Robert P. Mason

Trace Metals in Aquatic Systems (eBook, ePUB)

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

This book provides a detailed examination of the concentration, form and cycling of trace metals and metalloids through the aquatic biosphere, and has sections dealing with the atmosphere, the ocean, lakes and rivers. It discusses exchanges at the water interface (air/water and sediment/water) and the major drivers of the cycling, concentration and form of trace metals in aquatic systems. The initial chapters focus on the fundamental principles and modelling approaches needed to understand metal concentration, speciation and fate in the aquatic environment, while the later chapters focus on specific environments, with case studies and research highlights. Specific examples deal with metals that are of particular scientific interest, such as mercury, iron, arsenic and zinc, and the book deals with both pollutant and required (nutrient) metals and metalloids. The underlying chemical principles controlling toxicity and bioavailability of these elements to microorganisms and to the aquatic food chain are also discussed. Readership: Graduate students studying environmental chemistry and related topics, as well as scientists and managers interested in the cycling of trace substances in aqueous systems Additional resources for this book can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/mason/tracemetals.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 448
• Erscheinungstermin: 20. Februar 2013
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118274583
• Artikelnr.: 37758259

Autorenporträt

Robert Mason is a Professor in the Departments of Marine Sciences and Chemistry at the University of Connecticut. His research focuses on the chemistry, fate, transport and bioaccumulation of trace metals in the marine and freshwater environments, with a focus on exchanges at the primary interfaces (air/water and sediment/water) and on transformations (methylation/demethylation, oxidation/reduction). Mercury biogeochemistry has been the primary focus of much of his research.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface
ix About the companion website
x 1 Introduction
1 1.1 A historical background to metal aquatic chemistry
1 1.2 Historical problems with metal measurements in environmental media
5 1.3 Recent advances in aquatic metal analysis
9 References
10 Problems
12 2 An introduction to the cycling of metals in the biosphere
13 2.1 The hydrologic cycle
13 2.2 An introduction to the global cycling of trace metal(loid)s
15 2.2.1 The sources and cycling of metal(loid)s in the biosphere
15 2.2.2 Metal(loid) partitioning and solubility in natural waters
16 2.2.3 Human infl uence over metal(loid) fate and transport
19 2.2.4 Trace metal(loid) inputs to the atmosphere
25 2.2.5 Metal(loid)s in the terrestrial environment and freshwater ecosystems
26 2.2.6 The transport of metal(loid)s to the ocean
30 2.2.7 Trace metal(loid)s in ocean waters
33 2.2.8 Trace metal(loid) inputs from hydrothermal vents
36 2.3 Global cycles of some important trace metals
38 2.3.1 The global cycles of cadmium
copper
and zinc
39 2.3.2 The global cycle of mercury and lead
41 2.4 Chapter summary
44 References
44 Problems
47 3 Chemical thermodynamics and metal(loid) complexation in natural waters
49 3.1 Thermodynamic background for understanding trace metal(loid) complexation
49 3.1.1 The relationship between free energy and the equilibrium constant
51 3.1.2 Ionic strength effects
52 3.1.3 Thermodynamic equilibrium
kinetics and steady state
54 3.2 Bonding
electronic confi guration
and complex formation
55 3.2.1 Ligand Field Theory
58 3.2.2 Thermodynamic effects of orbital splitting
61 3.2.3 Inorganic chemistry and complexation of transition metals
62 3.2.4 Inorganic chemistry and complexation of non-transition metals and metalloids
65 3.3 Complexation of metals in solution
67 3.3.1 Inorganic complexation
67 3.3.2 An approach to determining metal(loid) speciation in solution
68 3.3.3 The chemistry and speciation of metal-binding ligands
72 3.3.4 The complexation of the major ions in solution
77 3.3.5 Metal complexation with low molecular weight organic ligands
79 3.3.6 Complexation to large molecular weight organic matter
81 3.4 Trace metal interactions with the solid phase
86 3.4.1 Precipitation and dissolution
86 3.4.2 Adsorption of metals to aqueous solids
90 3.4.3 Dissolved-particulate partition coeffi cients
91 3.4.4 Adsorption isotherms
92 3.4.5 A complexation-based model for adsorption
93 3.5 Redox transformations and thermodynamic calculations
102 3.5.1 Electrochemistry and the equilibrium constant
102 3.5.2 The range in electrode potential and the stability of water
104 3.5.3 Equilibrium calculations involving redox reactions
105 3.5.4 Environmental considerations and controlling reactions
108 3.6 Chapter summary
112 Appendix 3.1
114 References
120 Problems
121 4 Modeling approaches to estimating speciation and interactions in aqueous systems
123 4.1 Introduction
123 4.2 The underlying basis and application of chemical equilibrium models
126 4.3 Adsorption modeling
131 4.4 Modeling interactions between cations and organic matter
and inorganic surfaces
144 4.4.1 The WHAM modeling approach
144 4.4.2 The NICA-Donnan modeling framework
149 4.4.3 Modeling the adsorption of humic acids to surfaces and the interaction with metal(loid)s
151 4.5 Modeling redox transformations
152 4.6 Modeling the kinetics of reactions
155 4.6.1 Reactions in solution
155 4.6.2 Adsorption/desorption kinetics
160 4.6.3 Uptake kinetics for microorganisms
160 4.7 Incorporating kinetics and thermodynamics into fate and transport modeling
161 4.8 Chapter summary
162 Appendix 4.1
162 Appendix 4.1a
162 Appendix 4.1b
163 References
163 Problems
165 5 Metal(loid)s in the atmosphere and their inputs to surface waters
167 5.1 Introduction
167 5.2 Atmospheric transport and deposition
167 5.2.1 Dry deposition
167 5.2.2 Aerosol distributions and metal(loid) concentrations
172 5.2.3 Wet deposition
177 5.2.4 Atmospheric deposition fl uxes
181 5.2.5 Source apportionment of atmospheric metal(loid)s
185 5.2.6 Gaseous volatilization and gas exchange of metal(loid) compounds
189 5.3 Atmospheric chemistry and surface water photochemistry of metals
194 5.4 Solubilization of aerosol metal(loid)s in natural waters
198 5.5 Focus topics
200 5.5.1 Focus topic: Atmospheric inputs and atmospheric chemistry of iron
200 5.5.2 Atmospheric chemistry and air-water exchange of mercury
202 5.6 Inputs of atmospheric metals to the biosphere
206 5.7 Chapter summary
209 References
209 Problems
217 6 Trace metal(loid)s in marine waters
219 6.1 Introduction
219 6.2 Metal(loid) partitioning in coastal and open ocean waters
221 6.2.1 The mechanisms of partitioning
221 6.2.2 Examination of metal speciation in the particulate phase
227 6.2.3 Examination of the complexation of metals with natural ligands in the filtered fraction
232 6.2.4 Metal concentrations in coastal waters
237 6.3 Metals in coastal and offshore sediments
238 6.3.1 Metals in the bulk phase
238 6.3.2 Metals in sediment porewater
243 6.3.3 Modeling metal cycling in sediments
249 6.3.4 Modeling of metal speciation in marine sediment porewaters
255 6.3.5 The importance of sediment resuspension and extreme events in coastal metal dynamics
259 6.3.6 Deep ocean sediments and manganese nodules and accretions
264 6.3.7 The biogeochemistry of metals in hydrothermal systems
267 6.4 Metal distributions in open ocean waters
270 6.4.1 Vertical distribution of metal(loid)s and controlling factors
270 6.4.2 Coordinated ocean studies: GEOTRACERS and prior and related programs
275 6.4.3 Iron
manganese
and aluminum cycling in open ocean waters
279 6.4.4 The biogeochemical cycling of zinc and cadmium in the ocean
280 6.4.5 Copper
cobalt
and other nutrient transition metals in the oceans
282 6.4.6 Anthropogenic metals - lead
silver
and mercury
283 6.4.7 Metalloids and other oxyanion cycling in seawater
290 6.4.8 Other transition metals
the lanthanides
and actinides
292 6.4.9 Particulate metal fl uxes to the deep ocean
294 6.5 Chapter summary
297 References
298 Problems
307 7 Trace metals in freshwaters
310 7.1 Overview of metal cycling in freshwaters
310 7.2 Trace element cycling in lakes
313 7.2.1 Processes infl uencing metal(loid) fate and dissolved speciation in lakes
314 7.2.2 Modeling the speciation and association of trace elements in stratified systems
327 7.2.3 Focus topic: Mercury cycling in lakes
330 7.3 Trace elements in rivers and groundwater
336 7.3.1 Trace elements in rivers
336 7.3.2 Trace elements in groundwater
345 7.3.3 Focus topic: Mining impacts and acid mine drainage
348 7.3.4 Arsenic in surface water and groundwater
350 7.3.5 Metal inputs from groundwater and margin exchange processes
354 7.4 Human activities and their impact on trace metal(loid) concentrations in drinking water and receiving waters
356 7.4.1 Lead in drinking water
357 7.4.2 Metal inputs from waste water treatment facilities and other industrial discharges
358 7.5 Metal stable isotopes and their use
360 7.6 Chapter summary
363 References
364 Problems
368 8 Trace metals and organisms: Essential and toxic metals
organometallics
microbial processes
and metal bioaccumulation
370 8.1 Introduction
370 8.2 Mechanisms of metal accumulation by microorganisms
372 8.2.1 The transport of metals across membranes
372 8.2.2 Passive transport (diffusion)
373 8.2.3 Facilitated transport (accelerated diffusion)
377 8.2.4 Active uptake
380 8.3 Essential trace metals
381 8.3.1 An overview of essential trace metals
381 8.3.2 Focus topic: Iron uptake by microbes in marine waters
383 8.3.3 Focus topic: Transition metals and carbon fi xation by microbes
388 8.3.4 The biochemistry of metals and their presence in the early biosphere
391 8.4 Organometallic compounds and microbial transformations of metals
393 8.4.1 Mechanisms of metal methylation
393 8.4.2 Less common organometallic compounds
397 8.4.3 Alkylated mercury compounds
399 8.4.4 Lead and tin compounds
402 8.4.5 Organometallics of arsenic
antimony
and bismuth
404 8.5 Bioavailability and bioaccumulation
406 8.5.1 Introduction
406 8.5.2 Trophic transfer of metals
408 8.5.3 Exposure and bioaccumulation models
410 8.6 Chapter Summary
414 References
415 Problems
421 Index
422