Biomedical Imaging

Principles and Applications
Ed. by Reiner Salzer

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

This book presents and describes imaging technologies that can be used to study chemical processes and structural interactions in dynamic systems, principally in biomedical systems. The imaging technologies, largely biomedical imaging technologies such as MRT, Fluorescence mapping, raman mapping, nanoESCA, and CARS microscopy, have been selected according to their application range and to the chemical information content of their data. These technologies allow for the analysis and evaluation of delicate biological samples, which must not be disturbed during the profess. Ultimately, this may mean fewer animal lab tests and clinical trials.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• Artikelnr. des Verlages: 14564847000
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 448
• Erscheinungstermin: 22. Mai 2012
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 240mm x 161mm x 28mm
• Gewicht: 877g
• ISBN-13: 9780470648476
• ISBN-10: 0470648473
• Artikelnr.: 31187658

Autorenporträt

REINER SALZER, PHD, is a professor at the Institute for Analytical Chemistry at Technische Universität in Dresden, Germany.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xv Contributors xvii 1 Evaluation of Spectroscopic Images 1 Patrick W.T. Krooshof
Geert J. Postma
Willem J. Melssen
and Lutgarde M.C. Buydens 1.1 Introduction
1 1.2 Data Analysis
2 1.2.1 Similarity Measures
3 1.2.2 Unsupervised Pattern Recognition
4 1.2.3 Supervised Pattern Recognition
9 1.3 Applications
11 1.3.1 Brain Tumor Diagnosis
11 1.3.2 MRS Data Processing
12 1.3.3 MRI Data Processing
14 1.3.4 Combining MRI and MRS Data
16 1.3.5 Probability of Class Memberships
17 1.3.6 Class Membership of Individual Voxels
18 1.3.7 Classification of Individual Voxels
20 1.3.8 Clustering into Segments
22 1.3.9 Classification of Segments
23 1.3.10 Future Directions
24 References
25 2 Evaluation of Tomographic Data 30 Jörg van den Hoff 2.1 Introduction
30 2.2 Image Reconstruction
33 2.3 Image Data Representation: Pixel Size and Image Resolution
34 2.4 Consequences of Limited Spatial Resolution
39 2.5 Tomographic Data Evaluation: Tasks
46 2.5.1 Software Tools
46 2.5.2 Data Access
47 2.5.3 Image Processing
47 2.5.4 Visualization
52 2.5.5 Dynamic Tomographic Data
56 2.6 Summary
61 References
61 3 X-Ray Imaging 63 Volker Hietschold 3.1 Basics
63 3.1.1 History
63 3.1.2 Basic Physics
64 3.2 Instrumentation
66 3.2.1 Components
66 3.3 Clinical Applications
76 3.3.1 Diagnostic Devices
76 3.3.2 High Voltage and Image Quality
85 3.3.3 Tomography/Tomosynthesis
87 3.3.4 Dual Energy Imaging
87 3.3.5 Computer Applications
88 3.3.6 Interventional Radiology
92 3.4 Radiation Exposure to Patients and Employees
92 References
95 4 Computed Tomography 97 Stefan Ulzheimer and Thomas Flohr 4.1 Basics
97 4.1.1 History
97 4.1.2 Basic Physics and Image Reconstruction
100 4.2 Instrumentation
102 4.2.1 Gantry
102 4.2.2 X-ray Tube and Generator
103 4.2.3 MDCT Detector Design and Slice Collimation
103 4.2.4 Data Rates and Data Transmission
107 4.2.5 Dual Source CT
107 4.3 Measurement Techniques
109 4.3.1 MDCT Sequential (Axial) Scanning
109 4.3.2 MDCT Spiral (Helical) Scanning
109 4.3.3 ECG-Triggered and ECG-Gated Cardiovascular CT
115 4.4 Applications
119 4.4.1 Clinical Applications of Computed Tomography
119 4.4.2 Radiation Dose in Typical Clinical Applications and Methods for Dose Reduction
122 4.5 Outlook
125 References
127 5 Magnetic Resonance Technology 131 Boguslaw Tomanek and Jonathan C. Sharp 5.1 Introduction
131 5.2 Magnetic Nuclei Spin in a Magnetic Field
133 5.2.1 A Pulsed rf Field Resonates with Magnetized Nuclei
135 5.2.2 The MR Signal
137 5.2.3 Spin Interactions Have Characteristic Relaxation Times
138 5.3 Image Creation
139 5.3.1 Slice Selection
139 5.3.2 The Signal Comes Back--The Spin Echo
142 5.3.3 Gradient Echo
143 5.4 Image Reconstruction
145 5.4.1 Sequence Parameters
146 5.5 Image Resolution
148 5.6 Noise in the Image--SNR
149 5.7 Image Weighting and Pulse Sequence Parameters TE and TR
150 5.7.1 T2-Weighted Imaging
150 5.7.2 T * 2 -Weighted Imaging
151 5.7.3 Proton-Density-Weighted Imaging
152 5.7.4 T1-Weighted Imaging
152 5.8 A Menagerie of Pulse Sequences
152 5.8.1 EPI
154 5.8.2 FSE
154 5.8.3 Inversion-Recovery
155 5.8.4 DWI
156 5.8.5 MRA
158 5.8.6 Perfusion
159 5.9 Enhanced Diagnostic Capabilities of MRI--Contrast Agents
159 5.10 Molecular MRI
159 5.11 Reading the Mind--Functional MRI
160 5.12 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
161 5.12.1 Single Voxel Spectroscopy
163 5.12.2 Spectroscopic Imaging
163 5.13 MR Hardware
164 5.13.1 Magnets
164 5.13.2 Shimming
167 5.13.3 Rf Shielding
168 5.13.4 Gradient System
168 5.13.5 MR Electronics--The Console
169 5.13.6 Rf Coils
170 5.14 MRI Safety
171 5.14.1 Magnet Safety
171 5.14.2 Gradient Safety
173 5.15 Imaging Artefacts in MRI
173 5.15.1 High Field Effects
174 5.16 Advanced MR Technology and Its Possible Future
175 References
175 6 Toward A 3D View of Cellular Architecture: Correlative Light Microscopy and Electron Tomography 180 Jack A. Valentijn
Linda F. van Driel
Karen A. Jansen
Karine M. Valentijn
and Abraham J. Koster 6.1 Introduction
180 6.2 Historical Perspective
181 6.3 Stains for CLEM
182 6.4 Probes for CLEM
183 6.4.1 Probes to Detect Exogenous Proteins
183 6.4.2 Probes to Detect Endogenous Proteins
188 6.4.3 Probes to Detect Nonproteinaceous Molecules
192 6.5 CLEM Applications
193 6.5.1 Diagnostic Electron Microscopy
193 6.5.2 Ultrastructural Neuroanatomy
194 6.5.3 Live-Cell Imaging
196 6.5.4 Electron Tomography
197 6.5.5 Cryoelectron Microscopy
198 6.5.6 Immuno Electron Microscopy
201 6.6 Future Perspective
202 References
205 7 Tracer Imaging 215 Rainer Hinz 7.1 Introduction
215 7.2 Instrumentation
216 7.2.1 Radioisotope Production
216 7.2.2 Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy
219 7.2.3 Imaging Devices
220 7.2.4 Peripheral Detectors and Bioanalysis
225 7.3 Measurement Techniques
228 7.3.1 Tomographic Image Reconstruction
228 7.3.2 Quantification Methods
229 7.4 Applications
234 7.4.1 Neuroscience
234 7.4.2 Cardiology
240 7.4.3 Oncology
240 7.4.4 Molecular Imaging for Research in Drug Development
243 7.4.5 Small Animal Imaging
244 References
244 8 Fluorescence Imaging 248 Nikolaos C. Deliolanis
Christian P. Schultz
and Vasilis Ntziachristos 8.1 Introduction
248 8.2 Contrast Mechanisms
249 8.2.1 Endogenous Contrast
249 8.2.2 Exogenous Contrast
251 8.3 Direct Methods: Fluorescent Probes
251 8.4 Indirect Methods: Fluorescent Proteins
252 8.5 Microscopy
253 8.5.1 Optical Microscopy
253 8.5.2 Fluorescence Microscopy
254 8.6 Macroscopic Imaging/Tomography
260 8.7 Planar Imaging
260 8.8 Tomography
262 8.8.1 Diffuse Optical Tomography
266 8.8.2 Fluorescence Tomography
266 8.9 Conclusion
267 References
268 9 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Imaging 275 Gerald Steiner 9.1 Introduction
275 9.2 Instrumentation
278 9.2.1 Infrared Imaging
278 9.2.2 Near-Infrared Imaging
281 9.3 Raman Imaging
282 9.4 Sampling Techniques
283 9.5 Data Analysis and Image Evaluation
285 9.5.1 Data Preprocessing
287 9.5.2 Feature Selection
287 9.5.3 Spectral Classification
288 9.5.4 Image Processing Including Pattern Recognition
292 9.6 Applications
292 9.6.1 Single Cells
292 9.6.2 Tissue Sections
292 9.6.3 Diagnosis of Hemodynamics
300 References
301 10 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy 304 Annika Enejder
Christoph Heinrich
Christian Brackmann
Stefan Bernet
and Monika Ritsch-Marte 10.1 Basics
304 10.1.1 Introduction
304 10.2 Theory
306 10.3 CARS Microscopy in Practice
309 10.4 Instrumentation
310 10.5 Laser Sources
311 10.6 Data Acquisition
314 10.7 Measurement Techniques
316 10.7.1 Excitation Geometry
316 10.7.2 Detection Geometry
318 10.7.3 Time-Resolved Detection
319 10.7.4 Phase-Sensitive Detection
319 10.7.5 Amplitude-Modulated Detection
320 10.8 Applications
320 10.8.1 Imaging of Biological Membranes
321 10.8.2 Studies of Functional Nutrients
321 10.8.3 Lipid Dynamics and Metabolism in Living Cells and Organisms
322 10.8.4 Cell Hydrodynamics
324 10.8.5 Tumor Cells
325 10.8.6 Tissue Imaging
325 10.8.7 Imaging of Proteins and DNA
326 10.9 Conclusions
326 References
327 11 Biomedical Sonography 331 Georg Schmitz 11.1 Basic Principles
331 11.1.1 Introduction
331 11.1.2 Ultrasonic Wave Propagation in Biological Tissues
332 11.1.3 Diffraction and Radiation of Sound
333 11.1.4 Acoustic Scattering
337 11.1.5 Acoustic Losses
338 11.1.6 Doppler Effect
339 11.1.7 Nonlinear Wave Propagation
339 11.1.8 Biological Effects of Ultrasound
340 11.2 Instrumentation of Real-Time Ultrasound Imaging
341 11.2.1 Pulse-Echo Imaging Principle
341 11.2.2 Ultrasonic Transducers
342 11.2.3 Beamforming
344 11.3 Measurement Techniques of Real-Time Ultrasound Imaging
347 11.3.1 Doppler Measurement Techniques
347 11.3.2 Ultrasound Contrast Agents and Nonlinear Imaging
353 11.4 Application Examples of Biomedical Sonography
359 11.4.1 B-Mode
M-Mode
and 3D Imaging
359 11.4.2 Flow and Perfusion Imaging
362 References
365 12 Acoustic Microscopy for Biomedical Applications 368 Jürgen Bereiter-Hahn 12.1 Sound Waves and Basics of Acoustic Microscopy
368 12.1.1 Propagation of Sound Waves
369 12.1.2 Main Applications of Acoustic Microscopy
371 12.1.3 Parameters to Be Determined and General Introduction into Microscopy with Ultrasound
371 12.2 Types of Acoustic Microscopy
372 12.2.1 Scanning Laser Acoustic Microscope (LSAM)
373 12.2.2 Pulse-Echo Mode: Reflection-Based Acoustic Microscopy
373 12.3 Biomedical Applications of Acoustic Microscopy
391 12.3.1 Influence of Fixation on Acoustic Parameters of Cells and Tissues
391 12.3.2 Acoustic Microscopy of Cells in Culture
392 12.3.3 Technical Requirements
393 12.3.4 What Is Revealed by SAM: Interpretation of SAM Images
394 12.3.5 Conclusions
401 12.4 Examples of Tissue Investigations using SAM
403 12.4.1 Hard Tissues
404 12.4.2 Cardiovascular Tissues
405 12.4.3 Other Soft Tissues
406 References
406 Index 415

Rezensionen

"This would be highly beneficial to scientists and engineers seeking careers in biomedical imaging." (Journal
of Biomedical Optics, 1 December 2012)

"The text is expertly integrated with high-quality figures and includes an index. This book is suitable for researchers and engineers in a variety of disciplines. I highly recommend it as a comprehensive introduction to nanofabrication techniques." (Optics & Photonics News, 1 October 2012)