In diesem Buch werden die derzeit verfügbaren Produktionstechnologien von Bioenergie vorgestellt und bewertet, und zwar für Bioethanol, Biobutanol, Biomethanol, Bioöl, Biowasserstoff, Biogas und Biomethan. Die neuesten Technologieentwicklungen und ihre kommerzielle Umsetzbarkeit werden analysiert. Darüber hinaus beschreiben die Autoren die derzeitigen Rückschritte, diesbezügliche Korrekturmöglichkeiten, die Zeitspanne für Verbesserungen und die maximal anzunehmenden Auswirkungen auf die Markteinführung verschiedener Bioenergie-Optionen. In jedem Kapitel werden vergleichende Strategien für…mehr
In diesem Buch werden die derzeit verfügbaren Produktionstechnologien von Bioenergie vorgestellt und bewertet, und zwar für Bioethanol, Biobutanol, Biomethanol, Bioöl, Biowasserstoff, Biogas und Biomethan. Die neuesten Technologieentwicklungen und ihre kommerzielle Umsetzbarkeit werden analysiert. Darüber hinaus beschreiben die Autoren die derzeitigen Rückschritte, diesbezügliche Korrekturmöglichkeiten, die Zeitspanne für Verbesserungen und die maximal anzunehmenden Auswirkungen auf die Markteinführung verschiedener Bioenergie-Optionen. In jedem Kapitel werden vergleichende Strategien für verschiedene Biokraftstofftechnologien vorgestellt, aktuelle Herausforderungen und nachhaltige Lösungen diskutiert, und am Ende des Buches präsentieren die Herausgeber eine vergleichende Bewertung.
Neha Srivastava is a Research Scientist in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Varanasi, India. Manish Srivastava is a SERB-Research Scientist in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Varanasi, India.
Inhaltsangabe
List of Contributors xiii
Foreword xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Biofuels Production Technologies: Recent Advancement xxi
1 Role of Enzymes in Biofuel Production 1 Ashok Kumar Yadav, Surabhi Pandey, Abhishek Dutt Tripathi and Veena Paul
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Biofuel Classification 2
1.3 Enzymes Role in Biofuels 3
1.4 Enzymatic Reaction 4
1.5 Enzyme Recovery and Reuse 4
1.6 Enzyme Immobilization 4
1.6.1 Adsorption on Physical Surface: Physical Adsorption 5
1.6.2 Ionic Bonding 5
1.6.3 Entanglement or Envelopment 6
1.6.4 Cross-Linkage 6
1.7 Unique Techniques of Enzyme Immobilization 6
1.8 Application of Various Enzymes in Biofuel Production 6
1.8.1 Amylases 6
1.8.2 Proteases 7
1.8.3 Dehydrogenases 7
1.8.4 Lipase 8
1.9 Biofuel Production Process 8
1.9.1 Bioethanol 8
1.9.2 Biohydrogen 11
1.9.3 Biomethane 11
1.9.4 Biodiesel 12
1.10 Production of Biodiesel by Enzymatic Catalysis 14
1.10.1 Batch Method 15
1.10.2 Continuous Stirred-Tank Method 15
1.10.3 Packed-Bed Columns 15
1.11 Future Prospects 16
1.12 Conclusion 16
References 17
2 Microbial Technology for Biofuel Production 19 Spriha Raven, Sashita Bindu Ekka, Stephen Edward Chattree, Shivani Smita Sadanand, Lipi Rina and Archana Tiwari
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Microbial Biofuel 20
2.3 Microbial Pathway for Biofuel Production 21
2.3.1 Sugar Conversion to Alcohols/Glycolytic Pathway 21
2.3.2 Butanol Synthetic Pathway/ABE Pathway 21
2.3.3 2-Keto Acid Pathways for Alcohols 22
2.3.4 2-Keto Acid Pathway for Iso-Butanol 22
2.3.5 Protein into Alcohol 22
2.4 Algal Biofuel Production 22
2.4.1 Microalgal Cultivation 23
2.4.2 Microalgae Harvesting 25
2.4.3 Conversion Techniques for Algal Biofuel Production 25
2.4.3.1 Thermochemical Conversion 25
2.4.3.2 Biochemical Conversion 27
2.4.3.3 Transesterification (or Chemical Conversion) 28
2.4.3.4 Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cell 28
2.5 Bioethanol 28
2.6 Biodiesel 29
2.6.1 Stages of Biodiesel Production 31
2.6.1.1 Cultivation 31
2.6.1.2 Harvesting/Dewatering 32
2.6.1.3 Oil Extraction 32
2.6.1.4 Conversion 33
2.7 Biohydrogen 33
2.7.1 Stages of Biohydrogen Production 34
2.7.1.1 Biophotolysis 34
2.7.1.2 Photo Fermentation 36
2.7.1.3 Dark Fermentation 36
2.7.1.4 Two-Step Process (a Combination of Photo and Dark Fermentation) 37
2.8 Applications of Biofuel Production 38
2.8.1 In Aviation 39
2.8.2 Maritime Industry 39
2.8.3 Heat 39
2.8.4 Backup Systems 39
2.8.5 Cleaning Oil Spills 39
2.8.6 Microalgae Applications 39
2.9 Conclusion 40
References 40
3 Biohydrogen Production from Cellulosic Waste Biomass 47 Enosh Phillips
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 History of Hydrogen Fuel 48
3.3 Biohydrogen Fuel Cell 48
3.4 Cellulosic Biohydrogen Production from Waste Biomass 50
3.4.1 Biohydrogen Production from Wheat Straw and Wheat Bran 51
3.4.2 Biohydrogen Production from Corn Stalk 54
3.4.3 Biohydrogen from Rice Straw and Rice Bran 55
Biofuels Production Technologies: Recent Advancement xxi
1 Role of Enzymes in Biofuel Production 1 Ashok Kumar Yadav, Surabhi Pandey, Abhishek Dutt Tripathi and Veena Paul
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Biofuel Classification 2
1.3 Enzymes Role in Biofuels 3
1.4 Enzymatic Reaction 4
1.5 Enzyme Recovery and Reuse 4
1.6 Enzyme Immobilization 4
1.6.1 Adsorption on Physical Surface: Physical Adsorption 5
1.6.2 Ionic Bonding 5
1.6.3 Entanglement or Envelopment 6
1.6.4 Cross-Linkage 6
1.7 Unique Techniques of Enzyme Immobilization 6
1.8 Application of Various Enzymes in Biofuel Production 6
1.8.1 Amylases 6
1.8.2 Proteases 7
1.8.3 Dehydrogenases 7
1.8.4 Lipase 8
1.9 Biofuel Production Process 8
1.9.1 Bioethanol 8
1.9.2 Biohydrogen 11
1.9.3 Biomethane 11
1.9.4 Biodiesel 12
1.10 Production of Biodiesel by Enzymatic Catalysis 14
1.10.1 Batch Method 15
1.10.2 Continuous Stirred-Tank Method 15
1.10.3 Packed-Bed Columns 15
1.11 Future Prospects 16
1.12 Conclusion 16
References 17
2 Microbial Technology for Biofuel Production 19 Spriha Raven, Sashita Bindu Ekka, Stephen Edward Chattree, Shivani Smita Sadanand, Lipi Rina and Archana Tiwari
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Microbial Biofuel 20
2.3 Microbial Pathway for Biofuel Production 21
2.3.1 Sugar Conversion to Alcohols/Glycolytic Pathway 21
2.3.2 Butanol Synthetic Pathway/ABE Pathway 21
2.3.3 2-Keto Acid Pathways for Alcohols 22
2.3.4 2-Keto Acid Pathway for Iso-Butanol 22
2.3.5 Protein into Alcohol 22
2.4 Algal Biofuel Production 22
2.4.1 Microalgal Cultivation 23
2.4.2 Microalgae Harvesting 25
2.4.3 Conversion Techniques for Algal Biofuel Production 25
2.4.3.1 Thermochemical Conversion 25
2.4.3.2 Biochemical Conversion 27
2.4.3.3 Transesterification (or Chemical Conversion) 28
2.4.3.4 Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cell 28
2.5 Bioethanol 28
2.6 Biodiesel 29
2.6.1 Stages of Biodiesel Production 31
2.6.1.1 Cultivation 31
2.6.1.2 Harvesting/Dewatering 32
2.6.1.3 Oil Extraction 32
2.6.1.4 Conversion 33
2.7 Biohydrogen 33
2.7.1 Stages of Biohydrogen Production 34
2.7.1.1 Biophotolysis 34
2.7.1.2 Photo Fermentation 36
2.7.1.3 Dark Fermentation 36
2.7.1.4 Two-Step Process (a Combination of Photo and Dark Fermentation) 37
2.8 Applications of Biofuel Production 38
2.8.1 In Aviation 39
2.8.2 Maritime Industry 39
2.8.3 Heat 39
2.8.4 Backup Systems 39
2.8.5 Cleaning Oil Spills 39
2.8.6 Microalgae Applications 39
2.9 Conclusion 40
References 40
3 Biohydrogen Production from Cellulosic Waste Biomass 47 Enosh Phillips
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 History of Hydrogen Fuel 48
3.3 Biohydrogen Fuel Cell 48
3.4 Cellulosic Biohydrogen Production from Waste Biomass 50
3.4.1 Biohydrogen Production from Wheat Straw and Wheat Bran 51
3.4.2 Biohydrogen Production from Corn Stalk 54
3.4.3 Biohydrogen from Rice Straw and Rice Bran 55
3.4.4 Biohydrogen Production from Food Waste 57
3.4.5 Biohydrogen from Bagasse 58
3.4.6
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