Helmut Schleicher, Mebus A. Geyh
Absolute Age Determination
Physical and Chemical Dating Methods and Their Application
Übersetzung:Newcomb, Clark
Helmut Schleicher, Mebus A. Geyh
Absolute Age Determination
Physical and Chemical Dating Methods and Their Application
Übersetzung:Newcomb, Clark
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Das Ziel dieses Buches ist es, dem Leser einen vollständigen Überblick über das Spektrum von physikalischen und chemischen Datierungsmethoden zu geben und anhand von Beispielen ihre Anwendungsmöglichkeiten zu demonstrieren.
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Das Ziel dieses Buches ist es, dem Leser einen vollständigen Überblick über das Spektrum von physikalischen und chemischen Datierungsmethoden zu geben und anhand von Beispielen ihre Anwendungsmöglichkeiten zu demonstrieren.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Springer / Springer Berlin Heidelberg / Springer, Berlin
- Artikelnr. des Verlages: 978-3-540-51276-9
- 1990.
- Seitenzahl: 520
- Erscheinungstermin: 27. August 1990
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 242mm x 170mm x 28mm
- Gewicht: 902g
- ISBN-13: 9783540512769
- ISBN-10: 3540512764
- Artikelnr.: 26170856
- Verlag: Springer / Springer Berlin Heidelberg / Springer, Berlin
- Artikelnr. des Verlages: 978-3-540-51276-9
- 1990.
- Seitenzahl: 520
- Erscheinungstermin: 27. August 1990
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 242mm x 170mm x 28mm
- Gewicht: 902g
- ISBN-13: 9783540512769
- ISBN-10: 3540512764
- Artikelnr.: 26170856
1 Introduction.- 2 Time Scales and Ages.- 2.1 Absolute Time Scales.- 2.2 Relative Time Scales.- 2.3 Physical and Chemical Time Scales.- 3 Selection, Collection, Packing, Storage, Transport, and Description of the Samples.- 3.1 Selection and Collection of the Samples.- 3.2 Packing, Storage, and Transport of the Samples.- 3.3 Sample Description.- 4 Treatment and Interpretation of the Raw Data.- 4.1 Suitability of a Sample for Dating and Reliability of the Dates.- 4.1.1 Soft-Rock Dating.- 4.1.2 Hard-Rock Dating.- 4.1.3 Isotope Geochemistry.- 4.2 Mathematical Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Age Data.- 4.2.1 Rules for Simple Calculations with the Dating Results; Statistical Tests.- 4.2.2 Comparison of Age Values.- 4.2.3 Numerical and Graphical Evaluation of Age Values.- 4.3 Publication of the Age Values.- 5 Physical Dating Methods.- 5.1 Principles.- 5.2 Sample Treatment and Measurement Techniques.- 5.2.1 Sample Treatment.- 5.2.1.1 Hard-Rock Samples.- 5.2.1.2 Soft-Rock Samples.- 5.2.2 Radioactivity Measurements: Decay Counting Methods.- 5.2.2.1 Gas-Filled Proportional and Geiger-Müller Counters.- 5.2.2.2 Scintillation Counters.- 5.2.2.3 Semiconductor Detectors.- 5.2.3 Measurement of Stable and Long-Lived Isotopes: Atom Counting Methods.- 5.2.3.1 Mass Spectrometry (MS).- 5.2.3.2 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS).- 5.2.3.3 Resonance-Ionization Spectrometry (RIS).- 5.2.4 Other Analytical Techniques.- 5.2.4.1 Isotope Dilution Analysis (ID).- 5.2.4.2 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA).- 5.2.4.3 Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AA) and Inductive Coupled Plasma Analysis (ICP).- 5.2.4.4 Ion-Microprobe (IMP) and Laser Microprobe Mass Analysis (LAMMA).- 5.2.4.5 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF).- 6 Radiometric Dating Methods.- 6.1 Parent/Daughter Isotope Ratios as a Geochronometer.- 6.1.1 Potassium/Argon (40K/40Ar) Method***.- 6.1.1.1 Conventional Potassium/Argon (40K/40Ar) Method***.- 6.1.1.2 Argon/Argon (39Ar/40Ar) Method**.- 6.1.2 Potassium/Calcium (40K/40Ca) Method *.- 6.1.3 Rubidium/Strontium (87Rb/87Sr) Method***.- 6.1.4 Lanthanum/Cerium (138La/138Ce) Method.- 6.1.5 Lanthanum/Barium (138La/138Ba) Method.- 6.1.6 Samarium/Neodymium (147Sm/143Nd) Method**.- 6.1.7 Lutetium/Hafnium (176Lu/176Hf) Method *.- 6.1.8 Rhenium/Osmium (187Re/187Os) Method *.- 6.1.9 Uranium/Thorium/Lead Methods *** (238U/206Pb, 235U/207Pb, and 232Th/208Pb Methods).- 6.1.10 Common Lead Method *.- 6.1.11 Lead/Lead (207Pb/206Pb) Method *.- 6.1.12 Chemical Lead Method.- 6.1.13 Lead/Alpha Method (Larsen Method).- 6.1.14 Krypton/Krypton (Krsf/Krn) Method*.- 6.1.15 Xenon Methods *.- 6.1.15.1 Uranium/Xenon (U/Xesf) Method.- 6.1.15.2 Xenon/Xenon (Xesf/Xen) Method *.- 6.2 Dating with Cosmogenic Radionuclides.- 6.2.1 Radiocarbon (14C) Method***.- 6.2.2 Tritium (3H) Methods.- 6.2.2.1 Classical Tritium (3H) Method *.- 6.2.2.2 Tritium/Helium-3 (3H/3He) and Helium-3 (3He) Methods**.- 6.2.3 Beryllium-10 (10Be) Method**.- 6.2.4 Sodium-22 (22Na) Method.- 6.2.5 Aluminium-26 (26Al) Method *.- 6.2.6 Silicon-32 (32Si) Method *.- 6.2.7 Chlorine-36 (36Cl) Method**.- 6.2.8 Argon-39 (39Ar) Method**.- 6.2.9 Calcium-41 (41Ca) Method.- 6.2.10 Manganese-53 (53Mn) Method**.- 6.2.11 Krypton-81 (81Kr) Method *.- 6.2.12 Iodine-129 (129I) Method *.- 6.2.13 Aluminium-26/Beryllium-10 (26Al/10Be) Method *.- 6.2.14 Beryllium-10/Chlorine-36 (10Be/36Cl) Method.- 6.3 Dating Based on Radioactive Disequilibrium of the Uranium, Thorium, and Protactinium Decay Series: The Uranium/Thorium/Protactinium Methods ***.- 6.3.1 23OTh/234U Method***.- 6.3.2 231Pa/235U Method *.- 6.3.3 231Pa/230Th Method**.- 6.3.4 234U/238U Method**.- 6.3.5 230Th-excess Method**.- 6.3.6 231Pa-excess Method *.- 6.3.7 230Th-excess/232Th or 230Th/238U Method**.- 6.3.8 231Pa-excess/230Th-excess Method**.- 6.3.9 234Th-excess Method.- 6.3.10 228Th-excess/232Th Method.- 6.3.11 Dating Methods Based on Supported 226Ra and Unsupported 226Ra.- 6.3.12 224Ra and 228Ra Methods.- 6.3.13 210Pb Method***.- 6.3.14 Uranium/Helium (U/He) Method**.- 6.3.15 Radium/Radon Method.- 6.4 Age Determination Using Radiation Damage.- 6.4.1 Thermoluminescence (TL) Method***.- 6.4.2 Optical Dating (OSL) Method *.- 6.4.3 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR or EPR) Method**.- 6.4.4 Exo-Electron Method (TSEE Method) *.- 6.4.5 Thermally Stimulated Current (TSC) Method.- 6.4.6 Differential Thermoanalysis (DTA).- 6.4.7 Fission Track Method (FT Method)***.- 6.4.8 Alpha-Recoil Track Method.- 6.4.9 Age Determination Using Pleochroic Haloes.- 6.5 Dating Meteorites and Lunar Rocks.- 6.5.1 Introduction.- 6.5.2 Sample Preparation and Measurement.- 6.5.3 Formation Interval.- 6.5.4 Solidification Ages.- 6.5.5 Gas Retention Ages.- 6.5.6 Cosmic Ray Exposure Ages.- 6.5.7 Terrestrial Ages of Meteorites.- 7 Chronostratigraphic Methods Using Global Time Markers.- 7.1 Paleomagnetic Dating Methods***.- 7.2 Chronostratigraphic Time-Scale Using ?18O Values ***.- 7.3 Chronostratigraphic Time-Scale Using ?34S and ?13C Values and 87Sr/86Sr Ratios**.- 7.4 Artificial Radionuclides as Time Markers ***.- 7.5 Geochemical Time Markers *.- 7.6 Chemical Pollution as Time Markers *.- 8 Chemical Dating Methods.- 8.1 Amino-Acid Racemization Method (AAR)***.- 8.2 Amino-Acid Degradation Method.- 8.3 Dating of Bones Using the Nitrogen or Collagen Content *.- 8.4 Chemical Electron-Spin-Resonance (ESR) Dating.- 8.5 Molecular (Protein and DNA) Clocks.- 8.6 Obsidian Hydration Method***.- 8.7 Dating of Man-Made Glass.- 8.8 Calcium Diffusion and Cation-Ratio Methods.- 8.9 Dating of Bones Using the Fluorine or Uranium Content *.- 9 Phanerozoic Time-Scale.- 9.1 Objectives and History of Geochronolgy.- 9.2 Geological Time-Scales.- 9.3 The Future.- 10 Literature.- 10.1 Journals that Frequently Publish Geochronological Papers.- 10.2 Geochronology Textbooks.- 10.3 References.- Acknowledgments.- Appendix A: Geochronology Glossary.- Appendix B: Radioactive and Stable Isotopes in Geochronology.- Appendix C: List of Addresses.
1 Introduction.- 2 Time Scales and Ages.- 2.1 Absolute Time Scales.- 2.2 Relative Time Scales.- 2.3 Physical and Chemical Time Scales.- 3 Selection, Collection, Packing, Storage, Transport, and Description of the Samples.- 3.1 Selection and Collection of the Samples.- 3.2 Packing, Storage, and Transport of the Samples.- 3.3 Sample Description.- 4 Treatment and Interpretation of the Raw Data.- 4.1 Suitability of a Sample for Dating and Reliability of the Dates.- 4.1.1 Soft-Rock Dating.- 4.1.2 Hard-Rock Dating.- 4.1.3 Isotope Geochemistry.- 4.2 Mathematical Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Age Data.- 4.2.1 Rules for Simple Calculations with the Dating Results; Statistical Tests.- 4.2.2 Comparison of Age Values.- 4.2.3 Numerical and Graphical Evaluation of Age Values.- 4.3 Publication of the Age Values.- 5 Physical Dating Methods.- 5.1 Principles.- 5.2 Sample Treatment and Measurement Techniques.- 5.2.1 Sample Treatment.- 5.2.1.1 Hard-Rock Samples.- 5.2.1.2 Soft-Rock Samples.- 5.2.2 Radioactivity Measurements: Decay Counting Methods.- 5.2.2.1 Gas-Filled Proportional and Geiger-Müller Counters.- 5.2.2.2 Scintillation Counters.- 5.2.2.3 Semiconductor Detectors.- 5.2.3 Measurement of Stable and Long-Lived Isotopes: Atom Counting Methods.- 5.2.3.1 Mass Spectrometry (MS).- 5.2.3.2 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS).- 5.2.3.3 Resonance-Ionization Spectrometry (RIS).- 5.2.4 Other Analytical Techniques.- 5.2.4.1 Isotope Dilution Analysis (ID).- 5.2.4.2 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA).- 5.2.4.3 Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AA) and Inductive Coupled Plasma Analysis (ICP).- 5.2.4.4 Ion-Microprobe (IMP) and Laser Microprobe Mass Analysis (LAMMA).- 5.2.4.5 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF).- 6 Radiometric Dating Methods.- 6.1 Parent/Daughter Isotope Ratios as a Geochronometer.- 6.1.1 Potassium/Argon (40K/40Ar) Method***.- 6.1.1.1 Conventional Potassium/Argon (40K/40Ar) Method***.- 6.1.1.2 Argon/Argon (39Ar/40Ar) Method**.- 6.1.2 Potassium/Calcium (40K/40Ca) Method *.- 6.1.3 Rubidium/Strontium (87Rb/87Sr) Method***.- 6.1.4 Lanthanum/Cerium (138La/138Ce) Method.- 6.1.5 Lanthanum/Barium (138La/138Ba) Method.- 6.1.6 Samarium/Neodymium (147Sm/143Nd) Method**.- 6.1.7 Lutetium/Hafnium (176Lu/176Hf) Method *.- 6.1.8 Rhenium/Osmium (187Re/187Os) Method *.- 6.1.9 Uranium/Thorium/Lead Methods *** (238U/206Pb, 235U/207Pb, and 232Th/208Pb Methods).- 6.1.10 Common Lead Method *.- 6.1.11 Lead/Lead (207Pb/206Pb) Method *.- 6.1.12 Chemical Lead Method.- 6.1.13 Lead/Alpha Method (Larsen Method).- 6.1.14 Krypton/Krypton (Krsf/Krn) Method*.- 6.1.15 Xenon Methods *.- 6.1.15.1 Uranium/Xenon (U/Xesf) Method.- 6.1.15.2 Xenon/Xenon (Xesf/Xen) Method *.- 6.2 Dating with Cosmogenic Radionuclides.- 6.2.1 Radiocarbon (14C) Method***.- 6.2.2 Tritium (3H) Methods.- 6.2.2.1 Classical Tritium (3H) Method *.- 6.2.2.2 Tritium/Helium-3 (3H/3He) and Helium-3 (3He) Methods**.- 6.2.3 Beryllium-10 (10Be) Method**.- 6.2.4 Sodium-22 (22Na) Method.- 6.2.5 Aluminium-26 (26Al) Method *.- 6.2.6 Silicon-32 (32Si) Method *.- 6.2.7 Chlorine-36 (36Cl) Method**.- 6.2.8 Argon-39 (39Ar) Method**.- 6.2.9 Calcium-41 (41Ca) Method.- 6.2.10 Manganese-53 (53Mn) Method**.- 6.2.11 Krypton-81 (81Kr) Method *.- 6.2.12 Iodine-129 (129I) Method *.- 6.2.13 Aluminium-26/Beryllium-10 (26Al/10Be) Method *.- 6.2.14 Beryllium-10/Chlorine-36 (10Be/36Cl) Method.- 6.3 Dating Based on Radioactive Disequilibrium of the Uranium, Thorium, and Protactinium Decay Series: The Uranium/Thorium/Protactinium Methods ***.- 6.3.1 23OTh/234U Method***.- 6.3.2 231Pa/235U Method *.- 6.3.3 231Pa/230Th Method**.- 6.3.4 234U/238U Method**.- 6.3.5 230Th-excess Method**.- 6.3.6 231Pa-excess Method *.- 6.3.7 230Th-excess/232Th or 230Th/238U Method**.- 6.3.8 231Pa-excess/230Th-excess Method**.- 6.3.9 234Th-excess Method.- 6.3.10 228Th-excess/232Th Method.- 6.3.11 Dating Methods Based on Supported 226Ra and Unsupported 226Ra.- 6.3.12 224Ra and 228Ra Methods.- 6.3.13 210Pb Method***.- 6.3.14 Uranium/Helium (U/He) Method**.- 6.3.15 Radium/Radon Method.- 6.4 Age Determination Using Radiation Damage.- 6.4.1 Thermoluminescence (TL) Method***.- 6.4.2 Optical Dating (OSL) Method *.- 6.4.3 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR or EPR) Method**.- 6.4.4 Exo-Electron Method (TSEE Method) *.- 6.4.5 Thermally Stimulated Current (TSC) Method.- 6.4.6 Differential Thermoanalysis (DTA).- 6.4.7 Fission Track Method (FT Method)***.- 6.4.8 Alpha-Recoil Track Method.- 6.4.9 Age Determination Using Pleochroic Haloes.- 6.5 Dating Meteorites and Lunar Rocks.- 6.5.1 Introduction.- 6.5.2 Sample Preparation and Measurement.- 6.5.3 Formation Interval.- 6.5.4 Solidification Ages.- 6.5.5 Gas Retention Ages.- 6.5.6 Cosmic Ray Exposure Ages.- 6.5.7 Terrestrial Ages of Meteorites.- 7 Chronostratigraphic Methods Using Global Time Markers.- 7.1 Paleomagnetic Dating Methods***.- 7.2 Chronostratigraphic Time-Scale Using ?18O Values ***.- 7.3 Chronostratigraphic Time-Scale Using ?34S and ?13C Values and 87Sr/86Sr Ratios**.- 7.4 Artificial Radionuclides as Time Markers ***.- 7.5 Geochemical Time Markers *.- 7.6 Chemical Pollution as Time Markers *.- 8 Chemical Dating Methods.- 8.1 Amino-Acid Racemization Method (AAR)***.- 8.2 Amino-Acid Degradation Method.- 8.3 Dating of Bones Using the Nitrogen or Collagen Content *.- 8.4 Chemical Electron-Spin-Resonance (ESR) Dating.- 8.5 Molecular (Protein and DNA) Clocks.- 8.6 Obsidian Hydration Method***.- 8.7 Dating of Man-Made Glass.- 8.8 Calcium Diffusion and Cation-Ratio Methods.- 8.9 Dating of Bones Using the Fluorine or Uranium Content *.- 9 Phanerozoic Time-Scale.- 9.1 Objectives and History of Geochronolgy.- 9.2 Geological Time-Scales.- 9.3 The Future.- 10 Literature.- 10.1 Journals that Frequently Publish Geochronological Papers.- 10.2 Geochronology Textbooks.- 10.3 References.- Acknowledgments.- Appendix A: Geochronology Glossary.- Appendix B: Radioactive and Stable Isotopes in Geochronology.- Appendix C: List of Addresses.