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In the early 1990s, major electoral reforms took place in both Italy and Japan; each replaced a form of "proportional representation" (in which voters cast a ballot for a party list) with a "mixed member" system (in which voters cast ballots for individual candidates and party lists). The reforms were enacted by political elites in the context of divisions within the dominant party, changing patterns of party support, and party splits, in efforts to retain power while responding to charges of corruption, clientelism, and lack of accountability. The experiences of both countries provide a laboratory in which to investigate the effects and implications of the reforms, and, more broadly to analyze voter behavior in the context of institutional change.
The introduction provides an overview of post-WWII politics and electoral reform in Italy and Japan. In each of the next four chapters, specialists in Italian and Japanese electoral politics are teamed up to review data both before and after the reforms. Within this comparative framework, the authors explore such topics as changes in party competition, candidate selection mechanisms, and intra-party politics. The concluding chapter considers the longer-term consequences-both anticipated and unanticipated-of the reforms; despite superficially similar conditions, the effects in the two countries were dramatically different: in Japan, the new system has taken hold, with minor modifications, while in Italy, there was a reversion to a proportional representation system. As the essays in this volume demonstrate, to understand why similar reforms had such different effects in the two countries we must examine how electoral systems are embedded in broader institutional and social arrangements, and at the complex interplay of political geography, political history, and the rational calculations of political actors.
The introduction provides an overview of post-WWII politics and electoral reform in Italy and Japan. In each of the next four chapters, specialists in Italian and Japanese electoral politics are teamed up to review data both before and after the reforms. Within this comparative framework, the authors explore such topics as changes in party competition, candidate selection mechanisms, and intra-party politics. The concluding chapter considers the longer-term consequences-both anticipated and unanticipated-of the reforms; despite superficially similar conditions, the effects in the two countries were dramatically different: in Japan, the new system has taken hold, with minor modifications, while in Italy, there was a reversion to a proportional representation system. As the essays in this volume demonstrate, to understand why similar reforms had such different effects in the two countries we must examine how electoral systems are embedded in broader institutional and social arrangements, and at the complex interplay of political geography, political history, and the rational calculations of political actors.
From the reviews:
"This edited book ... examines the effects of electoral reform by comparing the case of two countries-Japan and Italy-to gain a better understanding of how the choice of electoral rules affects political outcomes. The electoral reforms in Japan and Italy indeed provide excellent cases for studying the effects of electoral systems ... . this book is highly recommended, not only for specialists of Japanese and Italian politics but also for scholars and students working on elections and electoral systems, broadly speaking." (Yoshikuni Ono, Social Science Japan Journal, Vol. 16 (1), January, 2013)
"This edited book ... examines the effects of electoral reform by comparing the case of two countries-Japan and Italy-to gain a better understanding of how the choice of electoral rules affects political outcomes. The electoral reforms in Japan and Italy indeed provide excellent cases for studying the effects of electoral systems ... . this book is highly recommended, not only for specialists of Japanese and Italian politics but also for scholars and students working on elections and electoral systems, broadly speaking." (Yoshikuni Ono, Social Science Japan Journal, Vol. 16 (1), January, 2013)