High levels of antibiotic residues are considered health risk in animals and humans. Chemical Analysis of Antibiotic Residues in Food covers every key aspect on chemical analysis of antibiotics residues in food, including sampling, analytical methods, validation, and quality control. It also includes discussions of antibiotic chemical properties, pharmacokinetics, distribution, and food safety regulations. The text's balanced organization between practical use and theory provides analysts, scientists, managers, and laboratories with a reference book for antibiotic residue analysis in food…mehr
High levels of antibiotic residues are considered health risk in animals and humans. Chemical Analysis of Antibiotic Residues in Food covers every key aspect on chemical analysis of antibiotics residues in food, including sampling, analytical methods, validation, and quality control. It also includes discussions of antibiotic chemical properties, pharmacokinetics, distribution, and food safety regulations. The text's balanced organization between practical use and theory provides analysts, scientists, managers, and laboratories with a reference book for antibiotic residue analysis in food and/or drinking water.An insightful exploration of the key aspects concerning the chemical analysis of antibiotic residues in food The presence of excess residues from frequent antibiotic use in animals is not only illegal, but can pose serious health risks by contaminating products for human consumption such as meat and milk. Chemical Analysis of Antibiotic Residues in Food is a single-source reference for readers interested in the development of analytical methods for analyzing antibiotic residues in food. It covers themes that include quality assurance and quality control, antibiotic chemical properties, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, distribution, food safety regulations, and chemical analysis. In addition, the material presented includes background information valuable for understanding the choice of marker residue and target animal tissue to use for regulatory analysis. This comprehensive reference: * Includes topics on general issues related to screening and confirmatory methods * Presents updated information on food safety regulation based on routine screening and confirmatory methods, especially LC-MS * Provides general guidance for method development, validation, and estimation of measurement uncertainty Chemical Analysis of Antibiotic Residues in Food is written and organized with a balance between practical use and theory to provide laboratories with a solid and reliable reference on antibiotic residue analysis. Thorough coverage elicits the latest scientific findings to assist the ongoing efforts toward refining analytical methods for producing safe foods of animal origin.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
JIAN WANG is currently a research scientist leading a research and development unit for the Canadian Food Inspection Agency in Calgary, Alberta. His responsibilities include planning and conducting research projects in method development for antibiotic and pesticide residues in foods using advanced mass spectral analysis techniques such as UPLC/Q-TOF and LC/ESI-MS/MS. He has written over thirty publications for various journals and books. He was most recently awarded the CFIA Science Branch Recognition Award for leading method development on melamine investigation in 2007. JAMES D. MacNEIL retired as head of the Centre for Veterinary Drug Residues of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency in 2007. His recent achievements include receiving the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 50th Anniversary commemorative silver medal awarded in 2006 for services to JECFA; the Public Service of Canada Award of Excellence, a career achievement in 2007; and appointment as scientist emeritus by CFIA in 2008. He is the former scientific editor for "Drugs, Cosmetics, and Forensics" of the Journal of AOAC International and the author of numerous publications on veterinary drug residue analysis. He is currently an adjunct professor in the Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Canada. JACK F. KAY works in the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. He helped draft European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and, in 2008, introduced joint auditing to this and ISO 17025 standards into a major UK laboratory. He has actively participated in the Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Food for more than ten years and was appointed an expert advisor on honey to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in 2008. Since 2005, he has held an Honorary Senior Research Fellowship in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of Strathclyde, Scotland.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface xv Acknowledgment xvii Editors xix Contributors xxi 1 Antibiotics: Groups and Properties 1 Philip Thomas Reeves 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Antibiotic Groups and Properties 3 1.3 Major Groups of Antibiotics 8 1.4 Restricted and Prohibited Uses of Antimicrobial Agents in Food Animals 52 1.5 Conclusions 52 Acknowledgments 53 References 53 2 Pharmacokinetics Distribution Bioavailability and Relationship to Antibiotic Residues 61 Peter Lees and Pierre-Louis Toutain 2.1 Introduction 61 2.2 Principles of Pharmacokinetics 61 2.3 Administration Distribution and Metabolism of Drug Classes 67 2.4 Setting Guidelines for Residues by Regulatory Authorities 81 2.5 Definition Assessment Characterization Management and Communication of Risk 82 2.6 Residue Violations: Their Significance and Prevention 94 2.7 Further Considerations 98 References 104 3 Antibiotic Residues in Food and Drinking Water and Food Safety Regulations 111 Kevin J. Greenlees Lynn G. Friedlander and Alistair Boxall 3.1 Introduction 111 3.2 Residues in Food--Where is the Smoking Gun? 111 3.3 How Allowable Residue Concentrations Are Determined 113 3.4 Indirect Consumer Exposure to Antibiotics in the Natural Environment 117 3.5 Summary 120 References 121 4 Sample Preparation: Extraction and Clean-up 125 Alida A. M. (Linda) Stolker and Martin Danaher 4.1 Introduction 125 4.2 Sample Selection and Pre-treatment 126 4.3 Sample Extraction 127 4.4 Extraction Techniques 128 4.5 Final Remarks and Conclusions 144 References 146 5 Bioanalytical Screening Methods 153 Sara Stead and Jacques Stark 5.1 Introduction 153 5.2 Microbial Inhibition Assays 154 5.3 Rapid Test Kits 164 5.4 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensor Technology 174 5.5 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) 178 5.6 General Considerations Concerning the Performance Criteria for Screening Assays 181 5.7 Overall Conclusions on Bioanalytical Screening Assays 181 Abbreviations 182 References 182 6 Chemical Analysis: Quantitative and Confirmatory Methods 187 Jian Wang and Sherri B. Turnipseed 6.1 Introduction 187 6.2 Single-Class and Multi-class Methods 187 6.3 Chromatographic Separation 195 6.4 Mass Spectrometry 200 Acknowledgment 219 Abbreviations 220 References 220 7 Single-Residue Quantitative and Confirmatory Methods 227 Jonathan A. Tarbin Ross A. Potter Alida A. M. (Linda) Stolker and Bjorn Berendsen 7.1 Introduction 227 7.2 Carbadox and Olaquindox 227 7.3 Ceftiofur and Desfuroylceftiofur 230 7.4 Chloramphenicol 233 7.5 Nitrofurans 236 7.6 Nitroimidazoles and Their Metabolites 239 7.7 Sulfonamides and Their N4-Acetyl Metabolites 241 7.8 Tetracyclines and Their 4-Epimers 244 7.9 Miscellaneous 246 7.10 Summary 252 Abbreviations 253 References 254 8 Method Development and Method Validation 263 Jack F. Kay and James D. MacNeil 8.1 Introduction 263 8.2 Sources of Guidance on Method Validation 263 8.3 The Evolution of Approaches to Method Validation for Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods 266 8.4 Method Performance Characteristics 268 8.5 Components of Method Development 268 8.6 Components of Method Validation 274 8.7 Performance Characteristics Assessed during Method Development and Confirmed during Method Validation for Quantitative Methods 275 8.8 Significant Figures 289 8.9 Final Thoughts 289 References 289 9 Measurement Uncertainty 295 Jian Wang Andrew Cannavan Leslie Dickson and Rick Fedeniuk 9.1 Introduction 295 9.2 General Principles and Approaches 295 9.3 Worked Examples 297 References 325 10 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 327 Andrew Cannavan Jack F. Kay and Bruno Le Bizec 10.1 Introduction 327 10.2 Quality Management 329 10.3 Conformity Assessment 331 10.4 Guidelines and Standards 333 10.5 Quality Control in the Laboratory 336 10.6 Conclusion 344 References 344 Index 347
Preface xv Acknowledgment xvii Editors xix Contributors xxi 1 Antibiotics: Groups and Properties 1 Philip Thomas Reeves 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Antibiotic Groups and Properties 3 1.3 Major Groups of Antibiotics 8 1.4 Restricted and Prohibited Uses of Antimicrobial Agents in Food Animals 52 1.5 Conclusions 52 Acknowledgments 53 References 53 2 Pharmacokinetics Distribution Bioavailability and Relationship to Antibiotic Residues 61 Peter Lees and Pierre-Louis Toutain 2.1 Introduction 61 2.2 Principles of Pharmacokinetics 61 2.3 Administration Distribution and Metabolism of Drug Classes 67 2.4 Setting Guidelines for Residues by Regulatory Authorities 81 2.5 Definition Assessment Characterization Management and Communication of Risk 82 2.6 Residue Violations: Their Significance and Prevention 94 2.7 Further Considerations 98 References 104 3 Antibiotic Residues in Food and Drinking Water and Food Safety Regulations 111 Kevin J. Greenlees Lynn G. Friedlander and Alistair Boxall 3.1 Introduction 111 3.2 Residues in Food--Where is the Smoking Gun? 111 3.3 How Allowable Residue Concentrations Are Determined 113 3.4 Indirect Consumer Exposure to Antibiotics in the Natural Environment 117 3.5 Summary 120 References 121 4 Sample Preparation: Extraction and Clean-up 125 Alida A. M. (Linda) Stolker and Martin Danaher 4.1 Introduction 125 4.2 Sample Selection and Pre-treatment 126 4.3 Sample Extraction 127 4.4 Extraction Techniques 128 4.5 Final Remarks and Conclusions 144 References 146 5 Bioanalytical Screening Methods 153 Sara Stead and Jacques Stark 5.1 Introduction 153 5.2 Microbial Inhibition Assays 154 5.3 Rapid Test Kits 164 5.4 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensor Technology 174 5.5 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) 178 5.6 General Considerations Concerning the Performance Criteria for Screening Assays 181 5.7 Overall Conclusions on Bioanalytical Screening Assays 181 Abbreviations 182 References 182 6 Chemical Analysis: Quantitative and Confirmatory Methods 187 Jian Wang and Sherri B. Turnipseed 6.1 Introduction 187 6.2 Single-Class and Multi-class Methods 187 6.3 Chromatographic Separation 195 6.4 Mass Spectrometry 200 Acknowledgment 219 Abbreviations 220 References 220 7 Single-Residue Quantitative and Confirmatory Methods 227 Jonathan A. Tarbin Ross A. Potter Alida A. M. (Linda) Stolker and Bjorn Berendsen 7.1 Introduction 227 7.2 Carbadox and Olaquindox 227 7.3 Ceftiofur and Desfuroylceftiofur 230 7.4 Chloramphenicol 233 7.5 Nitrofurans 236 7.6 Nitroimidazoles and Their Metabolites 239 7.7 Sulfonamides and Their N4-Acetyl Metabolites 241 7.8 Tetracyclines and Their 4-Epimers 244 7.9 Miscellaneous 246 7.10 Summary 252 Abbreviations 253 References 254 8 Method Development and Method Validation 263 Jack F. Kay and James D. MacNeil 8.1 Introduction 263 8.2 Sources of Guidance on Method Validation 263 8.3 The Evolution of Approaches to Method Validation for Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods 266 8.4 Method Performance Characteristics 268 8.5 Components of Method Development 268 8.6 Components of Method Validation 274 8.7 Performance Characteristics Assessed during Method Development and Confirmed during Method Validation for Quantitative Methods 275 8.8 Significant Figures 289 8.9 Final Thoughts 289 References 289 9 Measurement Uncertainty 295 Jian Wang Andrew Cannavan Leslie Dickson and Rick Fedeniuk 9.1 Introduction 295 9.2 General Principles and Approaches 295 9.3 Worked Examples 297 References 325 10 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 327 Andrew Cannavan Jack F. Kay and Bruno Le Bizec 10.1 Introduction 327 10.2 Quality Management 329 10.3 Conformity Assessment 331 10.4 Guidelines and Standards 333 10.5 Quality Control in the Laboratory 336 10.6 Conclusion 344 References 344 Index 347
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