Biodegradable Green Composites

Herausgeber: Kalia, Susheel

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

This book comprehensively addresses surface modification of natural fibers to make them more effective, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly. Topics include the elucidation of important aspects surrounding chemical and green approaches for the surface modification of natural fibers, the use of recycled waste, properties of biodegradable polyesters, methods such as electrospinning, and applications of hybrid composite materials.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons / Wiley
• Seitenzahl: 368
• Erscheinungstermin: 29. Februar 2016
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 236mm x 157mm x 28mm
• Gewicht: 762g
• ISBN-13: 9781118911099
• ISBN-10: 1118911091
• Artikelnr.: 42833600

Autorenporträt

Susheel Kalia is Researcher in Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering at University of Bologna, Italy. Kalia's research is in the field of biocomposites, nanocomposites, conducting polymers, cellulose nanofibers, inorganic nanoparticles, hybrid materials, hydrogels and cryogenics. The author of many international papers, articles and chapters, he has published many review articles on polymeric composites based on natural fibers. Kalia's editorial activities include work as a reviewer and memberships of editorial boards for various international journals. He is also a member of a number of professional organizations, including the Asian Polymer Association, Indian Cryogenics Council, the Society for Polymer Science, Indian Society of Analytical Scientists, and the International Association of Advanced Materials.

Inhaltsangabe

Contributors xii Preface xiv 1 Biodegradable Green Composites 1 Sreerag
Gopi, Anitha Pius, and Sabu Thomas 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Biodegradable
Polymers 2 1.2.1 Starch 2 1.2.2 Cellulose 4 1.2.3 Chitin and Chitosan 4
1.2.4 Proteins 5 1.3 Nanofillers for Composites 5 1.3.1 Cellulose-Based
Nanofillers 5 1.3.2 Carbon Nanotube 7 1.3.3 Clay 7 1.3.4 Functional Fillers
7 1.4 Nanocomposites from Renewable Resources 8 1.4.1 Cellulose
Nanocomposites 9 1.4.2 CNT Nanocomposites 9 1.4.3 Clay Nanocomposites 10
1.4.4 Functional Nanocomposites 10 1.5 Processing of Green Composites 10
1.6 Applications 11 1.6.1 Packaging 11 1.6.2 Electronics, Sensor, and
Energy Applications 11 1.6.3 Medicinal Applications 12 1.7 Conclusion 12
References 12 2 Surface Modification of Natural Fibers Using Plasma
Treatment 18 Danmei Sun 2.1 Introduction 19 2.1.1 Natural Fiber Materials
and their Properties 19 2.1.2 Conventional Modification Methods and
Drawbacks 19 2.1.3 Plasma Environment and the Advantages of Plasma Surface
Modification 20 2.2 Mechanisms of Plasma Treatment and Types of Plasma
Machines 21 2.2.1 Principle of Plasma Surface Modification 21 2.2.2
Interactive Mechanisms between Plasma and Substrates 22 2.2.3 Types of
Plasma Treatment Systems 24 2.3 Effects and Applications of Plasma
Treatment 27 2.3.1 Surface Morphology and Chemical Composition Change 27
2.3.2 Improved Hydrophilicity and Efficiency in Aqueous Processes 28 2.3.3
Improved Hydrophobicity 31 2.3.4 Mechanical Properties Affected by Plasma
Treatment 33 2.3.5 Medical Applications of Plasma Treatment 34 2.3.6
Plasma-Modified Fibers in Polymer Composites 34 2.3.7 Other Areas of
Applications 35 2.4 Conclusions and Industrial Implications 35 References
35 3 Reinforcing Potential of Enzymatically Modified Natural Fibers 40
Levent Onal and Yekta Karaduman 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Enzymes 42 3.2.1 A
Brief History 42 3.2.2 Classification and Nomenclature 43 3.2.3 Enzyme
Structure 43 3.2.4 Enzymatic Catalysis 44 3.3 Natural Fibers as Enzyme
Substrates 45 3.3.1 Physical Properties of Lignocellulosic Fibers 46 3.3.2
Chemical Properties and Composition of Lignocellulosic Fibers 47 3.3.2.1
Cellulose 47 3.3.2.2 Hemicellulose 49 3.3.2.3 Lignin 49 3.3.2.4 Pectin 50
3.3.2.5 Other Aromatic Compounds 51 3.3.2.6 Fats, Waxes, and Lipids 51 3.4
Types of Enzymes Used in Natural Fiber Modification 51 3.4.1 Cellulases 51
3.4.2 Xylanases 52 3.4.3 Pectinases 53 3.4.4 Laccases 53 3.5 Effect of
Enzymatic Treatment on the Structure and Properties of Natural Fibers 54
3.6 Polymer Composites Reinforced with Enzymatically Modified Natural
Fibers 62 3.7 Enzyme-Assisted Biografting Methods 69 3.8 Conclusions 73
References 74 4 Recent Developments in Surface Modification of Natural
Fibers for their use in Biocomposites 80 Jaspreet Kaur Bhatia, Balbir Singh
Kaith, and Susheel Kalia 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Biocomposites 82 4.2.1
Classification: Biomass Derived and Petroleum-Derived Matrix 83 4.2.2
Advantage over Traditional Composites 86 4.3 Natural Fiber: Structure and
Composition 86 4.4 Surface Modification of Natural Fibers 89 4.4.1
Silylation, Esterification, and other Surface Chemical Modifications 89
4.4.2 Noncovalent Surface Chemical Modifications 93 4.4.3 Cationization 95
4.4.4 Polymer Grafting 95 4.4.5 TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation 98 4.4.6 Green
Modification 100 4.5 Biocomposites: Recent Trends and Opportunities for the
Future 100 4.6 Biodegradability of Biocomposites 101 4.7 Conclusions 103
References 105 5 Nanocellulose-Based Green Nanocomposite Materials 118 Qi
Zhou and Núria Butchosa 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Nanocellulose 119 5.2.1
Cellulose Nanocrystals 120 5.2.2 Cellulose Nanofibrils 120 5.2.3 Bacterial
Cellulose 122 5.3 Composite Matrices 122 5.3.1 Cellulose and Cellulose
Derivatives 122 5.3.2 Hemicelluloses and other Polysaccharides 123 5.3.3
Starch 124 5.3.4 Chitin and Chitosan 125 5.3.5 Proteins 126 5.3.6
Polylactic Acid and Poly(epsilon-Caprolactone) 127 5.3.7 Inorganic
Nanoparticles 128 5.4 Composite Properties 129 5.4.1 Thermal and Mechanical
Properties 129 5.4.2 Barrier Properties 130 5.4.3 Antimicrobial Properties
133 5.4.4 Optical Properties 134 5.5 Conclusions 136 References 137 6
Poly(Lactic Acid) Hybrid Green Composites 149 Mahbub Hasan, Azman Hassan,
and Zainoha Zakaria 6.1 Introduction 150 6.2 Manufacturing Techniques of
PLA Hybrid Green Composites 151 6.2.1 Melt Mixing/Blending 151 6.2.2
Extrusion/Injection Molding 153 6.2.3 Other Techniques 155 6.3 Properties
of PLA Hybrid Green Composites 156 6.3.1 Mechanical Properties 156 6.3.1.1
Tensile Properties 156 6.3.1.2 Flexural Properties 157 6.3.1.3 Impact
Strength 158 6.3.2 Dynamic Mechanical Properties 158 6.3.3 Thermal
Properties 160 6.3.3.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis 160 6.3.3.2 Differential
Scanning Calorimetry 162 6.3.4 Surface Morphology 162 6.3.5 Electrical
Properties 163 6.4 Applications of PLA Hybrid Green Composites 164 6.5
Conclusions 164 References 164 7 Lignin/Nanolignin and their Biodegradable
Composites 167 Anupama Rangan, M.V. Manjula, K.G. Satyanarayana, and Reghu
Menon 7.1 Introduction 168 7.1.1 Renewable Bioresources-Sustainability and
Biodegradability Issues 168 7.1.2 Nanotechnology and Application of
Nanotechnology (Specifically for Cellulose and Lignin) 170 7.2 Lignin 170
7.2.1 Structure, Chemical Nature, Complexity, and Linkage Heterogeneity 170
7.2.2 Types, Structure, Properties, and Uses of Modified/Processed Lignin
172 7.2.2.1 Kraft Lignin 173 7.2.2.2 Soda Lignin 173 7.2.2.3
Lignosulfonates 173 7.2.2.4 Organosolv Lignin 175 7.2.2.5 Hydrolysis Lignin
175 7.3 Nanolignin and Methods of Preparation of Nanolignin 175 7.3.1
Precipitation Method 175 7.3.2 Chemical Modification Method 178 7.3.3
Electrospinning Followed by Surface Modification 178 7.3.4 Freeze Drying
Followed by Thermal Stabilization and Carbonization 179 7.3.5 Supercritical
Antisolvent Technology 179 7.3.6 Chemomechanical Methods 180 7.3.7
Nanolignin by Self-Assembly 181 7.3.8 Template-Mediated Synthesis of
Lignin-based Nanotubes and Nanowires 181 7.4 Characterization of Lignin
Nanoparticles 183 7.4.1 Microscopy 183 7.4.2 Thermal Analysis 185 7.4.3
X-Ray Diffraction 186 7.4.4 Other Methods 186 7.5 Lignin
Composites/Nanolignin-Based "Green" Composites 186 7.5.1 Lignin-based
Thermoplastic Polymer Composites 186 7.5.2 Rubber-based Lignin Composites
187 7.5.3 Lignin-reinforced Biodegradable Composites 187 7.5.4
Lignin-reinforced Foam-based Composites 188 7.5.5 Lignin-based Composite
Coatings 188 7.5.6 Synthesis of Lignin-PLA Copolymer Composites 190 7.5.7
Nanolignin-based "Green" Composites 190 7.6 Potential Applications of
Lignin/Nanolignin 190 7.7 Perspectives and Concluding Remarks 191
Acknowledgments 192 References 192 Web Site References 198 8 Starch-Based
"Green" Composites 199 K.G. Satyanarayana and V.S. Prasad 8.1 Introduction
200 8.1.1 Starch 200 8.1.1.1 Thermoplastic Starch 202 8.1.1.2 Starch
Nanocrystals 203 8.1.1.3 Structure and Properties of Starch/TPS 207 8.2
Starch-Based Composites 215 8.2.1 Processing Techniques/Methods 215 8.2.1.1
Processing of Starch-based Microcomposites 215 8.2.1.2 Processing of
Starch-based Nanocomposites 220 8.2.2 Structure and Properties of
Starch-Polymer Systems (Blends/Composites) 222 8.2.2.1 Starch-Polymer
Systems 222 8.2.2.2 Starch-Natural Materials-based "Green" Composites 239
8.2.2.3 Starch-based Nanocomposites 257 8.2.2.4 Starch Nanoparticles in
Composites 269 8.3 Applications 272 8.4 Perspectives 275 8.5 Concluding
Remarks 275 Acknowledgments 276 References 277 9 Green Composite Materials
Based on Biodegradable Polyesters 299 Pramendra Kumar Bajpai 9.1
Introduction 299 9.2 Fabrication Techniques for Green Composites 301 9.2.1
Hand Lay-Up Fabrication Technique 301 9.2.2 Compression Molding 302 9.2.3
Injection Molding Fabrication Technique 304 9.2.4 Resin Transfer
Fabrication Technique 306 9.2.5 Pultrusion Fabrication Technique 307 9.3
Processing of Green Composites Through Microwave Heating 308 9.4
Application of Green Composite 308 9.5 Concluding Remark 309 References 309
10 Applications of Green Composite Materials 312 Koronis Georgios, Arlindo
Silva, and Samuel Furtado 10.1 Introduction 313 10.2 Green Composite
Materials 313 10.2.1 Reinforcement 314 10.2.2 The Matrix 316 10.3 Consumer
Products 317 10.4 Biomedical Applications 319 10.5 Packaging 321 10.6
Transportation Industry 322 10.7 Construction 326 10.8 Energy Industry 327
10.9 Sports and Leisure Industry 327 10.9.1 Boat Hulls and Canoes 328
10.9.2 Snowboards/Skis and Surfboards 328 10.9.3 Toys 329 10.9.4 Musical
Instruments 329 10.10 Conclusions 330 References 330 Index 338