC Thermal/Acoustical
Insulation.................................................. 221
Guilty by Association: Refrigerant Gases and Heating Fuels...........222
Refrigerant
Gases................................................................................222
Heating
Fuels.......................................................................................223
Condensate Water
Drains..................................................................
224
Summary........................................................................................................226
References......................................................................................................227
14. Thermal/Acoustical Insulation and Interior Wall/Ceiling
Materials........................................................................................................229
Thermal/Acoustical Building
Insulation..................................................230
Natural Fibers and Cellulose
Insulation...............................................230
Mineral
Insulation...................................................................................
232
Fiberglass
Insulation...............................................................................233
Spray and Rigid Panel Foam Building
Insulation...............................235
Interior Walls and
Ceilings.........................................................................236
Gypsum
Board.........................................................................................236
Cement
Board...........................................................................................238
Lime
Plaster...................................................................................................238
Magnesia
Wallboard................................................................................
239
Solid Wood and Composite Wood
Products........................................ 239
Mined/Quarried
Products......................................................................
240
Faux Stone and Stone Veneer
Products................................................. 241
Light Transmitting
Concrete..................................................................
241
Suspended Ceiling Tiles and
Panels..................................................... 242
Summary........................................................................................................
244
References......................................................................................................
245
15. Interior Finish-Out
Components..............................................................
247
Cabinets..........................................................................................................
247
Solid Wood and Veneered
Cabinets...................................................... 248
Stainless Steel and Other Metal
Cabinets............................................ 249
Synthetic Polymer
Cabinets....................................................................
249
Countertops...................................................................................................250
Natural Stone
Countertops.....................................................................250
Metal
Countertops...................................................................................
251
Ceramic and Porcelain Tile
Countertops.............................................. 251
Concrete
Countertops..............................................................................
251
Butcher Block
Countertops.....................................................................
251
Synthetic Polymer
Countertops.............................................................
251
Flooring
Materials........................................................................................253
Natural
Stone............................................................................................253
Wood
Flooring..........................................................................................254
Ceramic/Porcelain
Tiles..........................................................................
257
Carpeting..................................................................................................
257
Acrylic Fiber
Carpet............................................................................
259
Olefin Fiber
Carpets............................................................................260
Nylon
Carpets......................................................................................
261
Polyester
Carpets.................................................................................
262
Wool
Carpets.......................................................................................263
Carpet
Padding........................................................................................263
Resilient
Flooring.....................................................................................264
Linoleum..............................................................................................264
Cork
Flooring.......................................................................................264
Rubber
Flooring...................................................................................264
Vinyl
Flooring......................................................................................265
Terrazzo
Flooring................................................................................265
Trim, Molding, and
More............................................................................265
Summary........................................................................................................
267
References......................................................................................................268
16. Adhesives, Sealants, Surface Finishes, and
More................................. 271
Adhesives.......................................................................................................
271
Thermoplastic
Adhesives........................................................................
272
Polyvinyl Acetate
Adhesives............................................................. 272
Acrylic
Preface....................................................................................................................
xiii
Acknowledgments.................................................................................................xv
Author...................................................................................................................
xvii
Section I All Things Considered
1. Building Material Components: Old and New, Natural and
Synthetic............................................................................................................3
Natural Building
Products..............................................................................4
Asbestos.........................................................................................................5
Lead................................................................................................................7
Crystalline
Silica..........................................................................................8
Non-Emission
Toxins..................................................................................9
Plastics' Most
Notorious..................................................................................9
Formaldehyde.............................................................................................
10
Modern Building
Materials...........................................................................
11
Summary..........................................................................................................
12
References........................................................................................................
13
2. Product Emissions and Evolution of Indoor Air
Pollution................... 15
Evolution of Public
Awareness.....................................................................
16
Tainted Chinese
Drywall..........................................................................
18
Laminate
Flooring.....................................................................................20
The Wonderland of Product
Emissions....................................................... 21
The Green
Movement.....................................................................................22
The U.S. Green Building Council LEED
Program.................................22
The Standard for the Design of High-Performance, Green
Buildings: Except Low-Rise Residential
Buildings............................... 24
Summary..........................................................................................................25
References........................................................................................................27
3. Safety Data Sheets, Green Movement, and
More...................................29
Safety Data
Sheets...........................................................................................30
California Green Buildings Emissions Testing for
VOCs.........................33
Green Product Emissions Testing and Certification Programs...............36
U.S. EPA Toxic Substances Control Listings and Formaldehyde
Standards for Composite Wood
Products................................................... 41
Information and Interpretation
Limitations...............................................42
Environmental Movement Banishes Toxin Building Materials...............44
Summary..........................................................................................................48
References........................................................................................................50
Section II Polymers in Construction
4. Polymers in Our
World.................................................................................55
The World of
Polymers...................................................................................56
The Chemistry of
Polymers...........................................................................60
Polymerization of Synthetic
Polymers.................................................... 61
The Polymeric
Backbone...........................................................................
61
Thermoset Plastics versus
Thermoplastic.............................................. 62
Molecular Arrangement and Properties of Thermoplastic
Polymers...................................................................................................
62
Plasticizers and
Additives........................................................................63
Hazards of
Polymers......................................................................................63
Summary..........................................................................................................65
References........................................................................................................66
5. Plastics Commonly Found in Building
Materials.................................. 69
Thermoplastic
Polymers................................................................................
70
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene............................................................71
Polycarbonate..............................................................................................72
Polymethyl
Methacrylate..........................................................................72
Polyethylene................................................................................................73
Polypropylene.............................................................................................75
Polyvinyl
Chloride.....................................................................................75
Thermoset
Plastics..........................................................................................77
Urea
Formaldehyde...................................................................................77
Melamine
Formaldehyde..........................................................................79
Phenol
Formaldehyde................................................................................80
Resorcinol
Formaldehyde.........................................................................82
References........................................................................................................82
6. Polymeric
Foams............................................................................................85
Foremost in
Popularity..................................................................................86
Polyurethane
Foam....................................................................................86
Polyisocyanurate
Foam.............................................................................
87
Polystyrene
Foam.......................................................................................88
Minor
Contributors........................................................................................89
Polyvinyl Chloride
Foam..........................................................................90
Polyethylene
Foam.....................................................................................
91
Infamy Worthy of
Mention............................................................................
91
Urea Formaldehyde
Foam........................................................................92
Summary..........................................................................................................93
References........................................................................................................94
7. Elastomeric
Polymers....................................................................................95
Butyl
Rubber....................................................................................................96
Chlorosulfonated
Polyethylene.....................................................................97
Ethylene Polypropylene Diene Monomer
Rubber......................................99
Neoprene
Rubber..........................................................................................
100
Polyurea/Polyaspartic
Elastomer...............................................................
101
Silicone...........................................................................................................
102
Summary........................................................................................................
103
References......................................................................................................
103
8.
Plasticizers....................................................................................................
105
Most Prominent
Plasticizers.......................................................................
106
Phthalates..................................................................................................
106
Lesser
Plasticizers.........................................................................................
110
Trimellitates..............................................................................................
110
Adipates.....................................................................................................
111
Sebacates....................................................................................................
111
Maleates.....................................................................................................
112
Benzoates...................................................................................................
113
Chlorinated
Paraffins..............................................................................
113
Summary........................................................................................................
115
References......................................................................................................
115
9. Plastic
Additives..........................................................................................
117
Stabilizers.......................................................................................................
117
Antioxidants.............................................................................................
118
Ultraviolet Light
Stabilizers....................................................................
118
Heat
Stabilizers.........................................................................................
120
Flame
Retardants..........................................................................................122
Halogenated Flame
Retardants............................................................. 123
Inorganic Flame
Retardants...................................................................
125
Phosphorus-Based Flame
Retardants................................................... 126
Fillers..............................................................................................................
127
Foaming
Agents............................................................................................
128
Physical Foaming
Agents........................................................................
129
Chemical Foaming
Agents.....................................................................
129
Summary........................................................................................................
132
References......................................................................................................
133
Section III Building Materials by Function
10. Overview of Building Material
Components........................................ 137
Function versus
Type...................................................................................
137
Composition Gone
Wild..............................................................................
138
Toxins of
Old.............................................................................................
138
Polymers Run
Amuck..............................................................................
139
The Brew of Organic
Toxins...................................................................
140
Toxic Metals and
Metalloids...................................................................
142
Thermal Decomposition and
Combustion................................................ 143
Heating Up: Abundance of
Irritants/Toxins........................................ 143
Combustion Silent
Killers.......................................................................
144
Carcinogenic Combustion Products Associated with Fires.............. 145
Dioxins, Not to Be Confused with
Dioxane......................................... 147
The Ever Present
Asbestos......................................................................
148
Location of Building Material Emitters and the Effect of
Environmental
Conditions..........................................................................
148
Summary........................................................................................................
150
References......................................................................................................
151
11. Foundations, Framing, Sheathing, and Vapor
Barriers....................... 153
Foundation
Components.............................................................................
153
Timber
Piles..............................................................................................
155
Stone Foundation Building
Materials................................................... 156
Concrete
Foundations.............................................................................
156
Concrete and Steel Support
Piles........................................................... 158
Framing
Components...................................................................................
158
Wood
Framing..........................................................................................
158
Conventional
Lumber.........................................................................
159
Treated
Lumber...................................................................................
160
Engineered Lumber
Products........................................................... 170
Components, Emissions, and Heat Decomposition By-Products
of
Lumber..................................................................................................
172
Steel
Framing............................................................................................
173
Concrete Formed
Walls...........................................................................
174
Exterior Wall/Roof Sheathing and Structural Subflooring....................
175
Asphalt-Impregnated Fiberboard
Sheathing....................................... 175
Plywood Sheathing and Interior
Subflooring...................................... 176
OSB Sheathing and Interior
Subflooring.............................................. 177
Gypsum Board Exterior
Sheathing....................................................... 177
Cement Board Sheathing and Interior Subflooring............................
178
Vapor
Barriers................................................................................................
179
Asphalt-Saturated
Felt.............................................................................
181
Plastic Vapor
Barriers..............................................................................
181
Summary........................................................................................................
183
References......................................................................................................
183
12. Exterior Enclosure
Components...............................................................
185
Windows and
Doors.....................................................................................
185
Wood..........................................................................................................
186
Aluminum/Steel and
More....................................................................
188
Fiberglass...................................................................................................
188
Rigid
Vinyl................................................................................................
189
Hollow Core Door and Window Frame Treatments........................... 190
Glazing
Treatments..................................................................................
191
Roofing
Materials..........................................................................................
191
Asphalt
Shingles......................................................................................
192
Wood Shakes and
Shingles.....................................................................
192
Clay and Concrete
Tiles..........................................................................
193
Slate
Tiles...................................................................................................
194
Metal Sheets and
Panels..........................................................................
194
Built-Up
Roof............................................................................................
195
MB Roof
Membranes...............................................................................
197
Synthetic Roof
Membranes.....................................................................
198
Rubber
Membranes.............................................................................
198
Thermoplastic Polymer
Membranes................................................ 199
Exterior Wall
Cladding................................................................................
201
Siding and
Panels.....................................................................................
201
Metal.....................................................................................................
202
Wood.....................................................................................................
202
Fiber
Cement........................................................................................203
Hardboard............................................................................................203
Vinyl
Siding..........................................................................................204
Masonry
Products....................................................................................204
Natural
Stone.......................................................................................204
Brick.......................................................................................................206
Stucco....................................................................................................
207
Synthetic/Faux Walls (e.g.,
EIFS)........................................................... 207
Finishing
Touches.........................................................................................209
Summary........................................................................................................209
References......................................................................................................
211
13. Plumbing, Electrical, and Mechanical
Systems.................................... 213
Plumbing: Water and Sewage/Wastewater
Pipes.................................... 214
Metal Water and Wastewater
Pipes....................................................... 216
Plastic
Pipes..............................................................................................
217
Electricals.......................................................................................................
218
Conductor
Insulation...............................................................................
219
Conduit/Raceways...................................................................................
219
Heating, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning.............................................220
HVAC Thermal/Acoustical
Insulation.................................................. 221
Guilty by Association: Refrigerant Gases and Heating Fuels...........222
Refrigerant
Gases................................................................................222
Heating
Fuels.......................................................................................223
Condensate Water
Drains..................................................................
224
Summary........................................................................................................226
References......................................................................................................227
14. Thermal/Acoustical Insulation and Interior Wall/Ceiling
Materials........................................................................................................229
Thermal/Acoustical Building
Insulation..................................................230
Natural Fibers and Cellulose
Insulation...............................................230
Mineral
Insulation...................................................................................
232
Fiberglass
Insulation...............................................................................233
Spray and Rigid Panel Foam Building
Insulation...............................235
Interior Walls and
Ceilings.........................................................................236
Gypsum
Board.........................................................................................236
Cement
Board...........................................................................................238
Lime
Plaster...................................................................................................238
Magnesia
Wallboard................................................................................
239
Solid Wood and Composite Wood
Products........................................ 239
Mined/Quarried
Products......................................................................
240
Faux Stone and Stone Veneer
Products................................................. 241
Light Transmitting
Concrete..................................................................
241
Suspended Ceiling Tiles and
Panels..................................................... 242
Summary........................................................................................................
244
References......................................................................................................
245
15. Interior Finish-Out
Components..............................................................
247
Cabinets..........................................................................................................
247
Solid Wood and Veneered
Cabinets...................................................... 248
Stainless Steel and Other Metal
Cabinets............................................ 249
Synthetic Polymer
Cabinets....................................................................
249
Countertops...................................................................................................250
Natural Stone
Countertops.....................................................................250
Metal
Countertops...................................................................................
251
Ceramic and Porcelain Tile
Countertops.............................................. 251
Concrete
Countertops..............................................................................
251
Butcher Block
Countertops.....................................................................
251
Synthetic Polymer
Countertops.............................................................
251
Flooring
Materials........................................................................................253
Natural
Stone............................................................................................253
Wood
Flooring..........................................................................................254
Ceramic/Porcelain
Tiles..........................................................................
257
Carpeting..................................................................................................
257
Acrylic Fiber
Carpet............................................................................
259
Olefin Fiber
Carpets............................................................................260
Nylon
Carpets......................................................................................
261
Polyester
Carpets.................................................................................
262
Wool
Carpets.......................................................................................263
Carpet
Padding........................................................................................263
Resilient
Flooring.....................................................................................264
Linoleum..............................................................................................264
Cork
Flooring.......................................................................................264
Rubber
Flooring...................................................................................264
Vinyl
Flooring......................................................................................265
Terrazzo
Flooring................................................................................265
Trim, Molding, and
More............................................................................265
Summary........................................................................................................
267
References......................................................................................................268
16. Adhesives, Sealants, Surface Finishes, and
More................................. 271
Adhesives.......................................................................................................
271
Thermoplastic
Adhesives........................................................................
272
Polyvinyl Acetate
Adhesives............................................................. 272
Acrylic