Massimo Ceraolo, Davide Poli

Fundamentals of Electric Power Engineering (eBook, ePUB)

From Electromagnetics to Power Systems

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

This book serves as a tool for any engineer who wants to learn about circuits, electrical machines and drives, power electronics, and power systems basics From time to time, engineers find they need to brush up on certain fundamentals within electrical engineering. This clear and concise book is the ideal learning tool for them to quickly learn the basics or develop an understanding of newer topics. Fundamentals of Electric Power Engineering: From Electromagnetics to Power Systems helps nonelectrical engineers amass power system information quickly by imparting tools and trade tricks for remembering basic concepts and grasping new developments. Created to provide more in-depth knowledge of fundamentals--rather than a broad range of applications only--this comprehensive and up-to-date book: * Covers topics such as circuits, electrical machines and drives, power electronics, and power system basics as well as new generation technologies * Allows nonelectrical engineers to build their electrical knowledge quickly * Includes exercises with worked solutions to assist readers in grasping concepts found in the book * Contains "in-depth" side bars throughout which pique the reader's curiosity Fundamentals of Electric Power Engineering is an ideal refresher course for those involved in this interdisciplinary branch. For supplementary files for this book, please visit href="http://booksupport.wiley.com/">http://booksupport.wiley.com

Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 552
• Erscheinungstermin: 7. April 2014
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118868751
• Artikelnr.: 40778430

Autorenporträt

MASSIMO CERAOLO received his MSc degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Pisa, with honors, in 1985. He has been Full Professor of Electric Power Systems since 2002. He has taught Networks, Components and Electric Systems at the University of Pisa, where he currently teaches Electric and Hybrid Vehicles. He has authored over one hundred scientific papers in several fields of electrical engineering. DAVIDE POLI received his MSc degree, with honors, and his PhD in Electrical Engineering from the University of Pisa, in 1997 and in 2001. He has been Assistant Professor of Electric Power Systems since 2001. Currently, he teaches Power Quality and Power System Reliability at the University of Pisa. He has authored eighty scientific papers in the field of power systems.

Inhaltsangabe

PREFACE xv ABOUT THE AUTHORS xix PART I PRELIMINARY MATERIAL 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 The Scope of Electrical Engineering
3 1.2 This Book's Scope and Organization
7 1.3 International Standards and Their Usage in This Book
8 1.3.1 International Standardization Bodies
8 1.3.2 The International System of Units (SI)
9 1.3.3 Graphic Symbols for Circuit Drawings
11 1.3.4 Names
Symbols
and Units
13 1.3.5 Other Conventions
15 1.4 Specific Conventions and Symbols in This Book
15 1.4.1 Boxes Around Text
16 1.4.2 Grayed Boxes
16 1.4.3 Terminology
17 1.4.4 Acronyms
17 1.4.5 Reference Designations
18 2 The Fundamental Laws of Electromagnetism 19 2.1 Vector Fields
20 2.2 Definition of E and B; Lorentz's Force Law
22 2.3 Gauss's Law
25 2.4 Ampère's Law and Charge Conservation
26 2.4.1 Magnetic Field and Matter
31 2.5 Faraday's Law
32 2.6 Gauss's Law for Magnetism
35 2.7 Constitutive Equations of Matter
36 2.7.1 General Considerations
36 2.7.2 Continuous Charge Flow Across Conductors
36 2.8 Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves
38 2.9 Historical Notes
40 2.9.1 Short Biography of Faraday
40 2.9.2 Short Biography of Gauss
40 2.9.3 Short Biography of Maxwell
41 2.9.4 Short Biography of Ampère
41 2.9.5 Short Biography of Lorentz
41 PART II ELECTRIC CIRCUIT CONCEPT AND ANALYSIS 43 3 Circuits as Modelling Tools 45 3.1 Introduction
46 3.2 Definitions
48 3.3 Charge Conservation and Kirchhoff's Current Law
50 3.3.1 The Charge Conservation Law
50 3.3.2 Charge Conservation and Circuits
51 3.3.3 The Electric Current
53 3.3.4 Formulations of Kirchhoff's Current Law
55 3.4 Circuit Potentials and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
60 3.4.1 The Electric Field Inside Conductors
60 3.4.2 Formulations of Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
64 3.5 Solution of a Circuit
65 3.5.1 Determining Linearly Independent Kirchhoff Equations (Loop-Cuts Method)
66 3.5.2 Constitutive Equations
68 3.5.3 Number of Variables and Equations
70 3.6 The Substitution Principle
73 3.7 Kirchhoff's Laws in Comparison with Electromagnetism Laws
75 3.8 Power in Circuits
76 3.8.1 Tellegen's Theorem and Energy Conservation Law in Circuits
78 3.9 Historical Notes
80 3.9.1 Short Biography of Kirchhoff
80 3.9.2 Short Biography of Tellegen
80 4 Techniques for Solving DC Circuits 83 4.1 Introduction
84 4.2 Modelling Circuital Systems with Constant Quantities as Circuits
84 4.2.1 The Basic Rule
84 4.2.2 Resistors: Ohm's Law
87 4.2.3 Ideal and "Real" Voltage and Current Sources
89 4.3 Solving Techniques
91 4.3.1 Basic Usage of Combined Kirchhoff-Constitutive Equations
92 4.3.2 Nodal Analysis
95 4.3.3 Mesh Analysis
98 4.3.4 Series and Parallel Resistors; Star/Delta Conversion
99 4.3.5 Voltage and Current Division
103 4.3.6 Linearity and Superposition
105 4.3.7 Thévenin's Theorem
107 4.4 Power and Energy and Joule's Law
112 4.5 More Examples
114 4.6 Resistive Circuits Operating with Variable Quantities
120 4.7 Historical Notes
121 4.7.1 Short Biography of Ohm
121 4.7.2 Short Biography of Thévenin
121 4.7.3 Short Biography of Joule
122 4.8 Proposed Exercises
122 5 Techniques for Solving AC Circuits 131 5.1 Introduction
132 5.2 Energy Storage Elements
132 5.2.1 Power in Time-Varying Circuits
133 5.2.2 The Capacitor
133 5.2.3 Inductors and Magnetic Circuits
136 5.3 Modelling Time-Varying Circuital Systems as Circuits
140 5.3.1 The Basic Rule
140 5.3.2 Modelling Circuital Systems When Induced EMFs Between Wires Cannot Be Neglected
145 5.3.3 Mutual Inductors and the Ideal Transformer
146 5.3.4 Systems Containing Ideal Transformers: Magnetically Coupled Circuits
150 5.4 Simple R-L and R-C Transients
152 5.5 AC Circuit Analysis
155 5.5.1 Sinusoidal Functions
155 5.5.2 Steady-State Behaviour of Linear Circuits Using Phasors
156 5.5.3 AC Circuit Passive Parameters
163 5.5.4 The Phasor Circuit
164 5.5.5 Circuits Containing Sources with Different Frequencies
169 5.6 Power in AC Circuits
171 5.6.1 Instantaneous
Active
Reactive
and Complex Powers
171 5.6.2 Circuits Containing Sources Having Different Frequencies
177 5.6.3 Conservation of Complex
Active
and Reactive Powers
178 5.6.4 Power Factor Correction
180 5.7 Historical Notes
184 5.7.1 Short Biography of Boucherot
184 5.8 Proposed Exercises
184 6 Three-Phase Circuits 191 6.1 Introduction
191 6.2 From Single-Phase to Three-Phase Systems
192 6.2.1 Modelling Three-Phase Lines When Induced EMFs Between Wires Are Not Negligible
198 6.3 The Single-Phase Equivalent of the Three-Phase Circuit
200 6.4 Power in Three-Phase Systems
202 6.5 Single-Phase Feeding from Three-Phase Systems
206 6.6 Historical Notes
209 6.6.1 Short Biography of Tesla
209 6.7 Proposed Exercises
209 PART III ELECTRIC MACHINES AND STATIC CONVERTERS 213 7 Magnetic Circuits and Transformers 215 7.1 Introduction
215 7.2 Magnetic Circuits and Single-Phase Transformers
215 7.3 Three-Phase Transformers
225 7.4 Magnetic Hysteresis and Core Losses
227 7.5 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Tests
230 7.6 Permanent Magnets
233 7.7 Proposed Exercises
235 8 Fundamentals of Electronic Power Conversion 239 8.1 Introduction
239 8.2 Power Electronic Devices
240 8.2.1 Diodes
Thyristors
Controllable Switches
240 8.2.2 The Branch Approximation of Thyristors and Controllable Switches
242 8.2.3 Diodes
243 8.2.4 Thyristors
246 8.2.5 Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs)
248 8.2.6 Summary of Power Electronic Devices
250 8.3 Power Electronic Converters
251 8.3.1 Rectifiers
251 8.3.2 DC-DC Converters
257 8.3.3 Inverters
264 8.4 Analysis of Periodic Quantities
276 8.4.1 Introduction
276 8.4.2 Periodic Quantities and Fourier's Series
276 8.4.3 Properties of Periodic Quantities and Examples
279 8.4.4 Frequency Spectrum of Periodic Signals
280 8.5 Filtering Basics
283 8.5.1 The Basic Principle
283 8.6 Summary
289 9 Principles of Electromechanical Conversion 291 9.1 Introduction
292 9.2 Electromechanical Conversion in a Translating Bar
292 9.3 Basic Electromechanics in Rotating Machines
297 9.3.1 Rotating Electrical Machines and Faraday's Law
297 9.3.2 Generation of Torques in Rotating Machines
301 9.3.3 Electromotive Force and Torque in Distributed Coils
302 9.3.4 The Uniform Magnetic Field Equivalent
304 9.4 Reluctance-Based Electromechanical Conversion
305 10 DC Machines and Drives and Universal Motors 309 10.1 Introduction
310 10.2 The Basic Idea and Generation of Quasi-Constant Voltage
310 10.3 Operation of a DC Generator Under Load
315 10.4 Different Types of DC Machines
318 10.4.1 Generators and Motors
318 10.4.2 Starting a DC Motor with Constant Field Current
320 10.4.3 Independent
Shunt
PM
and Series Excitation Motors
326 10.5 Universal Motors
329 10.6 DC Electric Drives
331 10.7 Proposed Exercises
335 11 Synchronous Machines and Drives 337 11.1 The Basic Idea and Generation of EMF
338 11.2 Operation Under Load
345 11.2.1 The Rotating Magnetic Field
345 11.2.2 Stator-Rotor Interaction
348 11.2.3 The Phasor Diagram and the Single-Phase Equivalent Circuit
350 11.3 Practical Considerations
353 11.3.1 Power Exchanges
353 11.3.2 Generators and Motors
357 11.4 Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines
359 11.5 Synchronous Electric Drives
360 11.5.1 Introduction
360 11.5.2 PM
Inverter-Fed
Synchronous Motor Drives
361 11.5.3 Control Implementation
366 11.6 Historical Notes
370 11.6.1 Short Biography of Ferraris and Behn-Eschemburg
370 11.7 Proposed Exercises
371 12 Induction Machines and Drives 373 12.1 Induction Machine Basics
374 12.2 Machine Model and Analysis
378 12.3 No-Load and Blocked-Rotor Tests
391 12.4 Induction Machine Motor Drives
394 12.5 Single-Phase Induction Motors
399 12.5.1 Introduction
399 12.5.2 Different Motor Types
402 12.6 Proposed Exercises
404 PART IV POWER SYSTEMS BASICS 409 13 Low-Voltage Electrical Installations 411 13.1 Another Look at the Concept of the Electric Power System
411 13.2 Electrical Installations: A Basic Introduction
413 13.3 Loads
418 13.4 Cables
422 13.4.1 Maximum Permissible Current and Choice of the Cross-Sectional Area
422 13.5 Determining Voltage Drop
427 13.6 Overcurrents and Overcurrent Protection
429 13.6.1 Overloads
429 13.6.2 Short Circuits
430 13.6.3 Breaker Characteristics and Protection Against Overcurrents
432 13.7 Protection in Installations: A Long List
437 14 Electric Shock and Protective Measures 439 14.1 Introduction
439 14.2 Electricity and the Human Body
440 14.2.1 Effects of Current on Human Beings
440 14.2.2 The Mechanism of Current Dispersion in the Earth
443 14.2.3 A Circuital Model for the Human Body
444 14.2.4 The Human Body in a Live Circuit
446 14.2.5 System Earthing: TT
TN
and IT
448 14.3 Protection Against Electric Shock
450 14.3.1 Direct and Indirect Contacts
450 14.3.2 Basic Protection (Protection Against Direct Contact)
451 14.3.3 Fault Protection (Protection Against Indirect Contact)
453 14.3.4 SELV Protection System
458 14.4 The Residual Current Device (RCD) Principle of Operation
459 14.5 What Else?
462 References
462 15 Large Power Systems: Structure and Operation 465 15.1 Aggregation of Loads and Installations: The Power System
465 15.2 Toward AC Three-Phase Systems
466 15.3 Electricity Distribution Networks
468 15.4 Transmission and Interconnection Grids
470 15.5 Modern Structure of Power Systems and Distributed Generation
473 15.6 Basics of Power System Operation
475 15.6.1 Frequency Regulation
478 15.6.2 Voltage Regulation
480 15.7 Vertically Integrated Utilities and Deregulated Power Systems
482 15.8 Recent Challenges and Smart Grids
484 15.9 Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage
486 15.9.1 Photovoltaic Plants
486 15.9.2 Wind Power Plants
490 15.9.3 Energy Storage
494 Appendix: Transmission Line Modelling and Port-Based Circuits 501 A.1 Modelling Transmission Lines Through Circuits
501 A.1.1 Issues and Solutions When Displacement Currents are Neglected
502 A.1.2 Steady-State Analysis Considering Displacement Currents
506 A.1.3 Practical Considerations
509 A.2 Modelling Lines as Two-Port Components
510 A.2.1 Port-Based Circuits
510 A.2.2 Port-Based Circuit and Transmission Lines
511 A.2.3 A Sample Application
512 A.3 Final Comments
513 SELECTED REFERENCES 515 ANSWERS TO THE PROPOSED EXERCISES 519 INDEX 529