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This textbook provides an overview of the origin and preservation of carbonate sedimentary rocks. The focus is on limestones and dolostones and the sediments from which they are derived. The approach is general and universal and draws heavily on fundamental discoveries, arresting interpretations, and keystone syntheses that have been developed over the last five decades. The book is designed as a teaching tool for upper level undergraduate classes, a fundamental reference for graduate and research students, and a scholarly source of information for practicing professionals whose expertise lies…mehr
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This textbook provides an overview of the origin and preservation of carbonate sedimentary rocks. The focus is on limestones and dolostones and the sediments from which they are derived. The approach is general and universal and draws heavily on fundamental discoveries, arresting interpretations, and keystone syntheses that have been developed over the last five decades. The book is designed as a teaching tool for upper level undergraduate classes, a fundamental reference for graduate and research students, and a scholarly source of information for practicing professionals whose expertise lies outside this specialty. The approach is rigorous, with every chapter being designed as a separate lecture on a specific topic that is encased within a larger scheme. The text is profusely illustrated with all colour diagrams and images of rocks, subsurface cores, thin sections, modern sediments, and underwater seascapes.
Additional resources for this book can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/james/carbonaterocks
Additional resources for this book can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/james/carbonaterocks
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Wiley Works
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 464
- Erscheinungstermin: 14. August 2015
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 282mm x 220mm x 27mm
- Gewicht: 1300g
- ISBN-13: 9781118652732
- ISBN-10: 1118652738
- Artikelnr.: 41563875
- Wiley Works
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 464
- Erscheinungstermin: 14. August 2015
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 282mm x 220mm x 27mm
- Gewicht: 1300g
- ISBN-13: 9781118652732
- ISBN-10: 1118652738
- Artikelnr.: 41563875
Noel James, Professor of Geology at Queen's University, Canada, has, for over 40 years focused his research on carbonate sediments and rocks that range from the modern seafloor to the Archean, studying their origin via extensive marine and terrestrial fieldwork, petrography, and geochemistry. He has taught numerous courses on oceanography, carbonate sedimentology, petroleum geology and the evolution of North America to undergraduates, graduate students, and professionals as well as editing or authoring nine scientific books. He has been honoured many times by learned societies, is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and a Member of the Order of Canada. Brian Jones, Distinguished University Professor (Geology) at the University of Alberta, Canada, has, for over 40 years taught numerous courses at the introductory and advanced level on carbonate sedimentology and diagenesis. His research on carbonates has concentrated on the deposition and diagenesis of modern and Cenozoic deposits in the Caribbean, surface and subsurface Paleozoic rocks in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, many of which are prolific hydrocarbon reservoirs, and spring deposits worldwide. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and the first Middleton Medalist of the Geological Association of Canada.
Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv PART I: CARBONATE SEDIMENTOLOGY: AN
OVERVIEW 1 1 CARBONATE ROCKS AND PLATFORMS 5 What are carbonate sedimentary
rocks? 6 Why should we care about studying these rocks? 6 What is the
scientific approach? 6 The carbonate continuum 7 How do carbonate sediments
form? 9 Where are carbonates produced and where do they accumulate? 10
Tectonic settings and the nature of carbonate platforms 11 How do we study
carbonate sediments and rocks? 14 Further reading 14 2 CARBONATE CHEMISTRY
AND MINERALOGY 15 Introduction 16 Chemistry 16 Carbonate precipitation and
dissolution in the ocean 19 Further reading 21 3 THE CARBONATE FACTORY 22
Introduction 23 Sediment production 23 Component modification 28 Karst and
carbonate spring precipitates 36 Further reading 37 4 MARINE CARBONATE
FACTORIES AND ROCK CLASSIFICATIONS 38 Introduction 39 Environmental
controls 39 Benthic marine factories 46 Pelagic marine factories 47
Limestone classification schemes 47 Further reading 50 5 THE CARBONATE
FACTORY: MICROBES AND ALGAE 51 Introduction 52 Microbes and carbonates 52
Microbialites 52 Modern stromatolites 54 Calcimicrobes 60 Calcareous algae
60 Further reading 66 6 THE CARBONATE FACTORY: SINGLE CELLS AND SHELLS 67
Introduction 68 Single?]cell microfossils 68 Macrofossils 71 Further
reading 78 7 THE CARBONATE FACTORY: ECHINODERMS AND COLONIAL INVERTEBRATES
79 Introduction 80 Echinoderms 80 Sponges 82 Bryozoans 85 Corals 89 Further
reading 93 Part II: CARBONATE DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW 95 8
LACUSTRINE CARBONATES 99 Introduction 100 Modern lakes: Zonation and
classification 100 Controls on lake sedimentation 101 Lake sedimentation
103 Lacustrine microbialites 107 Classification of ancient lake deposits
108 Further reading 108 9 CARBONATE SPRINGS 110 Introduction 111 Spring
systems 111 Classification of springs 112 Tufa, travertine, or sinter? 113
Biota of spring systems 114 Carbonate precipitation in spring systems 114
Spring architecture 115 Calcareous spring carbonate facies 117 Further
reading 122 10 WARM?]WATER NERITIC CARBONATE DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS 123
Introduction 124 The carbonate factory 124 Depositional systems 125 Further
reading 134 11 THE COOL?]WATER NERITIC REALM 135 Introduction 136 The
Carbonate Factory 136 Depositional settings 139 Warm?]temperate carbonates
141 Cool?]temperate carbonates 144 Cold?]water, polar carbonate systems 144
The rock record 145 Further reading 148 12 MUDDY PERITIDAL CARBONATES 150
Introduction 151 Andros Island: The Bahamas 152 Shark Bay: Western
Australia 154 The United Arab Emirates: Persian Gulf 155 Stratigraphy 158
The shallowing?]upward peritidal cycle 158 How do numerous peritidal cycles
form? 158 Temporal variations on the peritidal cycle theme 162 Further
reading 163 13 NERITIC CARBONATE TIDAL SAND BODIES 165 Introduction 166
Tides and tidal currents 166 Tidal sand bodies 167 Bahamian platform ooid
sand bodies 169 Types of Bahamian platform sand bodies 170 Some examples of
Bahamian sand bodies 171 Inter?]island tidal ooid sand bodies (tidal
deltas) 173 Platform interior Bahamian ooid sand bodies 174 Carbonate ramp
tidal ooid sand bodies 175 Carbonate sand bodies in straits and seaways 175
Carbonate sands in flooded incised valleys 176 Carbonate sands in
hypersaline basins 177 The rock record of tidal ooid sands 177 Ancient sand
body geometries 178 Further reading 178 14 MODERN REEFS 179 Introduction
180 The reef mosaic 180 The coral reef growth window 182 Shallow?]water
reefs 184 Deep?]water reefs 189 Further reading 191 15 ANCIENT REEFS 192
Introduction 193 The ancient reef factory 193 Microbes, calcimicrobes, and
calcareous algae 194 Internal cavities 195 Lithification 195 Boring and
bioerosion 196 Reef stratigraphic nomenclature 196 The spectrum of ancient
reefs 198 Reefs 198 Reef mounds 199 Reef geohistory 202 Reef rock
classification 206 Further reading 217 16 CARBONATE SLOPES 212 Introduction
213 Depositional bathymetry 213 The deposits 213 Contourites 217 Slope
types 218 Temporal and spatial variability 220 Further reading 222 17
DEEP?]WATER PELAGIC CARBONATES 223 Introduction 224 Universal controls 224
Depositional controls 225 Universal attributes 226 Old pelagic sediments
226 Young pelagic sediments 228 The pelagic factory 228 Chalk 229
Associated sediments 233 Ocean anoxia 233 Further reading 233 18
PRECAMBRIAN CARBONATES 234 Introduction 235 Precambrian carbonate systems
235 The carbonate factory 235 Reefs 242 Further reading 246 19 CARBONATE
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY 247 Introduction 248 Carbonate sequence stratigraphy
249 Shallow?]water reef sequence stratigraphy 250 Photozoan rimmed
platforms 252 Evaporites and siliciclastics 255 Heterozoan unrimmed
carbonate platforms 255 Ramps 257 Higher?]order cycles (parasequences) 259
Depositional cycles 259 Further reading 259 20 THE TIME MACHINE 261
Introduction 262 Carbonates and plate tectonics 262 Paleoclimate and
paleoceanography 265 Carbonates and the evolving biosphere 268 Ocean
acidification 271 Further reading 271 Part III: CARBONATE DIAGENESIS: AN
OVERVIEW 273 21 THE PROCESSES AND ENVIRONMENTS OF DIAGENESIS 277
Introduction to the processes 278 Carbonate dissolution 278 Carbonate
precipitation 278 The environments 281 Synsedimentary marine diagenetic
environment 282 Meteoric diagenetic environment 282 Burial diagenetic
environment 284 Dolomite and dolostone 285 Further reading 285 22
ANALYTICAL METHODS 286 Introduction 287 Petrography 288 X?]ray diffraction
analysis 291 Scanning electron microscopy 292 Electron microprobe analysis
294 Chemical analyses 294 Further reading 296 23 THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBONATE
DIAGENESIS 297 Introduction 298 Trace elements and element ratios 298
Stable isotopes 301 Oxygen isotopes 301 Carbon isotopes 303 Stable isotope
values for modern biogenic carbonates 304 Carbonate stable isotope values
through geologic time 305 Strontium isotopes 307 Further reading 309 24
LIMESTONE: THE SYNSEDIMENTARY MARINE DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENT 311
Introduction 312 The setting 312 Dissolution 312 Precipitation 313
Alteration 315 Synsedimentary limestone 316 Spatial distribution of early
lithification 318 Strandline diagenesis 319 The rock record 323 Isotopic
composition of ancient marine cements 324 Further reading 325 25 METEORIC
DIAGENESIS OF YOUNG LIMESTONES 326 Introduction 327 Processes 327 Cements
and cementation 330 Diagenesis of calcite sediments 333 Importance of grain
size 333 Diagenesis in different meteoric settings 334 Importance of
climate 335 How long does it take? 335 The ultimate product 336
Geochemistry 337 Further reading 339 26 KARST AND WATER?]CONTROLLED
DIAGENESIS 341 Introduction 342 Surficial processes and products 342
Surface karst facies 342 Calcrete facies 346 Subsurface karst facies 348
Surface and subsurface carbonate geochemistry 355 Further reading 356 27
BURIAL DIAGENESIS OF LIMESTONE 357 Introduction 358 The setting 358
Controlling factors 358 Processes and products 359 Burial cementation 362
Burial diagenetic models 365 Paragenesis via cement stratigraphy 368
Further reading 369 28 DOLOMITE AND DOLOMITIZATION 370 Introduction 371
Scientific approach 371 Dolomite: the mineral 371 Dolostone: the rock 373
The limestone to dolostone transition 376 Early diagenetic alteration of
dolomite 376 Dolomite geochemistry 380 Further reading 382 29
DOLOMITIZATION PROCESSES AND SYNSEDIMENTARY DOLOMITE 383 Introduction 384
What limits dolomite formation? 384 How to form extensive dolomite 385 The
different types of dolomite and dolostone 386 Synsedimentary (authigenic)
dolomite 386 Further reading 390 30 SUBSURFACE DOLOMITIZATION AND DOLOSTONE
PARAGENESIS 392 Introduction 393 Shallow?]burial early?]diagenetic
dolomites 393 Deep?]burial late?]diagenetic dolomites 396 Synthesis 399
Dolomite paragenesis 399 Further reading 402 31 DIAGENESIS AND GEOHISTORY
403 Introduction 404 Eogenetic diagenesis 404 Approach 406 Lowstand systems
tract 406 Transgressive systems tract 408 Highstand systems tract 410
Post?]eogenetic diagenesis 411 Further reading 413 32 CARBONATE POROSITY
414 Introduction 415 Porosity 415 Porosity measurement 415 Permeability 416
Types of porosity 416 Porosity classification 421 Porosity evolution
through time 422 Porosity and dolomitization 423 The evolution of porosity
423 Integration 425 Further reading 426 GLOSSARY 427 INDEX 000
OVERVIEW 1 1 CARBONATE ROCKS AND PLATFORMS 5 What are carbonate sedimentary
rocks? 6 Why should we care about studying these rocks? 6 What is the
scientific approach? 6 The carbonate continuum 7 How do carbonate sediments
form? 9 Where are carbonates produced and where do they accumulate? 10
Tectonic settings and the nature of carbonate platforms 11 How do we study
carbonate sediments and rocks? 14 Further reading 14 2 CARBONATE CHEMISTRY
AND MINERALOGY 15 Introduction 16 Chemistry 16 Carbonate precipitation and
dissolution in the ocean 19 Further reading 21 3 THE CARBONATE FACTORY 22
Introduction 23 Sediment production 23 Component modification 28 Karst and
carbonate spring precipitates 36 Further reading 37 4 MARINE CARBONATE
FACTORIES AND ROCK CLASSIFICATIONS 38 Introduction 39 Environmental
controls 39 Benthic marine factories 46 Pelagic marine factories 47
Limestone classification schemes 47 Further reading 50 5 THE CARBONATE
FACTORY: MICROBES AND ALGAE 51 Introduction 52 Microbes and carbonates 52
Microbialites 52 Modern stromatolites 54 Calcimicrobes 60 Calcareous algae
60 Further reading 66 6 THE CARBONATE FACTORY: SINGLE CELLS AND SHELLS 67
Introduction 68 Single?]cell microfossils 68 Macrofossils 71 Further
reading 78 7 THE CARBONATE FACTORY: ECHINODERMS AND COLONIAL INVERTEBRATES
79 Introduction 80 Echinoderms 80 Sponges 82 Bryozoans 85 Corals 89 Further
reading 93 Part II: CARBONATE DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW 95 8
LACUSTRINE CARBONATES 99 Introduction 100 Modern lakes: Zonation and
classification 100 Controls on lake sedimentation 101 Lake sedimentation
103 Lacustrine microbialites 107 Classification of ancient lake deposits
108 Further reading 108 9 CARBONATE SPRINGS 110 Introduction 111 Spring
systems 111 Classification of springs 112 Tufa, travertine, or sinter? 113
Biota of spring systems 114 Carbonate precipitation in spring systems 114
Spring architecture 115 Calcareous spring carbonate facies 117 Further
reading 122 10 WARM?]WATER NERITIC CARBONATE DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS 123
Introduction 124 The carbonate factory 124 Depositional systems 125 Further
reading 134 11 THE COOL?]WATER NERITIC REALM 135 Introduction 136 The
Carbonate Factory 136 Depositional settings 139 Warm?]temperate carbonates
141 Cool?]temperate carbonates 144 Cold?]water, polar carbonate systems 144
The rock record 145 Further reading 148 12 MUDDY PERITIDAL CARBONATES 150
Introduction 151 Andros Island: The Bahamas 152 Shark Bay: Western
Australia 154 The United Arab Emirates: Persian Gulf 155 Stratigraphy 158
The shallowing?]upward peritidal cycle 158 How do numerous peritidal cycles
form? 158 Temporal variations on the peritidal cycle theme 162 Further
reading 163 13 NERITIC CARBONATE TIDAL SAND BODIES 165 Introduction 166
Tides and tidal currents 166 Tidal sand bodies 167 Bahamian platform ooid
sand bodies 169 Types of Bahamian platform sand bodies 170 Some examples of
Bahamian sand bodies 171 Inter?]island tidal ooid sand bodies (tidal
deltas) 173 Platform interior Bahamian ooid sand bodies 174 Carbonate ramp
tidal ooid sand bodies 175 Carbonate sand bodies in straits and seaways 175
Carbonate sands in flooded incised valleys 176 Carbonate sands in
hypersaline basins 177 The rock record of tidal ooid sands 177 Ancient sand
body geometries 178 Further reading 178 14 MODERN REEFS 179 Introduction
180 The reef mosaic 180 The coral reef growth window 182 Shallow?]water
reefs 184 Deep?]water reefs 189 Further reading 191 15 ANCIENT REEFS 192
Introduction 193 The ancient reef factory 193 Microbes, calcimicrobes, and
calcareous algae 194 Internal cavities 195 Lithification 195 Boring and
bioerosion 196 Reef stratigraphic nomenclature 196 The spectrum of ancient
reefs 198 Reefs 198 Reef mounds 199 Reef geohistory 202 Reef rock
classification 206 Further reading 217 16 CARBONATE SLOPES 212 Introduction
213 Depositional bathymetry 213 The deposits 213 Contourites 217 Slope
types 218 Temporal and spatial variability 220 Further reading 222 17
DEEP?]WATER PELAGIC CARBONATES 223 Introduction 224 Universal controls 224
Depositional controls 225 Universal attributes 226 Old pelagic sediments
226 Young pelagic sediments 228 The pelagic factory 228 Chalk 229
Associated sediments 233 Ocean anoxia 233 Further reading 233 18
PRECAMBRIAN CARBONATES 234 Introduction 235 Precambrian carbonate systems
235 The carbonate factory 235 Reefs 242 Further reading 246 19 CARBONATE
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY 247 Introduction 248 Carbonate sequence stratigraphy
249 Shallow?]water reef sequence stratigraphy 250 Photozoan rimmed
platforms 252 Evaporites and siliciclastics 255 Heterozoan unrimmed
carbonate platforms 255 Ramps 257 Higher?]order cycles (parasequences) 259
Depositional cycles 259 Further reading 259 20 THE TIME MACHINE 261
Introduction 262 Carbonates and plate tectonics 262 Paleoclimate and
paleoceanography 265 Carbonates and the evolving biosphere 268 Ocean
acidification 271 Further reading 271 Part III: CARBONATE DIAGENESIS: AN
OVERVIEW 273 21 THE PROCESSES AND ENVIRONMENTS OF DIAGENESIS 277
Introduction to the processes 278 Carbonate dissolution 278 Carbonate
precipitation 278 The environments 281 Synsedimentary marine diagenetic
environment 282 Meteoric diagenetic environment 282 Burial diagenetic
environment 284 Dolomite and dolostone 285 Further reading 285 22
ANALYTICAL METHODS 286 Introduction 287 Petrography 288 X?]ray diffraction
analysis 291 Scanning electron microscopy 292 Electron microprobe analysis
294 Chemical analyses 294 Further reading 296 23 THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBONATE
DIAGENESIS 297 Introduction 298 Trace elements and element ratios 298
Stable isotopes 301 Oxygen isotopes 301 Carbon isotopes 303 Stable isotope
values for modern biogenic carbonates 304 Carbonate stable isotope values
through geologic time 305 Strontium isotopes 307 Further reading 309 24
LIMESTONE: THE SYNSEDIMENTARY MARINE DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENT 311
Introduction 312 The setting 312 Dissolution 312 Precipitation 313
Alteration 315 Synsedimentary limestone 316 Spatial distribution of early
lithification 318 Strandline diagenesis 319 The rock record 323 Isotopic
composition of ancient marine cements 324 Further reading 325 25 METEORIC
DIAGENESIS OF YOUNG LIMESTONES 326 Introduction 327 Processes 327 Cements
and cementation 330 Diagenesis of calcite sediments 333 Importance of grain
size 333 Diagenesis in different meteoric settings 334 Importance of
climate 335 How long does it take? 335 The ultimate product 336
Geochemistry 337 Further reading 339 26 KARST AND WATER?]CONTROLLED
DIAGENESIS 341 Introduction 342 Surficial processes and products 342
Surface karst facies 342 Calcrete facies 346 Subsurface karst facies 348
Surface and subsurface carbonate geochemistry 355 Further reading 356 27
BURIAL DIAGENESIS OF LIMESTONE 357 Introduction 358 The setting 358
Controlling factors 358 Processes and products 359 Burial cementation 362
Burial diagenetic models 365 Paragenesis via cement stratigraphy 368
Further reading 369 28 DOLOMITE AND DOLOMITIZATION 370 Introduction 371
Scientific approach 371 Dolomite: the mineral 371 Dolostone: the rock 373
The limestone to dolostone transition 376 Early diagenetic alteration of
dolomite 376 Dolomite geochemistry 380 Further reading 382 29
DOLOMITIZATION PROCESSES AND SYNSEDIMENTARY DOLOMITE 383 Introduction 384
What limits dolomite formation? 384 How to form extensive dolomite 385 The
different types of dolomite and dolostone 386 Synsedimentary (authigenic)
dolomite 386 Further reading 390 30 SUBSURFACE DOLOMITIZATION AND DOLOSTONE
PARAGENESIS 392 Introduction 393 Shallow?]burial early?]diagenetic
dolomites 393 Deep?]burial late?]diagenetic dolomites 396 Synthesis 399
Dolomite paragenesis 399 Further reading 402 31 DIAGENESIS AND GEOHISTORY
403 Introduction 404 Eogenetic diagenesis 404 Approach 406 Lowstand systems
tract 406 Transgressive systems tract 408 Highstand systems tract 410
Post?]eogenetic diagenesis 411 Further reading 413 32 CARBONATE POROSITY
414 Introduction 415 Porosity 415 Porosity measurement 415 Permeability 416
Types of porosity 416 Porosity classification 421 Porosity evolution
through time 422 Porosity and dolomitization 423 The evolution of porosity
423 Integration 425 Further reading 426 GLOSSARY 427 INDEX 000
Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv PART I: CARBONATE SEDIMENTOLOGY: AN
OVERVIEW 1 1 CARBONATE ROCKS AND PLATFORMS 5 What are carbonate sedimentary
rocks? 6 Why should we care about studying these rocks? 6 What is the
scientific approach? 6 The carbonate continuum 7 How do carbonate sediments
form? 9 Where are carbonates produced and where do they accumulate? 10
Tectonic settings and the nature of carbonate platforms 11 How do we study
carbonate sediments and rocks? 14 Further reading 14 2 CARBONATE CHEMISTRY
AND MINERALOGY 15 Introduction 16 Chemistry 16 Carbonate precipitation and
dissolution in the ocean 19 Further reading 21 3 THE CARBONATE FACTORY 22
Introduction 23 Sediment production 23 Component modification 28 Karst and
carbonate spring precipitates 36 Further reading 37 4 MARINE CARBONATE
FACTORIES AND ROCK CLASSIFICATIONS 38 Introduction 39 Environmental
controls 39 Benthic marine factories 46 Pelagic marine factories 47
Limestone classification schemes 47 Further reading 50 5 THE CARBONATE
FACTORY: MICROBES AND ALGAE 51 Introduction 52 Microbes and carbonates 52
Microbialites 52 Modern stromatolites 54 Calcimicrobes 60 Calcareous algae
60 Further reading 66 6 THE CARBONATE FACTORY: SINGLE CELLS AND SHELLS 67
Introduction 68 Single?]cell microfossils 68 Macrofossils 71 Further
reading 78 7 THE CARBONATE FACTORY: ECHINODERMS AND COLONIAL INVERTEBRATES
79 Introduction 80 Echinoderms 80 Sponges 82 Bryozoans 85 Corals 89 Further
reading 93 Part II: CARBONATE DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW 95 8
LACUSTRINE CARBONATES 99 Introduction 100 Modern lakes: Zonation and
classification 100 Controls on lake sedimentation 101 Lake sedimentation
103 Lacustrine microbialites 107 Classification of ancient lake deposits
108 Further reading 108 9 CARBONATE SPRINGS 110 Introduction 111 Spring
systems 111 Classification of springs 112 Tufa, travertine, or sinter? 113
Biota of spring systems 114 Carbonate precipitation in spring systems 114
Spring architecture 115 Calcareous spring carbonate facies 117 Further
reading 122 10 WARM?]WATER NERITIC CARBONATE DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS 123
Introduction 124 The carbonate factory 124 Depositional systems 125 Further
reading 134 11 THE COOL?]WATER NERITIC REALM 135 Introduction 136 The
Carbonate Factory 136 Depositional settings 139 Warm?]temperate carbonates
141 Cool?]temperate carbonates 144 Cold?]water, polar carbonate systems 144
The rock record 145 Further reading 148 12 MUDDY PERITIDAL CARBONATES 150
Introduction 151 Andros Island: The Bahamas 152 Shark Bay: Western
Australia 154 The United Arab Emirates: Persian Gulf 155 Stratigraphy 158
The shallowing?]upward peritidal cycle 158 How do numerous peritidal cycles
form? 158 Temporal variations on the peritidal cycle theme 162 Further
reading 163 13 NERITIC CARBONATE TIDAL SAND BODIES 165 Introduction 166
Tides and tidal currents 166 Tidal sand bodies 167 Bahamian platform ooid
sand bodies 169 Types of Bahamian platform sand bodies 170 Some examples of
Bahamian sand bodies 171 Inter?]island tidal ooid sand bodies (tidal
deltas) 173 Platform interior Bahamian ooid sand bodies 174 Carbonate ramp
tidal ooid sand bodies 175 Carbonate sand bodies in straits and seaways 175
Carbonate sands in flooded incised valleys 176 Carbonate sands in
hypersaline basins 177 The rock record of tidal ooid sands 177 Ancient sand
body geometries 178 Further reading 178 14 MODERN REEFS 179 Introduction
180 The reef mosaic 180 The coral reef growth window 182 Shallow?]water
reefs 184 Deep?]water reefs 189 Further reading 191 15 ANCIENT REEFS 192
Introduction 193 The ancient reef factory 193 Microbes, calcimicrobes, and
calcareous algae 194 Internal cavities 195 Lithification 195 Boring and
bioerosion 196 Reef stratigraphic nomenclature 196 The spectrum of ancient
reefs 198 Reefs 198 Reef mounds 199 Reef geohistory 202 Reef rock
classification 206 Further reading 217 16 CARBONATE SLOPES 212 Introduction
213 Depositional bathymetry 213 The deposits 213 Contourites 217 Slope
types 218 Temporal and spatial variability 220 Further reading 222 17
DEEP?]WATER PELAGIC CARBONATES 223 Introduction 224 Universal controls 224
Depositional controls 225 Universal attributes 226 Old pelagic sediments
226 Young pelagic sediments 228 The pelagic factory 228 Chalk 229
Associated sediments 233 Ocean anoxia 233 Further reading 233 18
PRECAMBRIAN CARBONATES 234 Introduction 235 Precambrian carbonate systems
235 The carbonate factory 235 Reefs 242 Further reading 246 19 CARBONATE
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY 247 Introduction 248 Carbonate sequence stratigraphy
249 Shallow?]water reef sequence stratigraphy 250 Photozoan rimmed
platforms 252 Evaporites and siliciclastics 255 Heterozoan unrimmed
carbonate platforms 255 Ramps 257 Higher?]order cycles (parasequences) 259
Depositional cycles 259 Further reading 259 20 THE TIME MACHINE 261
Introduction 262 Carbonates and plate tectonics 262 Paleoclimate and
paleoceanography 265 Carbonates and the evolving biosphere 268 Ocean
acidification 271 Further reading 271 Part III: CARBONATE DIAGENESIS: AN
OVERVIEW 273 21 THE PROCESSES AND ENVIRONMENTS OF DIAGENESIS 277
Introduction to the processes 278 Carbonate dissolution 278 Carbonate
precipitation 278 The environments 281 Synsedimentary marine diagenetic
environment 282 Meteoric diagenetic environment 282 Burial diagenetic
environment 284 Dolomite and dolostone 285 Further reading 285 22
ANALYTICAL METHODS 286 Introduction 287 Petrography 288 X?]ray diffraction
analysis 291 Scanning electron microscopy 292 Electron microprobe analysis
294 Chemical analyses 294 Further reading 296 23 THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBONATE
DIAGENESIS 297 Introduction 298 Trace elements and element ratios 298
Stable isotopes 301 Oxygen isotopes 301 Carbon isotopes 303 Stable isotope
values for modern biogenic carbonates 304 Carbonate stable isotope values
through geologic time 305 Strontium isotopes 307 Further reading 309 24
LIMESTONE: THE SYNSEDIMENTARY MARINE DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENT 311
Introduction 312 The setting 312 Dissolution 312 Precipitation 313
Alteration 315 Synsedimentary limestone 316 Spatial distribution of early
lithification 318 Strandline diagenesis 319 The rock record 323 Isotopic
composition of ancient marine cements 324 Further reading 325 25 METEORIC
DIAGENESIS OF YOUNG LIMESTONES 326 Introduction 327 Processes 327 Cements
and cementation 330 Diagenesis of calcite sediments 333 Importance of grain
size 333 Diagenesis in different meteoric settings 334 Importance of
climate 335 How long does it take? 335 The ultimate product 336
Geochemistry 337 Further reading 339 26 KARST AND WATER?]CONTROLLED
DIAGENESIS 341 Introduction 342 Surficial processes and products 342
Surface karst facies 342 Calcrete facies 346 Subsurface karst facies 348
Surface and subsurface carbonate geochemistry 355 Further reading 356 27
BURIAL DIAGENESIS OF LIMESTONE 357 Introduction 358 The setting 358
Controlling factors 358 Processes and products 359 Burial cementation 362
Burial diagenetic models 365 Paragenesis via cement stratigraphy 368
Further reading 369 28 DOLOMITE AND DOLOMITIZATION 370 Introduction 371
Scientific approach 371 Dolomite: the mineral 371 Dolostone: the rock 373
The limestone to dolostone transition 376 Early diagenetic alteration of
dolomite 376 Dolomite geochemistry 380 Further reading 382 29
DOLOMITIZATION PROCESSES AND SYNSEDIMENTARY DOLOMITE 383 Introduction 384
What limits dolomite formation? 384 How to form extensive dolomite 385 The
different types of dolomite and dolostone 386 Synsedimentary (authigenic)
dolomite 386 Further reading 390 30 SUBSURFACE DOLOMITIZATION AND DOLOSTONE
PARAGENESIS 392 Introduction 393 Shallow?]burial early?]diagenetic
dolomites 393 Deep?]burial late?]diagenetic dolomites 396 Synthesis 399
Dolomite paragenesis 399 Further reading 402 31 DIAGENESIS AND GEOHISTORY
403 Introduction 404 Eogenetic diagenesis 404 Approach 406 Lowstand systems
tract 406 Transgressive systems tract 408 Highstand systems tract 410
Post?]eogenetic diagenesis 411 Further reading 413 32 CARBONATE POROSITY
414 Introduction 415 Porosity 415 Porosity measurement 415 Permeability 416
Types of porosity 416 Porosity classification 421 Porosity evolution
through time 422 Porosity and dolomitization 423 The evolution of porosity
423 Integration 425 Further reading 426 GLOSSARY 427 INDEX 000
OVERVIEW 1 1 CARBONATE ROCKS AND PLATFORMS 5 What are carbonate sedimentary
rocks? 6 Why should we care about studying these rocks? 6 What is the
scientific approach? 6 The carbonate continuum 7 How do carbonate sediments
form? 9 Where are carbonates produced and where do they accumulate? 10
Tectonic settings and the nature of carbonate platforms 11 How do we study
carbonate sediments and rocks? 14 Further reading 14 2 CARBONATE CHEMISTRY
AND MINERALOGY 15 Introduction 16 Chemistry 16 Carbonate precipitation and
dissolution in the ocean 19 Further reading 21 3 THE CARBONATE FACTORY 22
Introduction 23 Sediment production 23 Component modification 28 Karst and
carbonate spring precipitates 36 Further reading 37 4 MARINE CARBONATE
FACTORIES AND ROCK CLASSIFICATIONS 38 Introduction 39 Environmental
controls 39 Benthic marine factories 46 Pelagic marine factories 47
Limestone classification schemes 47 Further reading 50 5 THE CARBONATE
FACTORY: MICROBES AND ALGAE 51 Introduction 52 Microbes and carbonates 52
Microbialites 52 Modern stromatolites 54 Calcimicrobes 60 Calcareous algae
60 Further reading 66 6 THE CARBONATE FACTORY: SINGLE CELLS AND SHELLS 67
Introduction 68 Single?]cell microfossils 68 Macrofossils 71 Further
reading 78 7 THE CARBONATE FACTORY: ECHINODERMS AND COLONIAL INVERTEBRATES
79 Introduction 80 Echinoderms 80 Sponges 82 Bryozoans 85 Corals 89 Further
reading 93 Part II: CARBONATE DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW 95 8
LACUSTRINE CARBONATES 99 Introduction 100 Modern lakes: Zonation and
classification 100 Controls on lake sedimentation 101 Lake sedimentation
103 Lacustrine microbialites 107 Classification of ancient lake deposits
108 Further reading 108 9 CARBONATE SPRINGS 110 Introduction 111 Spring
systems 111 Classification of springs 112 Tufa, travertine, or sinter? 113
Biota of spring systems 114 Carbonate precipitation in spring systems 114
Spring architecture 115 Calcareous spring carbonate facies 117 Further
reading 122 10 WARM?]WATER NERITIC CARBONATE DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS 123
Introduction 124 The carbonate factory 124 Depositional systems 125 Further
reading 134 11 THE COOL?]WATER NERITIC REALM 135 Introduction 136 The
Carbonate Factory 136 Depositional settings 139 Warm?]temperate carbonates
141 Cool?]temperate carbonates 144 Cold?]water, polar carbonate systems 144
The rock record 145 Further reading 148 12 MUDDY PERITIDAL CARBONATES 150
Introduction 151 Andros Island: The Bahamas 152 Shark Bay: Western
Australia 154 The United Arab Emirates: Persian Gulf 155 Stratigraphy 158
The shallowing?]upward peritidal cycle 158 How do numerous peritidal cycles
form? 158 Temporal variations on the peritidal cycle theme 162 Further
reading 163 13 NERITIC CARBONATE TIDAL SAND BODIES 165 Introduction 166
Tides and tidal currents 166 Tidal sand bodies 167 Bahamian platform ooid
sand bodies 169 Types of Bahamian platform sand bodies 170 Some examples of
Bahamian sand bodies 171 Inter?]island tidal ooid sand bodies (tidal
deltas) 173 Platform interior Bahamian ooid sand bodies 174 Carbonate ramp
tidal ooid sand bodies 175 Carbonate sand bodies in straits and seaways 175
Carbonate sands in flooded incised valleys 176 Carbonate sands in
hypersaline basins 177 The rock record of tidal ooid sands 177 Ancient sand
body geometries 178 Further reading 178 14 MODERN REEFS 179 Introduction
180 The reef mosaic 180 The coral reef growth window 182 Shallow?]water
reefs 184 Deep?]water reefs 189 Further reading 191 15 ANCIENT REEFS 192
Introduction 193 The ancient reef factory 193 Microbes, calcimicrobes, and
calcareous algae 194 Internal cavities 195 Lithification 195 Boring and
bioerosion 196 Reef stratigraphic nomenclature 196 The spectrum of ancient
reefs 198 Reefs 198 Reef mounds 199 Reef geohistory 202 Reef rock
classification 206 Further reading 217 16 CARBONATE SLOPES 212 Introduction
213 Depositional bathymetry 213 The deposits 213 Contourites 217 Slope
types 218 Temporal and spatial variability 220 Further reading 222 17
DEEP?]WATER PELAGIC CARBONATES 223 Introduction 224 Universal controls 224
Depositional controls 225 Universal attributes 226 Old pelagic sediments
226 Young pelagic sediments 228 The pelagic factory 228 Chalk 229
Associated sediments 233 Ocean anoxia 233 Further reading 233 18
PRECAMBRIAN CARBONATES 234 Introduction 235 Precambrian carbonate systems
235 The carbonate factory 235 Reefs 242 Further reading 246 19 CARBONATE
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY 247 Introduction 248 Carbonate sequence stratigraphy
249 Shallow?]water reef sequence stratigraphy 250 Photozoan rimmed
platforms 252 Evaporites and siliciclastics 255 Heterozoan unrimmed
carbonate platforms 255 Ramps 257 Higher?]order cycles (parasequences) 259
Depositional cycles 259 Further reading 259 20 THE TIME MACHINE 261
Introduction 262 Carbonates and plate tectonics 262 Paleoclimate and
paleoceanography 265 Carbonates and the evolving biosphere 268 Ocean
acidification 271 Further reading 271 Part III: CARBONATE DIAGENESIS: AN
OVERVIEW 273 21 THE PROCESSES AND ENVIRONMENTS OF DIAGENESIS 277
Introduction to the processes 278 Carbonate dissolution 278 Carbonate
precipitation 278 The environments 281 Synsedimentary marine diagenetic
environment 282 Meteoric diagenetic environment 282 Burial diagenetic
environment 284 Dolomite and dolostone 285 Further reading 285 22
ANALYTICAL METHODS 286 Introduction 287 Petrography 288 X?]ray diffraction
analysis 291 Scanning electron microscopy 292 Electron microprobe analysis
294 Chemical analyses 294 Further reading 296 23 THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBONATE
DIAGENESIS 297 Introduction 298 Trace elements and element ratios 298
Stable isotopes 301 Oxygen isotopes 301 Carbon isotopes 303 Stable isotope
values for modern biogenic carbonates 304 Carbonate stable isotope values
through geologic time 305 Strontium isotopes 307 Further reading 309 24
LIMESTONE: THE SYNSEDIMENTARY MARINE DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENT 311
Introduction 312 The setting 312 Dissolution 312 Precipitation 313
Alteration 315 Synsedimentary limestone 316 Spatial distribution of early
lithification 318 Strandline diagenesis 319 The rock record 323 Isotopic
composition of ancient marine cements 324 Further reading 325 25 METEORIC
DIAGENESIS OF YOUNG LIMESTONES 326 Introduction 327 Processes 327 Cements
and cementation 330 Diagenesis of calcite sediments 333 Importance of grain
size 333 Diagenesis in different meteoric settings 334 Importance of
climate 335 How long does it take? 335 The ultimate product 336
Geochemistry 337 Further reading 339 26 KARST AND WATER?]CONTROLLED
DIAGENESIS 341 Introduction 342 Surficial processes and products 342
Surface karst facies 342 Calcrete facies 346 Subsurface karst facies 348
Surface and subsurface carbonate geochemistry 355 Further reading 356 27
BURIAL DIAGENESIS OF LIMESTONE 357 Introduction 358 The setting 358
Controlling factors 358 Processes and products 359 Burial cementation 362
Burial diagenetic models 365 Paragenesis via cement stratigraphy 368
Further reading 369 28 DOLOMITE AND DOLOMITIZATION 370 Introduction 371
Scientific approach 371 Dolomite: the mineral 371 Dolostone: the rock 373
The limestone to dolostone transition 376 Early diagenetic alteration of
dolomite 376 Dolomite geochemistry 380 Further reading 382 29
DOLOMITIZATION PROCESSES AND SYNSEDIMENTARY DOLOMITE 383 Introduction 384
What limits dolomite formation? 384 How to form extensive dolomite 385 The
different types of dolomite and dolostone 386 Synsedimentary (authigenic)
dolomite 386 Further reading 390 30 SUBSURFACE DOLOMITIZATION AND DOLOSTONE
PARAGENESIS 392 Introduction 393 Shallow?]burial early?]diagenetic
dolomites 393 Deep?]burial late?]diagenetic dolomites 396 Synthesis 399
Dolomite paragenesis 399 Further reading 402 31 DIAGENESIS AND GEOHISTORY
403 Introduction 404 Eogenetic diagenesis 404 Approach 406 Lowstand systems
tract 406 Transgressive systems tract 408 Highstand systems tract 410
Post?]eogenetic diagenesis 411 Further reading 413 32 CARBONATE POROSITY
414 Introduction 415 Porosity 415 Porosity measurement 415 Permeability 416
Types of porosity 416 Porosity classification 421 Porosity evolution
through time 422 Porosity and dolomitization 423 The evolution of porosity
423 Integration 425 Further reading 426 GLOSSARY 427 INDEX 000