The application of a deterministic mathematical model in solving stratigraphical problems leads to more realistic results than by statistic or probabilistic approaches. The aim of this analytical method, elaborated by the author, is to resolve systematically the multiple contradictions inherent to the stratigrahic record of fossil species. A theoretical part treating the interpretation of highly complex biostratigraphic data is followed by the presentation of the computer-aided Unitary Association Method. Geologists and structural geologists as well as micro-palaentologists in science and…mehr
The application of a deterministic mathematical model in solving stratigraphical problems leads to more realistic results than by statistic or probabilistic approaches. The aim of this analytical method, elaborated by the author, is to resolve systematically the multiple contradictions inherent to the stratigrahic record of fossil species. A theoretical part treating the interpretation of highly complex biostratigraphic data is followed by the presentation of the computer-aided Unitary Association Method. Geologists and structural geologists as well as micro-palaentologists in science and practice will benefit from this new tool in stratigraphy. Das Problem der biostratigraphischen Korrelation stellt sich Geologen, Paläontologen, Strukturgeologen, Sedimentologen in Lehre und Forschung, aber auch in der Erdölindustrie. Für sie bietet dieses Buch die Grundlage für einen sedimentstratigraphischen Kurs und eine hervorragende Methode zur Erstellung einer biostratigraphischen Zeitskala.
The problem of biostratigraphic correlation is evident for geologists, paeleontologists, structural geologists, sedimentologists at universities, but also in the oil and gas industry. For all of them this book provides the basis for stratigraphic course and a reliable and effective tool for establishing biochronological time-scales.
Inhaltsangabe
1 Properties of Biochronologic Scales.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Properties of Discrete Scales.- 1.3 Ideal Referentials.- 1.4 Protoreferentials.- 1.5 Chronologic Interpretation of a Protoreferential.- 1.6 Discrete Biochronologic Scales.- 2 Semiempirical Construction of a Referential.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Definitions.- 2.3 Method.- 2.4 Example of Application.- 2.5 Summary.- 3 Biochronologic Referentials and Graph Theory.- 3.1 Representing Stratigraphic Relationships.- 3.2 Definitions.- 3.3 Descriptive and Technical Terms: Definitions.- 3.4 Interval Graphs.- 3.5 Maximal Cliques and Unitary Associations.- 3.6 Summary of Methodology.- 3.7 Summary of Notations.- 3.8 A Concrete Problem: the Ilerdian Alveolinid from Yugoslavia.- 4 Transforming a Biostratigraphic Graph.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Searching for Virtual Coexistences.- 4.3 Detecting Circuits and Cycles of G.- 4.4 Adding Virtual Edges to G.- 5 Protoreferentials, Referentials, and Correlations.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Construction of Unitary Associations.- 5.3 Seriation of Unitary Associations.- 5.4 Graph Gk and Protoreferential.- 5.5 Identifying Unitary Associations.- 5.6 Optimal Biochronologic Subdivisions.- 6 The BioGraph Program.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Conventions and Definitions.- 6.3 Method.- 6.4 Example of Application of BioGraph.- 7 Detecting Reworking.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Definitions.- 7.3 Methods.- 7.4 Conclusion to the Alveolinid Problem.- 7.5 Conclusion to the Reworking Problem.- 8 Quality of the Fossil Record.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Definitions.- 8.3 Coefficients.- 8.4 Relationships Between the Coefficients.- 9 Contradictory Biochronologic Correlations.- 9.1 The Lower Triassic of the Salt Ranges.- 9.2 Lithostratigraphic Framework and Ammonite Zones.- 9.3 Stratigraphic Distribution of Conodonts.- 9.4Biochronologic Interpretation.- 9.5 Discussion.- 10 Transgressive/Regressive Cycles.- 10.1 Paleogene Benthic Foraminifera from Mississippi and Alabama.- 10.2 Preliminary Remarks.- 10.3 Database.- 10.4 Unitary Associations and Correlations.- 10.5 Stratigraphic Interpretation.- 10.6 Quality of the Fossil Record of Species.- 10.7 Complexity of the Problem.- 10.8 An Example of Integrated Biochronology.- 11 Diachronous Datums.- 11.1 Paleogene Nannoplankton from California.- 11.2 Database.- 11.3 Correlations and Zonation.- 11.4 First Conclusions.- 11.5 Biochronologic Dispersion of Datums.- 11.6 Comparison with Deboo's Data.- 11.7 Complexity of the Problem.- 11.8 Constructing a Sequence of Datums.- 12 Diachronism of LADs: Possible Causes.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Mediterranean Neogene Nannoplankton.- 12.3 Comparison with Californian Nannoplankton.- 12.4 Conclusion.- 13 Age of Tethyan Radiolarites.- 13.1 A Difficult Geological Problem.- 13.2 Radiolarian Zones in the Tethyan Realm.- 13.3 Biochronologic Correlations and Geologic Interpretation.- 13.4 Rates of Faunal Turnover.- 14 Unitary Associations and Ammonite Zones.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Original Data.- 14.3 Zonation.- 14.4 Precision of the Method.- 14.5 Problematic Virtual Coexistences.- 14.6 Paleontological Notes.- 15 Quantitative Biostratigraphy.- 15.1 General Remarks.- 15.2 Multivariate Approaches.- 15.3 Probabilistic Approaches.- 15.4 Deterministic Approaches.- 15.5 Comparison of Range Charts.- 16 Zones, Stratotypes, and Controversies.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Oppel Zones and Unitary Associations.- 16.3 Phylogenetic Sedations and Phylozones.- 16.4 Oppel Zone, Interval Zone, and Datums.- 16.5 Standard Zones.- 16.6 Acme Zones and Peak Zones.- 16.7 Stratotypes.- 16.8 Integrated Biochronology and Calibration.- 16.9Validity of a Zone.- Appendices.
1 Properties of Biochronologic Scales.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Properties of Discrete Scales.- 1.3 Ideal Referentials.- 1.4 Protoreferentials.- 1.5 Chronologic Interpretation of a Protoreferential.- 1.6 Discrete Biochronologic Scales.- 2 Semiempirical Construction of a Referential.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Definitions.- 2.3 Method.- 2.4 Example of Application.- 2.5 Summary.- 3 Biochronologic Referentials and Graph Theory.- 3.1 Representing Stratigraphic Relationships.- 3.2 Definitions.- 3.3 Descriptive and Technical Terms: Definitions.- 3.4 Interval Graphs.- 3.5 Maximal Cliques and Unitary Associations.- 3.6 Summary of Methodology.- 3.7 Summary of Notations.- 3.8 A Concrete Problem: the Ilerdian Alveolinid from Yugoslavia.- 4 Transforming a Biostratigraphic Graph.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Searching for Virtual Coexistences.- 4.3 Detecting Circuits and Cycles of G.- 4.4 Adding Virtual Edges to G.- 5 Protoreferentials, Referentials, and Correlations.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Construction of Unitary Associations.- 5.3 Seriation of Unitary Associations.- 5.4 Graph Gk and Protoreferential.- 5.5 Identifying Unitary Associations.- 5.6 Optimal Biochronologic Subdivisions.- 6 The BioGraph Program.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Conventions and Definitions.- 6.3 Method.- 6.4 Example of Application of BioGraph.- 7 Detecting Reworking.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Definitions.- 7.3 Methods.- 7.4 Conclusion to the Alveolinid Problem.- 7.5 Conclusion to the Reworking Problem.- 8 Quality of the Fossil Record.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Definitions.- 8.3 Coefficients.- 8.4 Relationships Between the Coefficients.- 9 Contradictory Biochronologic Correlations.- 9.1 The Lower Triassic of the Salt Ranges.- 9.2 Lithostratigraphic Framework and Ammonite Zones.- 9.3 Stratigraphic Distribution of Conodonts.- 9.4Biochronologic Interpretation.- 9.5 Discussion.- 10 Transgressive/Regressive Cycles.- 10.1 Paleogene Benthic Foraminifera from Mississippi and Alabama.- 10.2 Preliminary Remarks.- 10.3 Database.- 10.4 Unitary Associations and Correlations.- 10.5 Stratigraphic Interpretation.- 10.6 Quality of the Fossil Record of Species.- 10.7 Complexity of the Problem.- 10.8 An Example of Integrated Biochronology.- 11 Diachronous Datums.- 11.1 Paleogene Nannoplankton from California.- 11.2 Database.- 11.3 Correlations and Zonation.- 11.4 First Conclusions.- 11.5 Biochronologic Dispersion of Datums.- 11.6 Comparison with Deboo's Data.- 11.7 Complexity of the Problem.- 11.8 Constructing a Sequence of Datums.- 12 Diachronism of LADs: Possible Causes.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Mediterranean Neogene Nannoplankton.- 12.3 Comparison with Californian Nannoplankton.- 12.4 Conclusion.- 13 Age of Tethyan Radiolarites.- 13.1 A Difficult Geological Problem.- 13.2 Radiolarian Zones in the Tethyan Realm.- 13.3 Biochronologic Correlations and Geologic Interpretation.- 13.4 Rates of Faunal Turnover.- 14 Unitary Associations and Ammonite Zones.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Original Data.- 14.3 Zonation.- 14.4 Precision of the Method.- 14.5 Problematic Virtual Coexistences.- 14.6 Paleontological Notes.- 15 Quantitative Biostratigraphy.- 15.1 General Remarks.- 15.2 Multivariate Approaches.- 15.3 Probabilistic Approaches.- 15.4 Deterministic Approaches.- 15.5 Comparison of Range Charts.- 16 Zones, Stratotypes, and Controversies.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Oppel Zones and Unitary Associations.- 16.3 Phylogenetic Sedations and Phylozones.- 16.4 Oppel Zone, Interval Zone, and Datums.- 16.5 Standard Zones.- 16.6 Acme Zones and Peak Zones.- 16.7 Stratotypes.- 16.8 Integrated Biochronology and Calibration.- 16.9Validity of a Zone.- Appendices.
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