Atlantic Cod
A Bio-Ecology
Herausgeber: Rose, George A
Atlantic Cod
A Bio-Ecology
Herausgeber: Rose, George A
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A comprehensive handbook, covering all aspects of the Atlantic cod including the biology, ecology, life histories, behaviour, commercial exploitation and conservation Not only is Atlantic cod one of the most valuable food fish in the world's oceans, it is an important component of North Atlantic ecosystems and has been subject to much research into its biology, ecology and exploitation. After hundreds of years of exploitation, overfishing in the last half of the 20th Century caused many stocks to collapse, most famously the Northern cod stock off Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Since then,…mehr
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A comprehensive handbook, covering all aspects of the Atlantic cod including the biology, ecology, life histories, behaviour, commercial exploitation and conservation Not only is Atlantic cod one of the most valuable food fish in the world's oceans, it is an important component of North Atlantic ecosystems and has been subject to much research into its biology, ecology and exploitation. After hundreds of years of exploitation, overfishing in the last half of the 20th Century caused many stocks to collapse, most famously the Northern cod stock off Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Since then, most cod stocks have been better researched and managed, but remain in a variety of states, from fully recovered to continued decline. This book, written by world experts, describes that research and management, and the importance of cod and its fisheries on North Atlantic cultures and economies, with impacts well beyond the range of the species. Atlantic Cod: Bio-Ecology of the Fish offers insightful chapter coverage of cod nomenclature, taxonomy, phylogeny and morphology; physiology and ecophysiology; reproduction and spawning behavior; early life history and pre-recruitment processes; migrations, movements and stock identity; feeding, growth and energetics; the place of cod in the ecosystem; the exploitation of cod through history and present day commercial fisheries and precautionary management for sustainable fisheries; impacts of climate change on cod biology and ecology; and the future of the species and its fisheries. * Discusses the major commercial importance of Atlantic cod through history * Provides a comprehensive treatment of the bio-ecology of the most researched and highly exploited fully marine species * Examines how the decline (and recovery) of cod stocks is of great political and scientific interest * An essential purchase for marine fisheries scientists Atlantic Cod: Bio-Ecology of the Fish is a vital book for all fisheries scientists, managers and fish biologists.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Wiley
- Seitenzahl: 416
- Erscheinungstermin: 26. Februar 2019
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 246mm x 170mm x 25mm
- Gewicht: 953g
- ISBN-13: 9781405119108
- ISBN-10: 1405119101
- Artikelnr.: 43610475
- Verlag: Wiley
- Seitenzahl: 416
- Erscheinungstermin: 26. Februar 2019
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 246mm x 170mm x 25mm
- Gewicht: 953g
- ISBN-13: 9781405119108
- ISBN-10: 1405119101
- Artikelnr.: 43610475
George A. Rose is a Canadian fisheries scientist, retired from Memorial University of Newfoundland and currently an Honorary Professor at the Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Preface xi List of Contributors xiii Atlantic Cod: A Bio-Ecology 1
Introduction 1 1 Atlantic Cod: Origin and Evolution 7 Gudrun Marteinsdottir
and George A. Rose 1.1 Introduction 7 1.2 Taxonomy and Morphology 9 1.3
Origin and Evolution 9 1.4 Cod: One of Few Endemic Atlantic Species 11 1.5
The Ancient North Atlantic: Dispersal and Early Population Structure 12 1.6
Rise of Cod and Current Population Structure 13 1.7 Is Diversity a Key to
Cod's Success? 16 1.8 The Genetic Seascape 17 Bibliography 20 2
Ecophysiology 27 Denis Chabot and Guy Claireaux 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2
Temperature 31 2.2.1 Thermal Physiology 31 2.2.2 Thermal Niche of Cod 33
2.2.3 Temperature Range for Different Cod Stocks 33 2.2.4 Thermal
Preferendum in the Laboratory 34 2.2.5 Temperature and Cod Growth 34 2.2.6
The OCLTT Hypothesis and Cod 36 2.2.7 Lethal Temperature for Cod: The
Effect of Acclimation 37 2.2.8 Aerobic Metabolic Scope of
Temperature-Acclimated Cod 38 2.2.9 Temperature and Cod Recruitment 40
2.2.10 Temperature Adaptation in Cod 41 2.3 Dissolved Oxygen 42 2.3.1
Hypoxia 42 2.3.2 Respiration 42 2.3.3 Responses of Fishes to Hypoxia 43
2.3.4 Hypoxia Exposure of Cod Populations 45 2.3.5 Survival of Cod in
Hypoxia 48 2.3.6 Impact of Hypoxia on Cod Recruitment 48 2.3.7 Impact of
Hypoxia on Cod Distribution 48 2.3.8 Cod Performance in Hypoxia 49 2.3.9
Hypoxia and Feeding of Cod 49 2.4 Salinity 50 2.4.1 Osmoregulation in
Marine Fishes 50 2.4.2 Salinity Tolerance of Cod 51 2.4.3 Salinity and
Growth Rate of Cod 51 2.4.4 Interactions Between Ambient Salinity,
Temperature and Oxygen 52 2.4.5 Salinity Selection by Cod 53 2.4.6 Salinity
and Cod Recruitment 53 2.5 Water pH 55 2.5.1 Causes of Ocean Acidification
55 2.5.2 Physiological Impacts of Ocean Acidification 55 2.5.3 Cod and
Higher Carbonate Solubility 56 2.5.4 Cod Acid-Base Regulation 56 2.5.5
Acidification and Performance 56 2.5.6 Interaction Between pH and Hypoxia
57 2.6 Other Environmental Variables 57 2.6.1 Light 58 2.6.2 Contaminants
58 2.6.3 Trophic Interactions 60 2.6.4 Parasites and Diseases 61 2.7
Applications of Ecophysiological Understanding 62 2.8 Conclusions 64
Acknowledgements 64 Bibliography 65 3 Reproduction and Spawning 87 Peter J.
Wright and Sherrylynn Rowe 3.1 Summary 87 3.2 Introduction 87 3.3 Variation
in Maturation 89 3.4 Reproductive Investment 94 3.5 Spawning Location 100
3.6 Spawning Time 107 3.7 Spawning Behaviour 110 3.8 The Future 116
Acknowledgements 116 Further Reading 117 Bibliography 117 4 Early Life
History 133 Timothy B. Grabowski and Jonathan H. Grabowski 4.1 Introduction
133 4.2 Early Development of Atlantic Cod 135 4.2.1 Life in the Plankton
137 4.2.2 'Bottoming out' - Settlement and Juvenile Habitat Use 149 4.3
Mortality 153 4.4 Feeding and Growth 155 4.5 Habitat Shifts, Dietary
Shifts, and Growing Up 157 4.6 Conclusions 157 Acknowledgements 158
Bibliography 158 5 Migration 169 David Righton and Julian Metcalfe 5.1
Introduction 169 5.2 Why Migrate? 170 5.3 Studying Migration: What We Need
to Know and How We Learn 173 5.3.1 Tagging and Marking Experiments 174
5.3.2 Natural Marks - Meristics, Parasites, and Chemical Composition 174
5.3.3 Artificial Marks - Simple Tags 175 5.3.4 Artificial Marks -
Electronic Tags 177 5.4 Mechanisms of Migration 179 5.4.1 Swimming
Behaviour 179 5.4.2 Use of Currents 180 5.4.3 Migration Pathways 181 5.4.4
Migrations and Populations 181 5.5 Cod in the Western Atlantic 182 5.5.1
Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank 186 5.5.2 Scotian Shelf and Southern
Newfoundland 187 5.5.3 Gulf of St Lawrence 189 5.5.4 Grand Banks 190 5.5.5
Labrador Shelf and Eastern Newfoundland 190 5.6 Cod at Iceland and
Greenland 192 5.6.1 Movements of Cod from Greenland to Labrador 195 5.7 Cod
in the Eastern Atlantic 195 5.7.1 Barents Sea/ Norwegian Coast
(Arcto-Norwegian Cod) 195 5.7.2 The North Sea 197 5.7.3 The Baltic 198 5.8
The Importance of Oceanographic, Physiological, and Evolutionary Influences
on Cod Migration and Stock Structure 200 5.9 What of the Future? 203
Bibliography 204 6 Feeding, Growth, and Trophic Ecology 219 Jason S. Link
and Graham D. Sherwood 6.1 Summary 219 6.2 Introduction 219 6.3 Feeding:
What and How 222 6.3.1 Cod Feeding Behaviour and Energetic Consequences 224
6.3.2 Compared to Other Predators 226 6.3.3 Research Remaining and Further
Work 226 6.4 Feeding: How Much? 227 6.4.1 Estimating How Much Cod Eat 227
6.4.2 Magnitude of How Much Cod Eats 230 6.4.3 Research Remaining and
Further Work 231 6.5 What Happens to the Food Cod Eat: Losses and
Metabolism 231 6.5.1 Egestion 232 6.5.2 Specific Dynamic Action 232 6.5.3
Excretion 233 6.5.4 Standard Metabolism (Respiration) 234 6.5.5 Activity
234 6.5.6 Summary of Metabolic Costs 235 6.5.7 Research Remaining and
Further Work 237 6.6 What Happens to the Food Cod Eat: Individual Growth
237 6.6.1 How Is Growth Measured? 238 6.6.2 Reporting Growth and
Variability in Growth 239 6.6.3 Condition Indices 242 6.6.4 Climate Change
Effects on Growth 246 6.6.5 Summary 249 6.6.6 Research Remaining and
Further Work 249 6.7 What Happens to the Food Cod Eat: Population Growth
via Reproduction 250 6.7.1 Maturity 250 6.7.2 Fecundity 253 6.7.3 Realizing
Reproductive Potential Through Feeding 254 6.7.4 Summary 255 6.7.5 Research
Remaining and Further Work 256 6.8 What Happens to the Food Cod Eat:
Population Dynamics of Cod Prey 257 6.8.1 Prey Population Dynamics 257
6.8.2 Cannibalism 258 6.8.3 Cod Prey and Other Fisheries 259 6.8.4 Research
Remaining and Further Work 260 6.9 What Happens to the Food Cod Eat:
Population Dynamics of Cod Predators 260 6.9.1 Main Types and Responses of
Cod Predators 260 6.9.2 Special Commentary on Marine Mammal Predators 261
6.9.3 Complex Food Web Dynamics: Cultivator Effects 262 6.9.4 Research
Remaining and Further Work 263 6.10 Conclusions 263 Further Reading 263
Bibliography 264 7 Exploitation: Cod is Fish and Fish is Cod 287 George A.
Rose, Gudrun Marteinsdottir, and Olav-Rune Godo 7.1 The Earliest Cod
Fisheries (and the Gift of Viking 'Stockfish') 288 7.2 Cod and the 'Fish
Event Horizon' 289 7.3 The Icelandic Fisheries 294 7.4 The Newfoundland and
Grand Banks Fisheries 296 7.5 The North Atlantic Cod Trade 300 7.6
Technology in the Fisheries 300 7.7 Science and the Cod Fisheries 306 7.7.1
Landings 306 7.7.2 Fisheries-Independent Data (Surveys...) 311 7.7.3 Stock
Assessment 316 7.7.4 Ageing 316 7.7.5 Stock Units and Tagging 317 7.7.6
Models 319 7.7.7 Stock-Recruitment 321 7.7.8 Productivity 323 7.8
Ecosystem-Based and Precautionary Management 328 Bibliography 329 8 Cod and
Climate Change 337 Keith Brander 8.1 Summary 337 8.2 Introduction 337 8.3
Learning from the Past 340 8.4 The Greenland Story 340 8.5 Scales and
Processes 342 8.6 Changing Climate of the North Atlantic 342 8.7 Impacts on
Individuals and Populations 348 8.7.1 Growth 349 8.7.2 Survival 351 8.7.3
Recruitment 352 8.7.4 Surplus Production 353 8.8 Recent History of Cod
Fisheries and the Role of Climate 355 8.9 Future Distribution and Abundance
358 8.10 Lessons for Fisheries Management 360 8.A Appendix 362 8.A.1 The
ICES/GLOBEC Cod and Climate Change Programme 362 8.A.2 Aims, Organization,
and Funding 363 8.A.3 What the Programme Achieved 367 8.A.3.1 Comparative
Information on Spawning and Life History 367 8.A.3.2 Backward Facing
Workshops 367 8.A.3.3 Growth 371 8.A.3.4 Applying Environmental Information
in Stock Assessment 371 8.A.3.5 Decline and Recovery of Cod Stocks 371
8.A.3.6 Cod and Future Climate 372 8.A.3.7 Symposia and Individual Papers
372 Selected Papers: 374 Acknowledgements 375 Bibliography 375 9 The Future
of Wild Cod and Their Fisheries 385 George A. Rose 9.1 The State of Stocks
385 9.2 Cod Economics 386 9.3 The Future 387 Acknowledgements 388
Bibliography 388 Index 391
Introduction 1 1 Atlantic Cod: Origin and Evolution 7 Gudrun Marteinsdottir
and George A. Rose 1.1 Introduction 7 1.2 Taxonomy and Morphology 9 1.3
Origin and Evolution 9 1.4 Cod: One of Few Endemic Atlantic Species 11 1.5
The Ancient North Atlantic: Dispersal and Early Population Structure 12 1.6
Rise of Cod and Current Population Structure 13 1.7 Is Diversity a Key to
Cod's Success? 16 1.8 The Genetic Seascape 17 Bibliography 20 2
Ecophysiology 27 Denis Chabot and Guy Claireaux 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2
Temperature 31 2.2.1 Thermal Physiology 31 2.2.2 Thermal Niche of Cod 33
2.2.3 Temperature Range for Different Cod Stocks 33 2.2.4 Thermal
Preferendum in the Laboratory 34 2.2.5 Temperature and Cod Growth 34 2.2.6
The OCLTT Hypothesis and Cod 36 2.2.7 Lethal Temperature for Cod: The
Effect of Acclimation 37 2.2.8 Aerobic Metabolic Scope of
Temperature-Acclimated Cod 38 2.2.9 Temperature and Cod Recruitment 40
2.2.10 Temperature Adaptation in Cod 41 2.3 Dissolved Oxygen 42 2.3.1
Hypoxia 42 2.3.2 Respiration 42 2.3.3 Responses of Fishes to Hypoxia 43
2.3.4 Hypoxia Exposure of Cod Populations 45 2.3.5 Survival of Cod in
Hypoxia 48 2.3.6 Impact of Hypoxia on Cod Recruitment 48 2.3.7 Impact of
Hypoxia on Cod Distribution 48 2.3.8 Cod Performance in Hypoxia 49 2.3.9
Hypoxia and Feeding of Cod 49 2.4 Salinity 50 2.4.1 Osmoregulation in
Marine Fishes 50 2.4.2 Salinity Tolerance of Cod 51 2.4.3 Salinity and
Growth Rate of Cod 51 2.4.4 Interactions Between Ambient Salinity,
Temperature and Oxygen 52 2.4.5 Salinity Selection by Cod 53 2.4.6 Salinity
and Cod Recruitment 53 2.5 Water pH 55 2.5.1 Causes of Ocean Acidification
55 2.5.2 Physiological Impacts of Ocean Acidification 55 2.5.3 Cod and
Higher Carbonate Solubility 56 2.5.4 Cod Acid-Base Regulation 56 2.5.5
Acidification and Performance 56 2.5.6 Interaction Between pH and Hypoxia
57 2.6 Other Environmental Variables 57 2.6.1 Light 58 2.6.2 Contaminants
58 2.6.3 Trophic Interactions 60 2.6.4 Parasites and Diseases 61 2.7
Applications of Ecophysiological Understanding 62 2.8 Conclusions 64
Acknowledgements 64 Bibliography 65 3 Reproduction and Spawning 87 Peter J.
Wright and Sherrylynn Rowe 3.1 Summary 87 3.2 Introduction 87 3.3 Variation
in Maturation 89 3.4 Reproductive Investment 94 3.5 Spawning Location 100
3.6 Spawning Time 107 3.7 Spawning Behaviour 110 3.8 The Future 116
Acknowledgements 116 Further Reading 117 Bibliography 117 4 Early Life
History 133 Timothy B. Grabowski and Jonathan H. Grabowski 4.1 Introduction
133 4.2 Early Development of Atlantic Cod 135 4.2.1 Life in the Plankton
137 4.2.2 'Bottoming out' - Settlement and Juvenile Habitat Use 149 4.3
Mortality 153 4.4 Feeding and Growth 155 4.5 Habitat Shifts, Dietary
Shifts, and Growing Up 157 4.6 Conclusions 157 Acknowledgements 158
Bibliography 158 5 Migration 169 David Righton and Julian Metcalfe 5.1
Introduction 169 5.2 Why Migrate? 170 5.3 Studying Migration: What We Need
to Know and How We Learn 173 5.3.1 Tagging and Marking Experiments 174
5.3.2 Natural Marks - Meristics, Parasites, and Chemical Composition 174
5.3.3 Artificial Marks - Simple Tags 175 5.3.4 Artificial Marks -
Electronic Tags 177 5.4 Mechanisms of Migration 179 5.4.1 Swimming
Behaviour 179 5.4.2 Use of Currents 180 5.4.3 Migration Pathways 181 5.4.4
Migrations and Populations 181 5.5 Cod in the Western Atlantic 182 5.5.1
Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank 186 5.5.2 Scotian Shelf and Southern
Newfoundland 187 5.5.3 Gulf of St Lawrence 189 5.5.4 Grand Banks 190 5.5.5
Labrador Shelf and Eastern Newfoundland 190 5.6 Cod at Iceland and
Greenland 192 5.6.1 Movements of Cod from Greenland to Labrador 195 5.7 Cod
in the Eastern Atlantic 195 5.7.1 Barents Sea/ Norwegian Coast
(Arcto-Norwegian Cod) 195 5.7.2 The North Sea 197 5.7.3 The Baltic 198 5.8
The Importance of Oceanographic, Physiological, and Evolutionary Influences
on Cod Migration and Stock Structure 200 5.9 What of the Future? 203
Bibliography 204 6 Feeding, Growth, and Trophic Ecology 219 Jason S. Link
and Graham D. Sherwood 6.1 Summary 219 6.2 Introduction 219 6.3 Feeding:
What and How 222 6.3.1 Cod Feeding Behaviour and Energetic Consequences 224
6.3.2 Compared to Other Predators 226 6.3.3 Research Remaining and Further
Work 226 6.4 Feeding: How Much? 227 6.4.1 Estimating How Much Cod Eat 227
6.4.2 Magnitude of How Much Cod Eats 230 6.4.3 Research Remaining and
Further Work 231 6.5 What Happens to the Food Cod Eat: Losses and
Metabolism 231 6.5.1 Egestion 232 6.5.2 Specific Dynamic Action 232 6.5.3
Excretion 233 6.5.4 Standard Metabolism (Respiration) 234 6.5.5 Activity
234 6.5.6 Summary of Metabolic Costs 235 6.5.7 Research Remaining and
Further Work 237 6.6 What Happens to the Food Cod Eat: Individual Growth
237 6.6.1 How Is Growth Measured? 238 6.6.2 Reporting Growth and
Variability in Growth 239 6.6.3 Condition Indices 242 6.6.4 Climate Change
Effects on Growth 246 6.6.5 Summary 249 6.6.6 Research Remaining and
Further Work 249 6.7 What Happens to the Food Cod Eat: Population Growth
via Reproduction 250 6.7.1 Maturity 250 6.7.2 Fecundity 253 6.7.3 Realizing
Reproductive Potential Through Feeding 254 6.7.4 Summary 255 6.7.5 Research
Remaining and Further Work 256 6.8 What Happens to the Food Cod Eat:
Population Dynamics of Cod Prey 257 6.8.1 Prey Population Dynamics 257
6.8.2 Cannibalism 258 6.8.3 Cod Prey and Other Fisheries 259 6.8.4 Research
Remaining and Further Work 260 6.9 What Happens to the Food Cod Eat:
Population Dynamics of Cod Predators 260 6.9.1 Main Types and Responses of
Cod Predators 260 6.9.2 Special Commentary on Marine Mammal Predators 261
6.9.3 Complex Food Web Dynamics: Cultivator Effects 262 6.9.4 Research
Remaining and Further Work 263 6.10 Conclusions 263 Further Reading 263
Bibliography 264 7 Exploitation: Cod is Fish and Fish is Cod 287 George A.
Rose, Gudrun Marteinsdottir, and Olav-Rune Godo 7.1 The Earliest Cod
Fisheries (and the Gift of Viking 'Stockfish') 288 7.2 Cod and the 'Fish
Event Horizon' 289 7.3 The Icelandic Fisheries 294 7.4 The Newfoundland and
Grand Banks Fisheries 296 7.5 The North Atlantic Cod Trade 300 7.6
Technology in the Fisheries 300 7.7 Science and the Cod Fisheries 306 7.7.1
Landings 306 7.7.2 Fisheries-Independent Data (Surveys...) 311 7.7.3 Stock
Assessment 316 7.7.4 Ageing 316 7.7.5 Stock Units and Tagging 317 7.7.6
Models 319 7.7.7 Stock-Recruitment 321 7.7.8 Productivity 323 7.8
Ecosystem-Based and Precautionary Management 328 Bibliography 329 8 Cod and
Climate Change 337 Keith Brander 8.1 Summary 337 8.2 Introduction 337 8.3
Learning from the Past 340 8.4 The Greenland Story 340 8.5 Scales and
Processes 342 8.6 Changing Climate of the North Atlantic 342 8.7 Impacts on
Individuals and Populations 348 8.7.1 Growth 349 8.7.2 Survival 351 8.7.3
Recruitment 352 8.7.4 Surplus Production 353 8.8 Recent History of Cod
Fisheries and the Role of Climate 355 8.9 Future Distribution and Abundance
358 8.10 Lessons for Fisheries Management 360 8.A Appendix 362 8.A.1 The
ICES/GLOBEC Cod and Climate Change Programme 362 8.A.2 Aims, Organization,
and Funding 363 8.A.3 What the Programme Achieved 367 8.A.3.1 Comparative
Information on Spawning and Life History 367 8.A.3.2 Backward Facing
Workshops 367 8.A.3.3 Growth 371 8.A.3.4 Applying Environmental Information
in Stock Assessment 371 8.A.3.5 Decline and Recovery of Cod Stocks 371
8.A.3.6 Cod and Future Climate 372 8.A.3.7 Symposia and Individual Papers
372 Selected Papers: 374 Acknowledgements 375 Bibliography 375 9 The Future
of Wild Cod and Their Fisheries 385 George A. Rose 9.1 The State of Stocks
385 9.2 Cod Economics 386 9.3 The Future 387 Acknowledgements 388
Bibliography 388 Index 391
Preface xi List of Contributors xiii Atlantic Cod: A Bio-Ecology 1
Introduction 1 1 Atlantic Cod: Origin and Evolution 7 Gudrun Marteinsdottir
and George A. Rose 1.1 Introduction 7 1.2 Taxonomy and Morphology 9 1.3
Origin and Evolution 9 1.4 Cod: One of Few Endemic Atlantic Species 11 1.5
The Ancient North Atlantic: Dispersal and Early Population Structure 12 1.6
Rise of Cod and Current Population Structure 13 1.7 Is Diversity a Key to
Cod's Success? 16 1.8 The Genetic Seascape 17 Bibliography 20 2
Ecophysiology 27 Denis Chabot and Guy Claireaux 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2
Temperature 31 2.2.1 Thermal Physiology 31 2.2.2 Thermal Niche of Cod 33
2.2.3 Temperature Range for Different Cod Stocks 33 2.2.4 Thermal
Preferendum in the Laboratory 34 2.2.5 Temperature and Cod Growth 34 2.2.6
The OCLTT Hypothesis and Cod 36 2.2.7 Lethal Temperature for Cod: The
Effect of Acclimation 37 2.2.8 Aerobic Metabolic Scope of
Temperature-Acclimated Cod 38 2.2.9 Temperature and Cod Recruitment 40
2.2.10 Temperature Adaptation in Cod 41 2.3 Dissolved Oxygen 42 2.3.1
Hypoxia 42 2.3.2 Respiration 42 2.3.3 Responses of Fishes to Hypoxia 43
2.3.4 Hypoxia Exposure of Cod Populations 45 2.3.5 Survival of Cod in
Hypoxia 48 2.3.6 Impact of Hypoxia on Cod Recruitment 48 2.3.7 Impact of
Hypoxia on Cod Distribution 48 2.3.8 Cod Performance in Hypoxia 49 2.3.9
Hypoxia and Feeding of Cod 49 2.4 Salinity 50 2.4.1 Osmoregulation in
Marine Fishes 50 2.4.2 Salinity Tolerance of Cod 51 2.4.3 Salinity and
Growth Rate of Cod 51 2.4.4 Interactions Between Ambient Salinity,
Temperature and Oxygen 52 2.4.5 Salinity Selection by Cod 53 2.4.6 Salinity
and Cod Recruitment 53 2.5 Water pH 55 2.5.1 Causes of Ocean Acidification
55 2.5.2 Physiological Impacts of Ocean Acidification 55 2.5.3 Cod and
Higher Carbonate Solubility 56 2.5.4 Cod Acid-Base Regulation 56 2.5.5
Acidification and Performance 56 2.5.6 Interaction Between pH and Hypoxia
57 2.6 Other Environmental Variables 57 2.6.1 Light 58 2.6.2 Contaminants
58 2.6.3 Trophic Interactions 60 2.6.4 Parasites and Diseases 61 2.7
Applications of Ecophysiological Understanding 62 2.8 Conclusions 64
Acknowledgements 64 Bibliography 65 3 Reproduction and Spawning 87 Peter J.
Wright and Sherrylynn Rowe 3.1 Summary 87 3.2 Introduction 87 3.3 Variation
in Maturation 89 3.4 Reproductive Investment 94 3.5 Spawning Location 100
3.6 Spawning Time 107 3.7 Spawning Behaviour 110 3.8 The Future 116
Acknowledgements 116 Further Reading 117 Bibliography 117 4 Early Life
History 133 Timothy B. Grabowski and Jonathan H. Grabowski 4.1 Introduction
133 4.2 Early Development of Atlantic Cod 135 4.2.1 Life in the Plankton
137 4.2.2 'Bottoming out' - Settlement and Juvenile Habitat Use 149 4.3
Mortality 153 4.4 Feeding and Growth 155 4.5 Habitat Shifts, Dietary
Shifts, and Growing Up 157 4.6 Conclusions 157 Acknowledgements 158
Bibliography 158 5 Migration 169 David Righton and Julian Metcalfe 5.1
Introduction 169 5.2 Why Migrate? 170 5.3 Studying Migration: What We Need
to Know and How We Learn 173 5.3.1 Tagging and Marking Experiments 174
5.3.2 Natural Marks - Meristics, Parasites, and Chemical Composition 174
5.3.3 Artificial Marks - Simple Tags 175 5.3.4 Artificial Marks -
Electronic Tags 177 5.4 Mechanisms of Migration 179 5.4.1 Swimming
Behaviour 179 5.4.2 Use of Currents 180 5.4.3 Migration Pathways 181 5.4.4
Migrations and Populations 181 5.5 Cod in the Western Atlantic 182 5.5.1
Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank 186 5.5.2 Scotian Shelf and Southern
Newfoundland 187 5.5.3 Gulf of St Lawrence 189 5.5.4 Grand Banks 190 5.5.5
Labrador Shelf and Eastern Newfoundland 190 5.6 Cod at Iceland and
Greenland 192 5.6.1 Movements of Cod from Greenland to Labrador 195 5.7 Cod
in the Eastern Atlantic 195 5.7.1 Barents Sea/ Norwegian Coast
(Arcto-Norwegian Cod) 195 5.7.2 The North Sea 197 5.7.3 The Baltic 198 5.8
The Importance of Oceanographic, Physiological, and Evolutionary Influences
on Cod Migration and Stock Structure 200 5.9 What of the Future? 203
Bibliography 204 6 Feeding, Growth, and Trophic Ecology 219 Jason S. Link
and Graham D. Sherwood 6.1 Summary 219 6.2 Introduction 219 6.3 Feeding:
What and How 222 6.3.1 Cod Feeding Behaviour and Energetic Consequences 224
6.3.2 Compared to Other Predators 226 6.3.3 Research Remaining and Further
Work 226 6.4 Feeding: How Much? 227 6.4.1 Estimating How Much Cod Eat 227
6.4.2 Magnitude of How Much Cod Eats 230 6.4.3 Research Remaining and
Further Work 231 6.5 What Happens to the Food Cod Eat: Losses and
Metabolism 231 6.5.1 Egestion 232 6.5.2 Specific Dynamic Action 232 6.5.3
Excretion 233 6.5.4 Standard Metabolism (Respiration) 234 6.5.5 Activity
234 6.5.6 Summary of Metabolic Costs 235 6.5.7 Research Remaining and
Further Work 237 6.6 What Happens to the Food Cod Eat: Individual Growth
237 6.6.1 How Is Growth Measured? 238 6.6.2 Reporting Growth and
Variability in Growth 239 6.6.3 Condition Indices 242 6.6.4 Climate Change
Effects on Growth 246 6.6.5 Summary 249 6.6.6 Research Remaining and
Further Work 249 6.7 What Happens to the Food Cod Eat: Population Growth
via Reproduction 250 6.7.1 Maturity 250 6.7.2 Fecundity 253 6.7.3 Realizing
Reproductive Potential Through Feeding 254 6.7.4 Summary 255 6.7.5 Research
Remaining and Further Work 256 6.8 What Happens to the Food Cod Eat:
Population Dynamics of Cod Prey 257 6.8.1 Prey Population Dynamics 257
6.8.2 Cannibalism 258 6.8.3 Cod Prey and Other Fisheries 259 6.8.4 Research
Remaining and Further Work 260 6.9 What Happens to the Food Cod Eat:
Population Dynamics of Cod Predators 260 6.9.1 Main Types and Responses of
Cod Predators 260 6.9.2 Special Commentary on Marine Mammal Predators 261
6.9.3 Complex Food Web Dynamics: Cultivator Effects 262 6.9.4 Research
Remaining and Further Work 263 6.10 Conclusions 263 Further Reading 263
Bibliography 264 7 Exploitation: Cod is Fish and Fish is Cod 287 George A.
Rose, Gudrun Marteinsdottir, and Olav-Rune Godo 7.1 The Earliest Cod
Fisheries (and the Gift of Viking 'Stockfish') 288 7.2 Cod and the 'Fish
Event Horizon' 289 7.3 The Icelandic Fisheries 294 7.4 The Newfoundland and
Grand Banks Fisheries 296 7.5 The North Atlantic Cod Trade 300 7.6
Technology in the Fisheries 300 7.7 Science and the Cod Fisheries 306 7.7.1
Landings 306 7.7.2 Fisheries-Independent Data (Surveys...) 311 7.7.3 Stock
Assessment 316 7.7.4 Ageing 316 7.7.5 Stock Units and Tagging 317 7.7.6
Models 319 7.7.7 Stock-Recruitment 321 7.7.8 Productivity 323 7.8
Ecosystem-Based and Precautionary Management 328 Bibliography 329 8 Cod and
Climate Change 337 Keith Brander 8.1 Summary 337 8.2 Introduction 337 8.3
Learning from the Past 340 8.4 The Greenland Story 340 8.5 Scales and
Processes 342 8.6 Changing Climate of the North Atlantic 342 8.7 Impacts on
Individuals and Populations 348 8.7.1 Growth 349 8.7.2 Survival 351 8.7.3
Recruitment 352 8.7.4 Surplus Production 353 8.8 Recent History of Cod
Fisheries and the Role of Climate 355 8.9 Future Distribution and Abundance
358 8.10 Lessons for Fisheries Management 360 8.A Appendix 362 8.A.1 The
ICES/GLOBEC Cod and Climate Change Programme 362 8.A.2 Aims, Organization,
and Funding 363 8.A.3 What the Programme Achieved 367 8.A.3.1 Comparative
Information on Spawning and Life History 367 8.A.3.2 Backward Facing
Workshops 367 8.A.3.3 Growth 371 8.A.3.4 Applying Environmental Information
in Stock Assessment 371 8.A.3.5 Decline and Recovery of Cod Stocks 371
8.A.3.6 Cod and Future Climate 372 8.A.3.7 Symposia and Individual Papers
372 Selected Papers: 374 Acknowledgements 375 Bibliography 375 9 The Future
of Wild Cod and Their Fisheries 385 George A. Rose 9.1 The State of Stocks
385 9.2 Cod Economics 386 9.3 The Future 387 Acknowledgements 388
Bibliography 388 Index 391
Introduction 1 1 Atlantic Cod: Origin and Evolution 7 Gudrun Marteinsdottir
and George A. Rose 1.1 Introduction 7 1.2 Taxonomy and Morphology 9 1.3
Origin and Evolution 9 1.4 Cod: One of Few Endemic Atlantic Species 11 1.5
The Ancient North Atlantic: Dispersal and Early Population Structure 12 1.6
Rise of Cod and Current Population Structure 13 1.7 Is Diversity a Key to
Cod's Success? 16 1.8 The Genetic Seascape 17 Bibliography 20 2
Ecophysiology 27 Denis Chabot and Guy Claireaux 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2
Temperature 31 2.2.1 Thermal Physiology 31 2.2.2 Thermal Niche of Cod 33
2.2.3 Temperature Range for Different Cod Stocks 33 2.2.4 Thermal
Preferendum in the Laboratory 34 2.2.5 Temperature and Cod Growth 34 2.2.6
The OCLTT Hypothesis and Cod 36 2.2.7 Lethal Temperature for Cod: The
Effect of Acclimation 37 2.2.8 Aerobic Metabolic Scope of
Temperature-Acclimated Cod 38 2.2.9 Temperature and Cod Recruitment 40
2.2.10 Temperature Adaptation in Cod 41 2.3 Dissolved Oxygen 42 2.3.1
Hypoxia 42 2.3.2 Respiration 42 2.3.3 Responses of Fishes to Hypoxia 43
2.3.4 Hypoxia Exposure of Cod Populations 45 2.3.5 Survival of Cod in
Hypoxia 48 2.3.6 Impact of Hypoxia on Cod Recruitment 48 2.3.7 Impact of
Hypoxia on Cod Distribution 48 2.3.8 Cod Performance in Hypoxia 49 2.3.9
Hypoxia and Feeding of Cod 49 2.4 Salinity 50 2.4.1 Osmoregulation in
Marine Fishes 50 2.4.2 Salinity Tolerance of Cod 51 2.4.3 Salinity and
Growth Rate of Cod 51 2.4.4 Interactions Between Ambient Salinity,
Temperature and Oxygen 52 2.4.5 Salinity Selection by Cod 53 2.4.6 Salinity
and Cod Recruitment 53 2.5 Water pH 55 2.5.1 Causes of Ocean Acidification
55 2.5.2 Physiological Impacts of Ocean Acidification 55 2.5.3 Cod and
Higher Carbonate Solubility 56 2.5.4 Cod Acid-Base Regulation 56 2.5.5
Acidification and Performance 56 2.5.6 Interaction Between pH and Hypoxia
57 2.6 Other Environmental Variables 57 2.6.1 Light 58 2.6.2 Contaminants
58 2.6.3 Trophic Interactions 60 2.6.4 Parasites and Diseases 61 2.7
Applications of Ecophysiological Understanding 62 2.8 Conclusions 64
Acknowledgements 64 Bibliography 65 3 Reproduction and Spawning 87 Peter J.
Wright and Sherrylynn Rowe 3.1 Summary 87 3.2 Introduction 87 3.3 Variation
in Maturation 89 3.4 Reproductive Investment 94 3.5 Spawning Location 100
3.6 Spawning Time 107 3.7 Spawning Behaviour 110 3.8 The Future 116
Acknowledgements 116 Further Reading 117 Bibliography 117 4 Early Life
History 133 Timothy B. Grabowski and Jonathan H. Grabowski 4.1 Introduction
133 4.2 Early Development of Atlantic Cod 135 4.2.1 Life in the Plankton
137 4.2.2 'Bottoming out' - Settlement and Juvenile Habitat Use 149 4.3
Mortality 153 4.4 Feeding and Growth 155 4.5 Habitat Shifts, Dietary
Shifts, and Growing Up 157 4.6 Conclusions 157 Acknowledgements 158
Bibliography 158 5 Migration 169 David Righton and Julian Metcalfe 5.1
Introduction 169 5.2 Why Migrate? 170 5.3 Studying Migration: What We Need
to Know and How We Learn 173 5.3.1 Tagging and Marking Experiments 174
5.3.2 Natural Marks - Meristics, Parasites, and Chemical Composition 174
5.3.3 Artificial Marks - Simple Tags 175 5.3.4 Artificial Marks -
Electronic Tags 177 5.4 Mechanisms of Migration 179 5.4.1 Swimming
Behaviour 179 5.4.2 Use of Currents 180 5.4.3 Migration Pathways 181 5.4.4
Migrations and Populations 181 5.5 Cod in the Western Atlantic 182 5.5.1
Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank 186 5.5.2 Scotian Shelf and Southern
Newfoundland 187 5.5.3 Gulf of St Lawrence 189 5.5.4 Grand Banks 190 5.5.5
Labrador Shelf and Eastern Newfoundland 190 5.6 Cod at Iceland and
Greenland 192 5.6.1 Movements of Cod from Greenland to Labrador 195 5.7 Cod
in the Eastern Atlantic 195 5.7.1 Barents Sea/ Norwegian Coast
(Arcto-Norwegian Cod) 195 5.7.2 The North Sea 197 5.7.3 The Baltic 198 5.8
The Importance of Oceanographic, Physiological, and Evolutionary Influences
on Cod Migration and Stock Structure 200 5.9 What of the Future? 203
Bibliography 204 6 Feeding, Growth, and Trophic Ecology 219 Jason S. Link
and Graham D. Sherwood 6.1 Summary 219 6.2 Introduction 219 6.3 Feeding:
What and How 222 6.3.1 Cod Feeding Behaviour and Energetic Consequences 224
6.3.2 Compared to Other Predators 226 6.3.3 Research Remaining and Further
Work 226 6.4 Feeding: How Much? 227 6.4.1 Estimating How Much Cod Eat 227
6.4.2 Magnitude of How Much Cod Eats 230 6.4.3 Research Remaining and
Further Work 231 6.5 What Happens to the Food Cod Eat: Losses and
Metabolism 231 6.5.1 Egestion 232 6.5.2 Specific Dynamic Action 232 6.5.3
Excretion 233 6.5.4 Standard Metabolism (Respiration) 234 6.5.5 Activity
234 6.5.6 Summary of Metabolic Costs 235 6.5.7 Research Remaining and
Further Work 237 6.6 What Happens to the Food Cod Eat: Individual Growth
237 6.6.1 How Is Growth Measured? 238 6.6.2 Reporting Growth and
Variability in Growth 239 6.6.3 Condition Indices 242 6.6.4 Climate Change
Effects on Growth 246 6.6.5 Summary 249 6.6.6 Research Remaining and
Further Work 249 6.7 What Happens to the Food Cod Eat: Population Growth
via Reproduction 250 6.7.1 Maturity 250 6.7.2 Fecundity 253 6.7.3 Realizing
Reproductive Potential Through Feeding 254 6.7.4 Summary 255 6.7.5 Research
Remaining and Further Work 256 6.8 What Happens to the Food Cod Eat:
Population Dynamics of Cod Prey 257 6.8.1 Prey Population Dynamics 257
6.8.2 Cannibalism 258 6.8.3 Cod Prey and Other Fisheries 259 6.8.4 Research
Remaining and Further Work 260 6.9 What Happens to the Food Cod Eat:
Population Dynamics of Cod Predators 260 6.9.1 Main Types and Responses of
Cod Predators 260 6.9.2 Special Commentary on Marine Mammal Predators 261
6.9.3 Complex Food Web Dynamics: Cultivator Effects 262 6.9.4 Research
Remaining and Further Work 263 6.10 Conclusions 263 Further Reading 263
Bibliography 264 7 Exploitation: Cod is Fish and Fish is Cod 287 George A.
Rose, Gudrun Marteinsdottir, and Olav-Rune Godo 7.1 The Earliest Cod
Fisheries (and the Gift of Viking 'Stockfish') 288 7.2 Cod and the 'Fish
Event Horizon' 289 7.3 The Icelandic Fisheries 294 7.4 The Newfoundland and
Grand Banks Fisheries 296 7.5 The North Atlantic Cod Trade 300 7.6
Technology in the Fisheries 300 7.7 Science and the Cod Fisheries 306 7.7.1
Landings 306 7.7.2 Fisheries-Independent Data (Surveys...) 311 7.7.3 Stock
Assessment 316 7.7.4 Ageing 316 7.7.5 Stock Units and Tagging 317 7.7.6
Models 319 7.7.7 Stock-Recruitment 321 7.7.8 Productivity 323 7.8
Ecosystem-Based and Precautionary Management 328 Bibliography 329 8 Cod and
Climate Change 337 Keith Brander 8.1 Summary 337 8.2 Introduction 337 8.3
Learning from the Past 340 8.4 The Greenland Story 340 8.5 Scales and
Processes 342 8.6 Changing Climate of the North Atlantic 342 8.7 Impacts on
Individuals and Populations 348 8.7.1 Growth 349 8.7.2 Survival 351 8.7.3
Recruitment 352 8.7.4 Surplus Production 353 8.8 Recent History of Cod
Fisheries and the Role of Climate 355 8.9 Future Distribution and Abundance
358 8.10 Lessons for Fisheries Management 360 8.A Appendix 362 8.A.1 The
ICES/GLOBEC Cod and Climate Change Programme 362 8.A.2 Aims, Organization,
and Funding 363 8.A.3 What the Programme Achieved 367 8.A.3.1 Comparative
Information on Spawning and Life History 367 8.A.3.2 Backward Facing
Workshops 367 8.A.3.3 Growth 371 8.A.3.4 Applying Environmental Information
in Stock Assessment 371 8.A.3.5 Decline and Recovery of Cod Stocks 371
8.A.3.6 Cod and Future Climate 372 8.A.3.7 Symposia and Individual Papers
372 Selected Papers: 374 Acknowledgements 375 Bibliography 375 9 The Future
of Wild Cod and Their Fisheries 385 George A. Rose 9.1 The State of Stocks
385 9.2 Cod Economics 386 9.3 The Future 387 Acknowledgements 388
Bibliography 388 Index 391