M. R. Bennett, P. M. S. Hacker

History of Cognitive Neuroscience (eBook, ePUB)

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

History of Cognitive Neuroscience documents the major neuroscientific experiments and theories over the last century and a half in the domain of cognitive neuroscience, and evaluates the cogency of the conclusions that have been drawn from them. * Provides a companion work to the highly acclaimed Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience - combining scientific detail with philosophical insights * Views the evolution of brain science through the lens of its principal figures and experiments * Addresses philosophical criticism of Bennett and Hacker's previous book * Accompanied by more than 100 illustrations

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 332
• Erscheinungstermin: 15. August 2012
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118394298
• Artikelnr.: 38250989

Autorenporträt

M. R. Bennett is Professor of Neuroscience, University Chair and Scientific Director of the Brain and Mind Research Institute at the University of Sydney. He is the author of many papers and books on neuroscience as well as the history and philosophy of neuroscience, including The Idea of Consciousness (1997) and A History of the Synapse (2001). He is past President of the International Society for Autonomic Neuroscience, past President of the Australian Neuroscience Society, as well as the recipient of numerous awards for his research, including the Neuroscience Medal, the Ramaciotti Medal, the Macfarlane Burnet Medal and the Order of Australia. P. M. S. Hacker is an Emeritus Research Fellow of St John's College, Oxford, UK. He is the author of numerous books and articles on philosophy of the mind and philosophy of language, and is the leading authority on the philosophy of Wittgenstein. Among his many publications is the four-volume Analytical Commentary on Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations, and its epilogue, Wittgenstein's Place in Twentieth Century Analytic Philosophy. His most recent work is Human Nature: The Categorial Framework, the first volume of a trilogy on human nature. Together, M. R. Bennet and P. M. S. Hacker have authored the acclaimed Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience (Blackwell, 2003).

Inhaltsangabe

List of figures xii List of plates xvi Foreword by Sir Anthony Kenny
(President of the British Academy, 1989-93) xvii Acknowledgements xx
Introduction 1 1. Perceptions, Sensations and Cortical Function: Helmholtz
to Singer 4 1.1 Visual Illusions and their Interpretation by Cognitive
Scientists 4 1.1.1 Misdescription of visual illusions by cognitive
scientists 9 1.2 Gestalt Laws of Vision 10 1.3 Split-Brain Commissurotomy;
the Two Hemispheres may Operate Independently 11 1.3.1 Misdescription of
the results of commissurotomy 13 1.3.2 Explaining the discoveries derived
from commissurotomies 13 1.4 Specificity of Cortical Neurons 15 1.4.1
Cardinal cells 18 1.4.2 Misdescription of experiments leading to the
conception of cardinal cells 20 1.5 Multiple Pathways Connecting Visual
Cortical Modules 22 1.6 Mental Images and Representations 26 1.6.1
Misconceptions about images and representations 28 1.7 What and Where
Pathways in Object Recognition and Maps 30 1.8 Misuse of the Term 'Maps' 31
1.9 The Binding Problem and 40 Hz Oscillations 32 1.9.1 Misconceptions
concerning the existence of a binding problem 37 1.9.2 On the appropriate
interpretation of synchronicity of neuronal firing in visual cortex 38 1.10
Images and Imagining 39 1.10.1 Misconceptions concerning images and
imagining 41 2. Attention, Awareness and Cortical Function: Helmholtz to
Raichle 44 2.1 The Concept of Attention 44 2.2 The Psychophysics of
Attention 46 2.3 Neuroscience of Attention 55 2.3.1 Attention and arousal
56 2.3.2 Selective attention 58 2.4 Attention Related to Brain Structures
60 2.4.1 Superior colliculus 60 2.4.2 Parietal cortex 67 2.4.3 Visual
cortex 71 2.4.4 Auditory cortex 72 2.5 Conclusion 74 3. Memory and Cortical
Function: Milner to Kandel 77 3.1 Memory 77 3.1.1 The hippocampus is
required for memory, which decays at two different rates 77 3.1.2 Memory is
of two kinds: declarative and non-declarative 77 3.1.3 Cellular and
molecular studies of non-declarative memory in invertebrates 80 3.1.4
Declarative memory and the hippocampus 82 3.1.5 Long-term potentiation
(LTP) of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus 84 3.1.6 Cellular and
molecular mechanisms of declarative memory in the hippocampus 93 3.1.7
Summary 94 3.2 Memory and Knowledge 96 3.2.1 Memory 99 3.2.2 Memory and
storage 103 3.3 The Contribution of Neuroscience to Understanding Memory
113 4. Language and Cortical Function: Wernicke to Levelt 115 4.1
Introduction: Psycholinguistics and the Neuroanatomy of Language 115 4.2
The Theory of Wernicke/Lichtheim 120 4.2.1 Introduction: Wernicke 120
4.2.1.1 Images of sensations 121 4.2.1.2 Movement images 122 4.2.1.3
Voluntary movement 123 4.2.1.4 Sound images and language 125 4.2.1.5
Language acquisition, words and concepts 126 4.2.2 Lichtheim's concept
centre 128 4.2.3 Concepts and representations 129 4.2.4 Conclusion 130 4.3
The Mental Dictionary and its Units: Treisman 130 4.4 The Modular Study of
Word Recognition and Reading Aloud: Morton 132 4.4.1 The model system 132
4.4.2 The cognitive system 135 4.4.3 Thought units 140 4.4.4 Computational
studies 141 4.5 The Modular Study of Fluent Speech: Levelt 141 4.5.1 The
model study 141 4.5.2 Development of the model system 145 4.6 The
Functional Neuroanatomy of Language Comprehension 147 4.6.1 Attention to
visual compared with semantic aspects of words 147 4.6.2 Auditory compared
with visual presentation of words 149 4.6.3 Attention to the semantic as
compared to the syntactic aspect of a sentence 149 4.7 The Functional
Neuroanatomy of Speech 152 4.7.1 Speech 152 4.7.2 Spoken action words and
colour words 153 4.7.3 Naming animals and tools 154 4.7.4 Speaking with
strings of words compared with single words 158 4.7.5 Word repetition 161
4.8 The Functional Neuroanatomy that Underpins Psycholinguistic Accounts of
Language 162 5. Emotion and Cortical-Subcortical Function: Darwin to
Damasio 164 5.1 Introduction 164 5.2 Darwin 167 5.3 Cognitive versus
Precognitive Theories for the Expression of Emotions 169 5.3.1 On
physiological measurements of emotional responses 173 5.3.2 Involvement of
the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex in the emotional responses to
faces 174 5.4 The Amygdala 174 5.4.1 Faces expressing different emotions
and the amygdala: PET and fMRI 174 5.4.2 Behavioural studies involving face
recognition following damage to the amygdala 179 5.4.3 Fear conditioning
and the amygdala 181 5.4.4 Is cognitive appraisal an important ingredient
in emotional experience? LeDoux's interpretations of his experiments on the
amygdala 181 5.4.5 'Fear' is unrepresentative of the emotions 182 5.5 The
Orbitofrontal Cortex 183 5.5.1 Behavioural studies involving face
recognition following damage to the orbitofrontal cortex 183 5.5.2 The
orbitofrontal cortex and face recognition: PET and fMRI 183 5.5.3 The
orbitofrontal cortex and the satisfying of appetites: Rolls's
interpretation of his experiments on the orbitofrontal cortex 186 5.5.4
Misconceptions about emotions and appetites 187 5.6 Neural Networks:
Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortex in Vision 187 5.6.1 Amygdala 187 5.6.2
Orbitofrontal cortex 190 5.7 The Origins of Emotional Experience 191 5.7.1
The claims of LeDoux 191 5.7.2 The claims of Rolls 193 5.7.3 The claims of
Damasio, following James 193 5.7.4 Misconceptions concerning the somatic
marker hypothesis of James/Damasio 194 6. Motor Action and Cortical-Spinal
Cord Function: Galen to Broca and Sherrington 199 6.1 The Ventricular
Doctrine, from Galen to Descartes 199 6.1.1 Galen: motor and sensory
centres 199 6.1.2 Galen: the functional localization of the rational soul
in the anterior ventricles 201 6.1.3 Nemesius: the attribution of all
mental functions to the ventricles 201 6.1.4 One thousand years of the
ventricular doctrine 203 6.1.5 Fernel: the origins of neurophysiology 206
6.1.6 Descartes 208 6.2 The Cortical Doctrine: from Willis to du Petit 214
6.2.1 Thomas Willis: the origins of psychological functions in the cortex
214 6.2.2 The cortex 100 years after Willis 216 6.3 The Spinal Soul, the
Spinal Sensorium Commune, and the Idea of a Refl ex 219 6.3.1 The spinal
cord can operate independently of the enkephalon 219 6.3.2 Bell and
Magendie: the identification of sensory and motor spinal nerves 222 6.3.3
Marshall Hall: isolating sensation from sense-reaction in the spinal cord
223 6.3.4 Elaboration of the conception of the 'true spinal marrow' 225
6.3.5 Implications of the conception of a reflex for the function of the
cortex 227 6.4 The Localization of Function in the Cortex 227 6.4.1 Broca:
the cortical area for language 227 6.4.2 Fritsch and Hitzig: the motor
cortex 227 6.4.3 Electrical phenomena in the cortex support the idea of a
motor cortex 231 6.5 Charles Scott Sherrington: the Integrative Action of
Synapses in the Spinal Cord and Cortex 231 6.5.1 Integrative action in the
spinal cord 231 6.5.2 The motor cortex 236 7. Conceptual Presuppositions of
Cognitive Neuroscience 237 7.1 Conceptual Elucidation 237 7.2 Two
Paradigms: Aristotle and Descartes 240 7.3 Aristotle's Principle and the
Mereological Fallacy 241 7.4 Is the Mereological Fallacy Really
Mereological? 243 7.5 The Rationale of the Mereological Principle 245 7.5.1
Consciousness 245 7.5.2 Knowledge 246 7.5.3 Perception 247 7.6 The Location
of Psychological Attributes 250 7.7 Linguistic Anthropology,
Auto-anthropology, Metaphor and Extending Usage 253 7.8 Qualia 260 7.9
Enskulled Brains 262 7.10 Cognitive Neuroscience 262 References 264 Index
281 Plate section falls between pages 140 and 141

Rezensionen

The authors are experts in cognitive neuroscience and discuss the landmark experiments which have significantly influenced the field... it is a veritable treasure trove of knowledge.

(Doody's)