Major structural features are used in this study to reconstruct the links which existed between North America, Europe and Africa before the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean. The synthesis of geophysical and geochemical data as well as geological observations allows the recognition of the original geometry of the Grenvillian, Cadomian, Caledonian, Ligerian-Acadian and Hercynian foldbelts and the identification of ancient plate sutures. The reader will find a wealth of information based not only on the English but also on the French and Spanish literature, thus opening less known results to the international community.…mehr
Major structural features are used in this study to reconstruct the links which existed between North America, Europe and Africa before the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean. The synthesis of geophysical and geochemical data as well as geological observations allows the recognition of the original geometry of the Grenvillian, Cadomian, Caledonian, Ligerian-Acadian and Hercynian foldbelts and the identification of ancient plate sutures. The reader will find a wealth of information based not only on the English but also on the French and Spanish literature, thus opening less known results to the international community.
1 The Search for Concealed Continental Basement Beneath the Margins and Coastal Basins of the North Atlantic: Methods and Motives.- 1.1 The Methods Available.- 1.2 The Initial Continental Arrangement.- 1.3 Variations in the Depth of Basement Around the North Atlantic.- 1.4 Major Basement Provinces Each Side of the North Atlantic.- 2 The Submerged Part of the Laurentian Basement: Former Western Margin of the Iapetus Ocean.- 2.1 Fragments of the Pre-Grenvillian and Grenvillian Basement in the North Atlantic Area.- 2.2 The Grenville Front.- 2.3 Southern Limit of the Laurentian Basement.- 2.4 Palaeozoic Cover of the Submerged Laurentian Basement.- 3 The Submerged Part of the Caledonian-Appalachian Mobile Belt.- 3.1 The Caledonian Front.- 3.2 Major Structures Recognized in the Caledonian-Appalachian Belt.- 3.3 Shearing Along the Caledonian Belt.- 3.4 Conclusions Concerning the Submerged Mobile Belt.- 4 The Avalon Spur: Former Southern Margin of the Iapetus Ocean and Northern Border of the Theic Ocean.- 4.1 The Pre-Avalonian Basement.- 4.2 Avalonian Structures.- 4.2.1 Tectonics of the Central Zone.- 4.2.2 Tectonics of the Iberian-Armorican Zone.- 4.2.3 Basement in the "Delta Zone".- 4.3 Palaeozoic Cover of the Avalon Spur with Associated Plutonisnj and Volcanism.- 4.3.1 Formations Situated off Canada and the U.S.A.- 4.3.2 Offshore Formations near the British Isles.- 4.3.3 Offshore Formations to the West of France.- 4.3.4 The Bay of Biscay Domain.- 4.3.5 Offshore Formations near Spain and Portugal.- 4.4 Conclusions Concerning the Avalon Spur.- 5 The Submerged Part of the Ligerian (Eo-Hercynian) - Acadian Mobile Belt.- 5.1 The Ligerian (Eo-Hercynian) Suture South of the Armorican Massif.- 5.2 The Porto-Badajoz-Cordoba Transform Fault Zone.- 5.3 The "Collector Anomaly" Suture and its Continuation Across the North Atlantic.- 5.4 The Meguma Zone Problem.- 5.5 Conclusions Concerning the Ligerian (Eo-Hercynian) - Acadian Mobile Belt.- 6 The Concealed Pre-Hercynian Basement Between Africa and North America.- 6.1 Archean and Pan-African Basement.- 6.2 Pre-Hercynian Palaeozoic Basement.- 6.2.1 Pre-Carboniferous Terrains Showing Little or no Hercynian Deformation.- 6.2.2 Pre-Carboniferous Terrains Showing Hercynian Deformation..- 6.3 Conclusions Concerning the Concealed Pre-Hercynian Basement Between Africa and North America.- 7 The Submerged Part of the Hercynian-Alleghanian Foldbelt on the North Atlantic Margins.- 7.1 The Hercynian Orogeny in the Northern Part of the North Atlantic Region.- 7.1.1 Re-Activation of Pre-Carboniferous Structures.- 7.1.2 Development of Late-Stage Hercynian Deformation.- 7.2 The Hercynian-Alleghanian Orogeny in the Southern Part of the North Atlantic Region.- 7.3 Post-Hercynian Deformation Before the Opening of the North Atlantic.- 7.4 Conclusions Concerning Hercynian-Alleghanian Orogenesis Before the Opening of the North Atlantic.- 8 Tectonic Mechanisms Contributing to the Structure of Pangaea.- 8.1 Ancient Plate Drift.- 8.2 Different Types of Suture.- 8.3 The Dip of Pre-Mesozoic Subduction Zones.- 8.4 Obduction.- 8.5 Transcurrent Shearing.- 8.6 Transform Fault Zones.- 8.7 Buckling.- 8.8 Distribution of Small Syn-Tectonic Basins.- 8.9 Rotations at Different Scales.- 8.10 Impingement of Plate Margins.- List of References.
1 The Search for Concealed Continental Basement Beneath the Margins and Coastal Basins of the North Atlantic: Methods and Motives.- 1.1 The Methods Available.- 1.2 The Initial Continental Arrangement.- 1.3 Variations in the Depth of Basement Around the North Atlantic.- 1.4 Major Basement Provinces Each Side of the North Atlantic.- 2 The Submerged Part of the Laurentian Basement: Former Western Margin of the Iapetus Ocean.- 2.1 Fragments of the Pre-Grenvillian and Grenvillian Basement in the North Atlantic Area.- 2.2 The Grenville Front.- 2.3 Southern Limit of the Laurentian Basement.- 2.4 Palaeozoic Cover of the Submerged Laurentian Basement.- 3 The Submerged Part of the Caledonian-Appalachian Mobile Belt.- 3.1 The Caledonian Front.- 3.2 Major Structures Recognized in the Caledonian-Appalachian Belt.- 3.3 Shearing Along the Caledonian Belt.- 3.4 Conclusions Concerning the Submerged Mobile Belt.- 4 The Avalon Spur: Former Southern Margin of the Iapetus Ocean and Northern Border of the Theic Ocean.- 4.1 The Pre-Avalonian Basement.- 4.2 Avalonian Structures.- 4.2.1 Tectonics of the Central Zone.- 4.2.2 Tectonics of the Iberian-Armorican Zone.- 4.2.3 Basement in the "Delta Zone".- 4.3 Palaeozoic Cover of the Avalon Spur with Associated Plutonisnj and Volcanism.- 4.3.1 Formations Situated off Canada and the U.S.A.- 4.3.2 Offshore Formations near the British Isles.- 4.3.3 Offshore Formations to the West of France.- 4.3.4 The Bay of Biscay Domain.- 4.3.5 Offshore Formations near Spain and Portugal.- 4.4 Conclusions Concerning the Avalon Spur.- 5 The Submerged Part of the Ligerian (Eo-Hercynian) - Acadian Mobile Belt.- 5.1 The Ligerian (Eo-Hercynian) Suture South of the Armorican Massif.- 5.2 The Porto-Badajoz-Cordoba Transform Fault Zone.- 5.3 The "Collector Anomaly" Suture and its Continuation Across the North Atlantic.- 5.4 The Meguma Zone Problem.- 5.5 Conclusions Concerning the Ligerian (Eo-Hercynian) - Acadian Mobile Belt.- 6 The Concealed Pre-Hercynian Basement Between Africa and North America.- 6.1 Archean and Pan-African Basement.- 6.2 Pre-Hercynian Palaeozoic Basement.- 6.2.1 Pre-Carboniferous Terrains Showing Little or no Hercynian Deformation.- 6.2.2 Pre-Carboniferous Terrains Showing Hercynian Deformation..- 6.3 Conclusions Concerning the Concealed Pre-Hercynian Basement Between Africa and North America.- 7 The Submerged Part of the Hercynian-Alleghanian Foldbelt on the North Atlantic Margins.- 7.1 The Hercynian Orogeny in the Northern Part of the North Atlantic Region.- 7.1.1 Re-Activation of Pre-Carboniferous Structures.- 7.1.2 Development of Late-Stage Hercynian Deformation.- 7.2 The Hercynian-Alleghanian Orogeny in the Southern Part of the North Atlantic Region.- 7.3 Post-Hercynian Deformation Before the Opening of the North Atlantic.- 7.4 Conclusions Concerning Hercynian-Alleghanian Orogenesis Before the Opening of the North Atlantic.- 8 Tectonic Mechanisms Contributing to the Structure of Pangaea.- 8.1 Ancient Plate Drift.- 8.2 Different Types of Suture.- 8.3 The Dip of Pre-Mesozoic Subduction Zones.- 8.4 Obduction.- 8.5 Transcurrent Shearing.- 8.6 Transform Fault Zones.- 8.7 Buckling.- 8.8 Distribution of Small Syn-Tectonic Basins.- 8.9 Rotations at Different Scales.- 8.10 Impingement of Plate Margins.- List of References.
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