Differing legislation between the countries or unions of countries involved in pollution reduction has turned gas measuring technology into such an extremely extensive and complex field that only a few specialists in environmental agencies and the automobile industry have a grasp of it. This book is intended as an overview of the basics of exhaust gas measuring technology describing the interrelation between emissions, immissions and the effects of pollutants. It aims to provide experts and students alike with an understanding of the interrelationships and details within this field. The…mehr
Differing legislation between the countries or unions of countries involved in pollution reduction has turned gas measuring technology into such an extremely extensive and complex field that only a few specialists in environmental agencies and the automobile industry have a grasp of it. This book is intended as an overview of the basics of exhaust gas measuring technology describing the interrelation between emissions, immissions and the effects of pollutants. It aims to provide experts and students alike with an understanding of the interrelationships and details within this field. The results presented are based on the experience gathered by the author during work spanning more than two decades in the automobile industry.
1 Overview.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 This Volume's Contents.- 2 Automobile Exhaust Gas Emissions.- 2.1 Origin of Automobile Exhaust Gas Emissions.- 2.2 Evaporation and Fueling Emissions.- 2.3 Legislation.- 2.4 Present Condition of the Exhaust Pipe Exhaust Emissions of Passenger Vehicles.- 2.5 Emission Prognosis for Germany (Calculated in 1990).- 3 Natural and Anthropogenic Emissions on a Global and Country-Related Scale and the Resulting Pollutant Concentrations in the Atmosphere.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Sources and Source Strengths of Individual Trace Gases.- 4 Air Quality Control.- 4.1 Dispersion Models.- 4.2 Scenarios for the Assessment of Air Quality Situations.- 4.3 Scenario Definitions.- 4.4 Pollutant Concentrations in Street Canyons.- 4.5 Measured Air Quality Values.- 4.6 Air Quality Maps.- 4.7 Conclusion.- 5 Effects.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Legislation.- 5.3 Effect on Humans, Significance of Dose.- 5.4 Using the Effect of Carbon Monoxide (CO) on Humans as an Example.- 5.5 Carcinogenic Substances.- 5.6 Methods of Effect Research.- 5.7 Research Projects and Results in Chronological Order.- 5.8 Forest Damage.- 5.9 Global Environmental Pollution.- 6 Measuring Methods and Measuring Instruments.- 6.1 Absorption spectroscopy.- 6.2 Ionization Methods.- 6.3 Chemiluminescence Analyzer.- 6.4 Oxygen Measuring Methods.- 6.5 Chromatographic Methods.- 6.6 Mass Spectrometry (MS).- 7 Measurement of Unregulated Exhaust Gas Components and Diesel Exhaust Gas Particles.- 7.1 Legislative Situation with regard to Unregulated Components.- 7.2 Sampling.- 7.3 Sample Treatment and Analysis.- 7.4 Emission Values of Some Unregulated Exhaust Gas Components.- 7.5 Summary of the Order of Magnitude of Emission Results.- 7.6 Measurement of Diesel Particles.- 8 Vehicle Exhaust Emission Tests.-8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Test Techniques.- 8.3 A New Proposed Exhaust Emission Test System.- 9 Vehicle Exhaust Emission Testing Procedures - Overview and Criticism.- 9.1 Regulated Procedures.- 9.2 Statistical Errors.- 9.3 Operational Characteristics.- 9.4 Systematic Errors, Round Robin Tests.- 9.5 Analysis of Systematic and Random Errors.- 9.6 Certification Testing.- 9.7 Assembly Line Testing.- 9.8 Interrelationship between Certification, Assembly Line, and Field Monitoring Tests.- 9.9 Monitoring the Vehicles in Use.- 9.10 Proposal for a New Logical Test Procedure.- 10 Exhaust Emission Measuring Techniques - Quo Vadis?.- 10.1 General Aspects.- 10.2 On-Board Measuring Procedures.- 10.3 Outlook.
1 Overview.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 This Volume's Contents.- 2 Automobile Exhaust Gas Emissions.- 2.1 Origin of Automobile Exhaust Gas Emissions.- 2.2 Evaporation and Fueling Emissions.- 2.3 Legislation.- 2.4 Present Condition of the Exhaust Pipe Exhaust Emissions of Passenger Vehicles.- 2.5 Emission Prognosis for Germany (Calculated in 1990).- 3 Natural and Anthropogenic Emissions on a Global and Country-Related Scale and the Resulting Pollutant Concentrations in the Atmosphere.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Sources and Source Strengths of Individual Trace Gases.- 4 Air Quality Control.- 4.1 Dispersion Models.- 4.2 Scenarios for the Assessment of Air Quality Situations.- 4.3 Scenario Definitions.- 4.4 Pollutant Concentrations in Street Canyons.- 4.5 Measured Air Quality Values.- 4.6 Air Quality Maps.- 4.7 Conclusion.- 5 Effects.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Legislation.- 5.3 Effect on Humans, Significance of Dose.- 5.4 Using the Effect of Carbon Monoxide (CO) on Humans as an Example.- 5.5 Carcinogenic Substances.- 5.6 Methods of Effect Research.- 5.7 Research Projects and Results in Chronological Order.- 5.8 Forest Damage.- 5.9 Global Environmental Pollution.- 6 Measuring Methods and Measuring Instruments.- 6.1 Absorption spectroscopy.- 6.2 Ionization Methods.- 6.3 Chemiluminescence Analyzer.- 6.4 Oxygen Measuring Methods.- 6.5 Chromatographic Methods.- 6.6 Mass Spectrometry (MS).- 7 Measurement of Unregulated Exhaust Gas Components and Diesel Exhaust Gas Particles.- 7.1 Legislative Situation with regard to Unregulated Components.- 7.2 Sampling.- 7.3 Sample Treatment and Analysis.- 7.4 Emission Values of Some Unregulated Exhaust Gas Components.- 7.5 Summary of the Order of Magnitude of Emission Results.- 7.6 Measurement of Diesel Particles.- 8 Vehicle Exhaust Emission Tests.-8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Test Techniques.- 8.3 A New Proposed Exhaust Emission Test System.- 9 Vehicle Exhaust Emission Testing Procedures - Overview and Criticism.- 9.1 Regulated Procedures.- 9.2 Statistical Errors.- 9.3 Operational Characteristics.- 9.4 Systematic Errors, Round Robin Tests.- 9.5 Analysis of Systematic and Random Errors.- 9.6 Certification Testing.- 9.7 Assembly Line Testing.- 9.8 Interrelationship between Certification, Assembly Line, and Field Monitoring Tests.- 9.9 Monitoring the Vehicles in Use.- 9.10 Proposal for a New Logical Test Procedure.- 10 Exhaust Emission Measuring Techniques - Quo Vadis?.- 10.1 General Aspects.- 10.2 On-Board Measuring Procedures.- 10.3 Outlook.
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