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This fully revised and updated edition introduces the reader to sedimentology and stratigraphic principles, and provides tools for the interpretation of sediments and sedimentary rocks. The processes of formation, transport and deposition of sediment are considered and then applied to develop conceptual models for the full range of sedimentary environments, from deserts to deep seas and reefs to rivers. Different approaches to using stratigraphic principles to date and correlate strata are also considered, in order to provide a comprehensive introduction to all aspects of sedimentology and…mehr
This fully revised and updated edition introduces the reader to sedimentology and stratigraphic principles, and provides tools for the interpretation of sediments and sedimentary rocks. The processes of formation, transport and deposition of sediment are considered and then applied to develop conceptual models for the full range of sedimentary environments, from deserts to deep seas and reefs to rivers. Different approaches to using stratigraphic principles to date and correlate strata are also considered, in order to provide a comprehensive introduction to all aspects of sedimentology and stratigraphy. The text and figures are designed to be accessible to anyone completely new to the subject, and all of the illustrative material is provided in an accompanying CD-ROM. High-resolution versions of these images can also be downloaded from the companion website for this book at: eudora="autourl">www.wiley.com/go/nicholssedimentology.
GARY NICHOLS teaches sedimentology and stratigraphy at Royal Holloway University of London, UK, and has also recently taught courses at the University Centre on Svalbard, Norway. His research interests in the analysis of facies and sedimentary basins have taken him to every continent, providing experience of a wide range of sedimentary rocks types of different ages in a variety of depositional settings.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
About the Companion Website xv
Part A Sedimentary Materials, Processes and Products 1
1 Introduction to Sedimentology and Stratigraphy 3
1.1 Overview 4
1.2 Sedimentology 5
1.3 Stratigraphy 6
1.4 Sedimentology and Stratigraphy 7
Further Reading 8
2 Clastic Sediments: Gravel, Sand and Mud 9
2.1 Classification of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks 10
2.2 Gravel and Conglomerate 12
2.3 Sand and Sandstone 15
2.4 Clay, Silt and Mudrock 26
2.5 Textures and Analysis of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks 29
2.6 Clastic Sediments: Summary 34
Further Reading 34
3 Biogenic, Chemical and Volcanogenic Sediments 35
3.1 Limestone 36
3.2 Evaporite Minerals 44
3.3 Cherts 46
3.4 Sedimentary Phosphates 47
3.5 Sedimentary Ironstone 47
3.6 Carbonaceous (Organic) Deposits 49
3.7 Volcaniclastic Sedimentary Rocks 51
Further Reading 52
4 Processes of Transport and Sedimentary Structures 53
4.1 Transport Media 54
4.2 The Behaviour of Fluids and Particles in Fluids 55
4.3 Flows, Sediment and Bedforms 60
4.4 Waves 70
4.5 Sediment Gravity Flows 73
4.6 Mudcracks 77
4.7 Erosional Sedimentary Structures 78
4.8 Terminology for Sedimentary Structures and Beds 79
4.9 Sedimentary Structures and Sedimentary Environments 81
Further Reading 82
5 Field Sedimentology, Facies and Environments 83
5.1 Field Sedimentology 84
5.2 Graphic Sedimentary Logs 85
5.3 Palaeocurrents 91
5.4 Sampling Sedimentary Rocks 94
5.5 Description of Core 96
5.6 Interpreting Past Depositional Environments 97
5.7 Reconstructing Palaeoenvironments 101
5.8 Summary: Facies and Environments 105
Further Reading 105
Part B Continental Environments 107
6 Continental Environments and Sources of Sediment 109
6.1 From Source of Sediment to Formation of Strata 110
6.2 Tectonic Uplift 110
6.3 Global Climate 111
6.4 Weathering Processes 112
6.5 Erosion and Transport 115
6.6 Denudation and Landscape Evolution 118
6.7 Continental Environments of Deposition 124
Further Reading 126
7 Glacial Environments 127
7.1 Distribution of Glacial Environments 128
7.2 Glacial Ice 129
7.3 Continental Glacial Environments 131
7.4 Continental Glacial Deposition 136
7.5 Marine Glacial Environments 138
7.6 Glacial Deposits in the Stratigraphic Record 140
7.7 Glacial Sedimentology and Stratigraphy 141
Further Reading 142
8 Aeolian Environments 143
8.1 Aeolian Transport 144
8.2 Characteristics of Wind- blown Particles 145
8.3 Desert Environments 146
8.4 Aeolian Bedforms 148
8.5 Stratigraphic Record of Aeolian Deposits 152
8.6 Aeolian Deposits Outside Deserts 155
8.7 Summary 157
Further Reading 158
9 Rivers and Alluvial Fans 159
9.1 Fluvial and Alluvial Systems 160
9.2 River Channels 162
9.3 Floodplain Deposition 170
9.4 Alluvial Fans 171
9.5 Fossils in Fluvial and Alluvial Environments 175