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Neuroinflammation has long been studied for its connection to the development and progression of Multiple Sclerosis. In recent years, the field has expanded to look at the role of inflammatory processes in a wide range of neurological conditions and cognitive disorders including stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and autism. Researchers have also started to note the beneficial impacts of neuroinflammation in certain diseases.
Neuroinflammation: New Insights into Beneficial and Detrimental Functions provides a comprehensive view of both the detriments and benefits of neuroinflammation in…mehr
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Neuroinflammation has long been studied for its connection to the development and progression of Multiple Sclerosis. In recent years, the field has expanded to look at the role of inflammatory processes in a wide range of neurological conditions and cognitive disorders including stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and autism. Researchers have also started to note the beneficial impacts of neuroinflammation in certain diseases.
Neuroinflammation: New Insights into Beneficial and Detrimental Functions provides a comprehensive view of both the detriments and benefits of neuroinflammation in human health.
Neuroinflammation: New Insights into Beneficial and Detrimental Functions opens with two chapters that look at some fundamental aspects of neuroinflammation in humans and rodents. The remainder of the book is divided into two sections which examine both the detrimental and beneficial aspects of inflammation on the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves, on various disease states, and in normal aging. These sections provide a broad picture of the role neuroinflammation plays in the physiology and pathology of various neurological disorders.
Providing cross-disciplinary coverage, Neuroinflammation: New Insights into Beneficial and Detrimental Functions will be an essential volume for neuroimmunologists, neurobiologists, neurologists, and others interested in the field.
neurobiologists, neurologists, and others interested in the field.Neuroinflammation has long been studied for its connection to the development and
progression of Multiple Sclerosis. In recent years, the field has expanded to look at the
role of inflammatory processes in a wide range of neurological conditions and cognitive
disorders including stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and autism. Researchers have
also started to note the beneficial impacts of neuroinflammation in certain diseases.
Neuroinflammation: New Insights into Beneficial and Detrimental Functions provides a
comprehensive view of both the detriments and benefits of neuroinflammation in
human health.
Neuroinflammation: New Insights into Beneficial and Detrimental Functions
opens with two chapters that look at some fundamental aspects of neuroinflammation
in humans and rodents. The remainder of the book is divided into two sections which
examine both the detrimental and beneficial aspects of inflammation on the brai
Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Neuroinflammation: New Insights into Beneficial and Detrimental Functions provides a comprehensive view of both the detriments and benefits of neuroinflammation in human health.
Neuroinflammation: New Insights into Beneficial and Detrimental Functions opens with two chapters that look at some fundamental aspects of neuroinflammation in humans and rodents. The remainder of the book is divided into two sections which examine both the detrimental and beneficial aspects of inflammation on the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves, on various disease states, and in normal aging. These sections provide a broad picture of the role neuroinflammation plays in the physiology and pathology of various neurological disorders.
Providing cross-disciplinary coverage, Neuroinflammation: New Insights into Beneficial and Detrimental Functions will be an essential volume for neuroimmunologists, neurobiologists, neurologists, and others interested in the field.
neurobiologists, neurologists, and others interested in the field.Neuroinflammation has long been studied for its connection to the development and
progression of Multiple Sclerosis. In recent years, the field has expanded to look at the
role of inflammatory processes in a wide range of neurological conditions and cognitive
disorders including stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and autism. Researchers have
also started to note the beneficial impacts of neuroinflammation in certain diseases.
Neuroinflammation: New Insights into Beneficial and Detrimental Functions provides a
comprehensive view of both the detriments and benefits of neuroinflammation in
human health.
Neuroinflammation: New Insights into Beneficial and Detrimental Functions
opens with two chapters that look at some fundamental aspects of neuroinflammation
in humans and rodents. The remainder of the book is divided into two sections which
examine both the detrimental and beneficial aspects of inflammation on the brai
Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- Artikelnr. des Verlages: 1W118732820
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 304
- Erscheinungstermin: 26. Mai 2015
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 244mm x 173mm x 20mm
- Gewicht: 658g
- ISBN-13: 9781118732823
- ISBN-10: 1118732820
- Artikelnr.: 41853732
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- Artikelnr. des Verlages: 1W118732820
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 304
- Erscheinungstermin: 26. Mai 2015
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 244mm x 173mm x 20mm
- Gewicht: 658g
- ISBN-13: 9781118732823
- ISBN-10: 1118732820
- Artikelnr.: 41853732
Samuel David is a Professor at the Centre for Research in Neuroscience at The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
List of Contributors xi Preface xvii PART I Introduction 1 1 Immune
Response in the Human Central Nervous System in Multiple Sclerosis and
Stroke 3 Hans Lassmann Introduction 3 The Concept of Neuroinflammation 3
Basic Principles of Immune Surveillance and Inflammation by Adaptive Immune
Responses 4 Inflammation in the Central Nervous System of Patients with
Multiple Sclerosis 7 Inflammation in Stroke Lesions 11 Microglia Activation
and Macrophage Response 12 Granulocyte Infiltration 12 Conclusions 15
References 15 2 In Vivo Imaging of Glial and Immune Cell Responses in
Central Nervous System Injury and Disease 21 Alexandre Paré and Steve
Lacroix Introduction 21 Intravital Microscopy in the CNS and Its Challenges
22 In Vivo Imaging of the CNS Following Sterile Injury 24 In Vivo Imaging
of the CNS in Disorders with an Inflammatory Component 27 Conclusion 32
Acknowledgments 33 References 33 PART II Detrimental Aspects of
Inflammation 39 3 Roles of CD4 and CD8 T Lymphocytes in Multiple Sclerosis
and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis 41 Nathalie Arbour and
Alexandre Prat Introduction 41 T Lymphocytes: Central Immune Cells 42
Autoreactive T Lymphocytes 42 From Peripheral Activation to CNS
Extravasation 45 Role of CD4 T Lymphocytes in MS and EAE: Th1 versus Th17
46 Role of CD8 T Lymphocytes in MS and EAE 47 Regulatory T Lymphocytes in
MS and EAE 48 Conclusions 49 Acknowledgements 49 References 49 4 Microglia
and Macrophage Responses and Their Role after Spinal Cord Injury 53 Antje
Kroner, Andrew D. Greenhalgh, and Samuel David Introduction 53 Microglial
Responses to Injury 54 Interactions between Microglia and Other Cell Types
in Signaling Responses to Injury 57 Entry of Peripheral Macrophages and
Differences with Microglia 59 Diverse Roles of Macrophages/Microglia in CNS
Injury and Disease 60 Macrophage Polarization in SCI 61 Concluding Remarks
66 Acknowledgements 66 References 66 5 The Complexity of the Innate Immune
System Activation in Stroke Pathogenesis 71 María Isabel Cuartero, Ignacio
Lizasoain, María Ángeles Moro, and Ivan Ballesteros Activation of the Brain
Innate Immunity After Stroke 71 Myeloid Heterogeneity in Brain Ischemia 76
Concluding Remarks 81 References 81 6 Neuroinflammation in Aging 87 Ashley
M. Fenn, Diana M. Norden, and Jonathan P. Godbout Increased CNS
Inflammation in Response to Immune Challenge is Adaptive and Beneficial 87
The CNS Microenvironment Shifts to a Proinflammatory State with Aging 88
Microglial Priming 88 Microglial Regulation 90 Immune Reactivity of Glia
Contributes to Cognitive and Behavioral Deficits 97 Conclusions 100
References 100 7 Peripheral and Central Immune Mechanisms in Neuropathic
Pain 107 Ji Zhang Introduction 107 Inflammation in Neuropathic Pain 108
Contribution of Peripheral Immune Cells to the Pathogenesis of Neuropathic
Pain 109 Critical Roles of Spinal Glial Activation in Neuropathic Pain 111
Significance of Neural Barriers in Inflammatory Response along Pain
Transmission Pathway 114 Imbalance of Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Responses
in Neuropathic Pain 115 Challenges in Translating Anti-inflammatory
Therapeutic Strategies for the Relief of Neuropathic Pain 115
Acknowledgement 117 References 117 8 Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of
Inherited Peripheral Neuropathies 123 Janos Groh, Dennis Klein, Antje
Kroner, and Rudolf Martini Inherited Peripheral Neuropathies 123
Subtype-Specific Molecular Patterns of CMT1 124 Molecular Commonalities of
CMT1 Subtypes-a Link to Inflammation 125 The Impact of Innate Immune
Reactions in Mouse Models of CMT1 126 The Impact of Adaptive Immune
Reactions in Mouse Models of CMT1 129 Implications for Putative Therapeutic
Approaches 130 Synopsis 132 Acknowledgements 132 References 133 9 Obesity-
and Neuroinflammation-Associated Mood and Cognitive Disorders 139 Nathalie
Castanon, Giamal Luheshi, and Sophie Layé Introduction 139 Neuropsychiatric
Comorbidity in Obesity 140 Animal Models of Obesity and MetS 140 Mechanisms
Underlying the Association between Obesity/MetS and Neuropsychiatric
Symptoms 142 Neuroinflammation, Sickness Behavior, and Neuropsychiatric
Symptoms 143 Role of Neuroinflammation in Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
Associated with Obesity and MetS 146 Conclusions 148 References 149 10
Viral Infections of the Central Nervous System: Pathogenic and Protective
Effects of Neuroinflammation 155 John G. Walsh and Christopher Power
Introduction 155 Nervous System Infection and Inflammation 157 HIV-1
Infection: Neurological and Neuropathological Features 158 WNV Infection
and Neuropathology 162 Future Perspectives 166 References 167 PART III
Beneficial Aspects of Inflammation 173 11 The Interplay between the
Peripheral and Local Immune Response in Recovery from Acute Central Nervous
System Injuries 175 Catarina Raposo and Michal Schwartz Paradigm of
Protective Autoimmunity 175 Dichotomy between Microglia and Infiltrating
Monocyte-Derived Macrophages 176 Infiltrating Macrophages Promote
Inflammation Resolution and Axonal Regeneration 177 The Two Faces of Tregs
in CNS Repair 178 Protective Autoimmunity Works at the Specialized Choroid
Plexus Gate 179 Inflammation, the Old Villain in Spinal Cord Repair 181
Comprehensive View of the Protective Autoimmune Network: the Link between
Autoimmune T Cells and Inflammation-Resolving Cells 181 Acknowledgments 183
References 183 12 Inflammation and Optic Nerve Regeneration 189 Lukas
Andereggen, Ephraim F. Trakhtenberg, Yin Yuqin, and Larry I. Benowitz
Introduction 189 Background 190 Effects of inflammation on RGC survival and
Optic Nerve Regeneration 192 Oncomodulin as a Key Mediator of
Inflammation-Induced Regeneration 193 Synergistic Effects of Combinatorial
Treatments 198 Conclusions 200 Acknowledgments 200 References 200 13
Effects of Macrophages and Monocytes in Remyelination of the CNS 205 Muktha
Natrajan, Bibiana Bielekova, and Robin J.M. Franklin Introduction 205
Myelin Debris Inhibits OPC Differentiation and Remyelination 207
Monocyte-Derived Macrophages are the Main Actors in Myelin Debris
Phagocytosis 209 Switching from M1 to M2 Macrophages Promotes CNS
Remyelination 211 Ageing Impairs Macrophage Function, Myelin Debris
Clearance, and Remyelination 212 Macrophages Release Growth and
Neurotrophic Factors that Promote Remyelination 213 Concluding Remarks 215
References 215 14 Microglia Involvement in Rett Syndrome 221 Noël C.
Derecki, James C. Cronk, and Jonathan Kipnis Introduction to Rett Syndrome
and MeCP2 221 Experimental Mouse Models Used in the Study of Rett Syndrome
222 The Cellular Players in Central Nervous System Pathology of Rett
Syndrome 223 Microglia: From Footnote to First-Line 224 Microglia: the
Tissue-Resident Macrophages of the Brain 225 Replacement/Augmentation of
MICROGLIA as A potential therapy in Rett Syndrome 228 Gene Therapy 229
Conclusions 230 References 230 15 The Role of Regulatory T Cells and
Microglia in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 235 David R. Beers, Weihua Zhao,
Kristopher G. Hooten, and Stanley H. Appel Overview of Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis 235 Overview of ALS Animal Models 237 Overview of Regulatory T
Cells 238 Immunologic Aspects of Microglia and Tregs in ALS 240 T Cells and
ALS 242 Tregs and ALS 243 Cytokines and ALS 244 Conclusions 245 References
247 16 An Adaptive Role for TNFin Synaptic Plasticity and Neuronal Function
251 Renu Heir and David Stellwagen Introduction 251 Developmental Roles of
TNF± 252 TNF± in Presynaptic Function 252 TNF± effects on postsynaptic
receptor trafficking 252 TNF± and Synaptic Plasticity 255 Glial Release of
TNF± During Plasticity 256 TNF±-mediated homeostatic plasticity in vivo 258
TNF±-Mediated Plasticity in the Striatum 258 Implications of TNF±-Mediated
Synaptic Regulation 259 References 260 17 Resolution of Inflammation in the
Lesioned Central Nervous System 265 Jan M. Schwab, Harald Prüss, and
Charles N Serhan Introduction 265 Mechanisms of Resolution 267 Resolution
Deficit Following CNS Lesions 268 Immunobiology of Resolution in CNS
Lesions-Impaired Resolution Contributes to Neuropathology 269 Late
Degeneration/"Tertiary" Injury and Autoimmunity as a Consequence of Failed
Resolution of Inflammation in CNS Lesions? 271 Evidence for the
Effectiveness of Pro-resolution Mediators in CNS Lesions 273 Conclusion 274
Acknowledgement 275 References 275 Index 281
Response in the Human Central Nervous System in Multiple Sclerosis and
Stroke 3 Hans Lassmann Introduction 3 The Concept of Neuroinflammation 3
Basic Principles of Immune Surveillance and Inflammation by Adaptive Immune
Responses 4 Inflammation in the Central Nervous System of Patients with
Multiple Sclerosis 7 Inflammation in Stroke Lesions 11 Microglia Activation
and Macrophage Response 12 Granulocyte Infiltration 12 Conclusions 15
References 15 2 In Vivo Imaging of Glial and Immune Cell Responses in
Central Nervous System Injury and Disease 21 Alexandre Paré and Steve
Lacroix Introduction 21 Intravital Microscopy in the CNS and Its Challenges
22 In Vivo Imaging of the CNS Following Sterile Injury 24 In Vivo Imaging
of the CNS in Disorders with an Inflammatory Component 27 Conclusion 32
Acknowledgments 33 References 33 PART II Detrimental Aspects of
Inflammation 39 3 Roles of CD4 and CD8 T Lymphocytes in Multiple Sclerosis
and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis 41 Nathalie Arbour and
Alexandre Prat Introduction 41 T Lymphocytes: Central Immune Cells 42
Autoreactive T Lymphocytes 42 From Peripheral Activation to CNS
Extravasation 45 Role of CD4 T Lymphocytes in MS and EAE: Th1 versus Th17
46 Role of CD8 T Lymphocytes in MS and EAE 47 Regulatory T Lymphocytes in
MS and EAE 48 Conclusions 49 Acknowledgements 49 References 49 4 Microglia
and Macrophage Responses and Their Role after Spinal Cord Injury 53 Antje
Kroner, Andrew D. Greenhalgh, and Samuel David Introduction 53 Microglial
Responses to Injury 54 Interactions between Microglia and Other Cell Types
in Signaling Responses to Injury 57 Entry of Peripheral Macrophages and
Differences with Microglia 59 Diverse Roles of Macrophages/Microglia in CNS
Injury and Disease 60 Macrophage Polarization in SCI 61 Concluding Remarks
66 Acknowledgements 66 References 66 5 The Complexity of the Innate Immune
System Activation in Stroke Pathogenesis 71 María Isabel Cuartero, Ignacio
Lizasoain, María Ángeles Moro, and Ivan Ballesteros Activation of the Brain
Innate Immunity After Stroke 71 Myeloid Heterogeneity in Brain Ischemia 76
Concluding Remarks 81 References 81 6 Neuroinflammation in Aging 87 Ashley
M. Fenn, Diana M. Norden, and Jonathan P. Godbout Increased CNS
Inflammation in Response to Immune Challenge is Adaptive and Beneficial 87
The CNS Microenvironment Shifts to a Proinflammatory State with Aging 88
Microglial Priming 88 Microglial Regulation 90 Immune Reactivity of Glia
Contributes to Cognitive and Behavioral Deficits 97 Conclusions 100
References 100 7 Peripheral and Central Immune Mechanisms in Neuropathic
Pain 107 Ji Zhang Introduction 107 Inflammation in Neuropathic Pain 108
Contribution of Peripheral Immune Cells to the Pathogenesis of Neuropathic
Pain 109 Critical Roles of Spinal Glial Activation in Neuropathic Pain 111
Significance of Neural Barriers in Inflammatory Response along Pain
Transmission Pathway 114 Imbalance of Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Responses
in Neuropathic Pain 115 Challenges in Translating Anti-inflammatory
Therapeutic Strategies for the Relief of Neuropathic Pain 115
Acknowledgement 117 References 117 8 Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of
Inherited Peripheral Neuropathies 123 Janos Groh, Dennis Klein, Antje
Kroner, and Rudolf Martini Inherited Peripheral Neuropathies 123
Subtype-Specific Molecular Patterns of CMT1 124 Molecular Commonalities of
CMT1 Subtypes-a Link to Inflammation 125 The Impact of Innate Immune
Reactions in Mouse Models of CMT1 126 The Impact of Adaptive Immune
Reactions in Mouse Models of CMT1 129 Implications for Putative Therapeutic
Approaches 130 Synopsis 132 Acknowledgements 132 References 133 9 Obesity-
and Neuroinflammation-Associated Mood and Cognitive Disorders 139 Nathalie
Castanon, Giamal Luheshi, and Sophie Layé Introduction 139 Neuropsychiatric
Comorbidity in Obesity 140 Animal Models of Obesity and MetS 140 Mechanisms
Underlying the Association between Obesity/MetS and Neuropsychiatric
Symptoms 142 Neuroinflammation, Sickness Behavior, and Neuropsychiatric
Symptoms 143 Role of Neuroinflammation in Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
Associated with Obesity and MetS 146 Conclusions 148 References 149 10
Viral Infections of the Central Nervous System: Pathogenic and Protective
Effects of Neuroinflammation 155 John G. Walsh and Christopher Power
Introduction 155 Nervous System Infection and Inflammation 157 HIV-1
Infection: Neurological and Neuropathological Features 158 WNV Infection
and Neuropathology 162 Future Perspectives 166 References 167 PART III
Beneficial Aspects of Inflammation 173 11 The Interplay between the
Peripheral and Local Immune Response in Recovery from Acute Central Nervous
System Injuries 175 Catarina Raposo and Michal Schwartz Paradigm of
Protective Autoimmunity 175 Dichotomy between Microglia and Infiltrating
Monocyte-Derived Macrophages 176 Infiltrating Macrophages Promote
Inflammation Resolution and Axonal Regeneration 177 The Two Faces of Tregs
in CNS Repair 178 Protective Autoimmunity Works at the Specialized Choroid
Plexus Gate 179 Inflammation, the Old Villain in Spinal Cord Repair 181
Comprehensive View of the Protective Autoimmune Network: the Link between
Autoimmune T Cells and Inflammation-Resolving Cells 181 Acknowledgments 183
References 183 12 Inflammation and Optic Nerve Regeneration 189 Lukas
Andereggen, Ephraim F. Trakhtenberg, Yin Yuqin, and Larry I. Benowitz
Introduction 189 Background 190 Effects of inflammation on RGC survival and
Optic Nerve Regeneration 192 Oncomodulin as a Key Mediator of
Inflammation-Induced Regeneration 193 Synergistic Effects of Combinatorial
Treatments 198 Conclusions 200 Acknowledgments 200 References 200 13
Effects of Macrophages and Monocytes in Remyelination of the CNS 205 Muktha
Natrajan, Bibiana Bielekova, and Robin J.M. Franklin Introduction 205
Myelin Debris Inhibits OPC Differentiation and Remyelination 207
Monocyte-Derived Macrophages are the Main Actors in Myelin Debris
Phagocytosis 209 Switching from M1 to M2 Macrophages Promotes CNS
Remyelination 211 Ageing Impairs Macrophage Function, Myelin Debris
Clearance, and Remyelination 212 Macrophages Release Growth and
Neurotrophic Factors that Promote Remyelination 213 Concluding Remarks 215
References 215 14 Microglia Involvement in Rett Syndrome 221 Noël C.
Derecki, James C. Cronk, and Jonathan Kipnis Introduction to Rett Syndrome
and MeCP2 221 Experimental Mouse Models Used in the Study of Rett Syndrome
222 The Cellular Players in Central Nervous System Pathology of Rett
Syndrome 223 Microglia: From Footnote to First-Line 224 Microglia: the
Tissue-Resident Macrophages of the Brain 225 Replacement/Augmentation of
MICROGLIA as A potential therapy in Rett Syndrome 228 Gene Therapy 229
Conclusions 230 References 230 15 The Role of Regulatory T Cells and
Microglia in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 235 David R. Beers, Weihua Zhao,
Kristopher G. Hooten, and Stanley H. Appel Overview of Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis 235 Overview of ALS Animal Models 237 Overview of Regulatory T
Cells 238 Immunologic Aspects of Microglia and Tregs in ALS 240 T Cells and
ALS 242 Tregs and ALS 243 Cytokines and ALS 244 Conclusions 245 References
247 16 An Adaptive Role for TNFin Synaptic Plasticity and Neuronal Function
251 Renu Heir and David Stellwagen Introduction 251 Developmental Roles of
TNF± 252 TNF± in Presynaptic Function 252 TNF± effects on postsynaptic
receptor trafficking 252 TNF± and Synaptic Plasticity 255 Glial Release of
TNF± During Plasticity 256 TNF±-mediated homeostatic plasticity in vivo 258
TNF±-Mediated Plasticity in the Striatum 258 Implications of TNF±-Mediated
Synaptic Regulation 259 References 260 17 Resolution of Inflammation in the
Lesioned Central Nervous System 265 Jan M. Schwab, Harald Prüss, and
Charles N Serhan Introduction 265 Mechanisms of Resolution 267 Resolution
Deficit Following CNS Lesions 268 Immunobiology of Resolution in CNS
Lesions-Impaired Resolution Contributes to Neuropathology 269 Late
Degeneration/"Tertiary" Injury and Autoimmunity as a Consequence of Failed
Resolution of Inflammation in CNS Lesions? 271 Evidence for the
Effectiveness of Pro-resolution Mediators in CNS Lesions 273 Conclusion 274
Acknowledgement 275 References 275 Index 281
List of Contributors xi Preface xvii PART I Introduction 1 1 Immune
Response in the Human Central Nervous System in Multiple Sclerosis and
Stroke 3 Hans Lassmann Introduction 3 The Concept of Neuroinflammation 3
Basic Principles of Immune Surveillance and Inflammation by Adaptive Immune
Responses 4 Inflammation in the Central Nervous System of Patients with
Multiple Sclerosis 7 Inflammation in Stroke Lesions 11 Microglia Activation
and Macrophage Response 12 Granulocyte Infiltration 12 Conclusions 15
References 15 2 In Vivo Imaging of Glial and Immune Cell Responses in
Central Nervous System Injury and Disease 21 Alexandre Paré and Steve
Lacroix Introduction 21 Intravital Microscopy in the CNS and Its Challenges
22 In Vivo Imaging of the CNS Following Sterile Injury 24 In Vivo Imaging
of the CNS in Disorders with an Inflammatory Component 27 Conclusion 32
Acknowledgments 33 References 33 PART II Detrimental Aspects of
Inflammation 39 3 Roles of CD4 and CD8 T Lymphocytes in Multiple Sclerosis
and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis 41 Nathalie Arbour and
Alexandre Prat Introduction 41 T Lymphocytes: Central Immune Cells 42
Autoreactive T Lymphocytes 42 From Peripheral Activation to CNS
Extravasation 45 Role of CD4 T Lymphocytes in MS and EAE: Th1 versus Th17
46 Role of CD8 T Lymphocytes in MS and EAE 47 Regulatory T Lymphocytes in
MS and EAE 48 Conclusions 49 Acknowledgements 49 References 49 4 Microglia
and Macrophage Responses and Their Role after Spinal Cord Injury 53 Antje
Kroner, Andrew D. Greenhalgh, and Samuel David Introduction 53 Microglial
Responses to Injury 54 Interactions between Microglia and Other Cell Types
in Signaling Responses to Injury 57 Entry of Peripheral Macrophages and
Differences with Microglia 59 Diverse Roles of Macrophages/Microglia in CNS
Injury and Disease 60 Macrophage Polarization in SCI 61 Concluding Remarks
66 Acknowledgements 66 References 66 5 The Complexity of the Innate Immune
System Activation in Stroke Pathogenesis 71 María Isabel Cuartero, Ignacio
Lizasoain, María Ángeles Moro, and Ivan Ballesteros Activation of the Brain
Innate Immunity After Stroke 71 Myeloid Heterogeneity in Brain Ischemia 76
Concluding Remarks 81 References 81 6 Neuroinflammation in Aging 87 Ashley
M. Fenn, Diana M. Norden, and Jonathan P. Godbout Increased CNS
Inflammation in Response to Immune Challenge is Adaptive and Beneficial 87
The CNS Microenvironment Shifts to a Proinflammatory State with Aging 88
Microglial Priming 88 Microglial Regulation 90 Immune Reactivity of Glia
Contributes to Cognitive and Behavioral Deficits 97 Conclusions 100
References 100 7 Peripheral and Central Immune Mechanisms in Neuropathic
Pain 107 Ji Zhang Introduction 107 Inflammation in Neuropathic Pain 108
Contribution of Peripheral Immune Cells to the Pathogenesis of Neuropathic
Pain 109 Critical Roles of Spinal Glial Activation in Neuropathic Pain 111
Significance of Neural Barriers in Inflammatory Response along Pain
Transmission Pathway 114 Imbalance of Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Responses
in Neuropathic Pain 115 Challenges in Translating Anti-inflammatory
Therapeutic Strategies for the Relief of Neuropathic Pain 115
Acknowledgement 117 References 117 8 Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of
Inherited Peripheral Neuropathies 123 Janos Groh, Dennis Klein, Antje
Kroner, and Rudolf Martini Inherited Peripheral Neuropathies 123
Subtype-Specific Molecular Patterns of CMT1 124 Molecular Commonalities of
CMT1 Subtypes-a Link to Inflammation 125 The Impact of Innate Immune
Reactions in Mouse Models of CMT1 126 The Impact of Adaptive Immune
Reactions in Mouse Models of CMT1 129 Implications for Putative Therapeutic
Approaches 130 Synopsis 132 Acknowledgements 132 References 133 9 Obesity-
and Neuroinflammation-Associated Mood and Cognitive Disorders 139 Nathalie
Castanon, Giamal Luheshi, and Sophie Layé Introduction 139 Neuropsychiatric
Comorbidity in Obesity 140 Animal Models of Obesity and MetS 140 Mechanisms
Underlying the Association between Obesity/MetS and Neuropsychiatric
Symptoms 142 Neuroinflammation, Sickness Behavior, and Neuropsychiatric
Symptoms 143 Role of Neuroinflammation in Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
Associated with Obesity and MetS 146 Conclusions 148 References 149 10
Viral Infections of the Central Nervous System: Pathogenic and Protective
Effects of Neuroinflammation 155 John G. Walsh and Christopher Power
Introduction 155 Nervous System Infection and Inflammation 157 HIV-1
Infection: Neurological and Neuropathological Features 158 WNV Infection
and Neuropathology 162 Future Perspectives 166 References 167 PART III
Beneficial Aspects of Inflammation 173 11 The Interplay between the
Peripheral and Local Immune Response in Recovery from Acute Central Nervous
System Injuries 175 Catarina Raposo and Michal Schwartz Paradigm of
Protective Autoimmunity 175 Dichotomy between Microglia and Infiltrating
Monocyte-Derived Macrophages 176 Infiltrating Macrophages Promote
Inflammation Resolution and Axonal Regeneration 177 The Two Faces of Tregs
in CNS Repair 178 Protective Autoimmunity Works at the Specialized Choroid
Plexus Gate 179 Inflammation, the Old Villain in Spinal Cord Repair 181
Comprehensive View of the Protective Autoimmune Network: the Link between
Autoimmune T Cells and Inflammation-Resolving Cells 181 Acknowledgments 183
References 183 12 Inflammation and Optic Nerve Regeneration 189 Lukas
Andereggen, Ephraim F. Trakhtenberg, Yin Yuqin, and Larry I. Benowitz
Introduction 189 Background 190 Effects of inflammation on RGC survival and
Optic Nerve Regeneration 192 Oncomodulin as a Key Mediator of
Inflammation-Induced Regeneration 193 Synergistic Effects of Combinatorial
Treatments 198 Conclusions 200 Acknowledgments 200 References 200 13
Effects of Macrophages and Monocytes in Remyelination of the CNS 205 Muktha
Natrajan, Bibiana Bielekova, and Robin J.M. Franklin Introduction 205
Myelin Debris Inhibits OPC Differentiation and Remyelination 207
Monocyte-Derived Macrophages are the Main Actors in Myelin Debris
Phagocytosis 209 Switching from M1 to M2 Macrophages Promotes CNS
Remyelination 211 Ageing Impairs Macrophage Function, Myelin Debris
Clearance, and Remyelination 212 Macrophages Release Growth and
Neurotrophic Factors that Promote Remyelination 213 Concluding Remarks 215
References 215 14 Microglia Involvement in Rett Syndrome 221 Noël C.
Derecki, James C. Cronk, and Jonathan Kipnis Introduction to Rett Syndrome
and MeCP2 221 Experimental Mouse Models Used in the Study of Rett Syndrome
222 The Cellular Players in Central Nervous System Pathology of Rett
Syndrome 223 Microglia: From Footnote to First-Line 224 Microglia: the
Tissue-Resident Macrophages of the Brain 225 Replacement/Augmentation of
MICROGLIA as A potential therapy in Rett Syndrome 228 Gene Therapy 229
Conclusions 230 References 230 15 The Role of Regulatory T Cells and
Microglia in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 235 David R. Beers, Weihua Zhao,
Kristopher G. Hooten, and Stanley H. Appel Overview of Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis 235 Overview of ALS Animal Models 237 Overview of Regulatory T
Cells 238 Immunologic Aspects of Microglia and Tregs in ALS 240 T Cells and
ALS 242 Tregs and ALS 243 Cytokines and ALS 244 Conclusions 245 References
247 16 An Adaptive Role for TNFin Synaptic Plasticity and Neuronal Function
251 Renu Heir and David Stellwagen Introduction 251 Developmental Roles of
TNF± 252 TNF± in Presynaptic Function 252 TNF± effects on postsynaptic
receptor trafficking 252 TNF± and Synaptic Plasticity 255 Glial Release of
TNF± During Plasticity 256 TNF±-mediated homeostatic plasticity in vivo 258
TNF±-Mediated Plasticity in the Striatum 258 Implications of TNF±-Mediated
Synaptic Regulation 259 References 260 17 Resolution of Inflammation in the
Lesioned Central Nervous System 265 Jan M. Schwab, Harald Prüss, and
Charles N Serhan Introduction 265 Mechanisms of Resolution 267 Resolution
Deficit Following CNS Lesions 268 Immunobiology of Resolution in CNS
Lesions-Impaired Resolution Contributes to Neuropathology 269 Late
Degeneration/"Tertiary" Injury and Autoimmunity as a Consequence of Failed
Resolution of Inflammation in CNS Lesions? 271 Evidence for the
Effectiveness of Pro-resolution Mediators in CNS Lesions 273 Conclusion 274
Acknowledgement 275 References 275 Index 281
Response in the Human Central Nervous System in Multiple Sclerosis and
Stroke 3 Hans Lassmann Introduction 3 The Concept of Neuroinflammation 3
Basic Principles of Immune Surveillance and Inflammation by Adaptive Immune
Responses 4 Inflammation in the Central Nervous System of Patients with
Multiple Sclerosis 7 Inflammation in Stroke Lesions 11 Microglia Activation
and Macrophage Response 12 Granulocyte Infiltration 12 Conclusions 15
References 15 2 In Vivo Imaging of Glial and Immune Cell Responses in
Central Nervous System Injury and Disease 21 Alexandre Paré and Steve
Lacroix Introduction 21 Intravital Microscopy in the CNS and Its Challenges
22 In Vivo Imaging of the CNS Following Sterile Injury 24 In Vivo Imaging
of the CNS in Disorders with an Inflammatory Component 27 Conclusion 32
Acknowledgments 33 References 33 PART II Detrimental Aspects of
Inflammation 39 3 Roles of CD4 and CD8 T Lymphocytes in Multiple Sclerosis
and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis 41 Nathalie Arbour and
Alexandre Prat Introduction 41 T Lymphocytes: Central Immune Cells 42
Autoreactive T Lymphocytes 42 From Peripheral Activation to CNS
Extravasation 45 Role of CD4 T Lymphocytes in MS and EAE: Th1 versus Th17
46 Role of CD8 T Lymphocytes in MS and EAE 47 Regulatory T Lymphocytes in
MS and EAE 48 Conclusions 49 Acknowledgements 49 References 49 4 Microglia
and Macrophage Responses and Their Role after Spinal Cord Injury 53 Antje
Kroner, Andrew D. Greenhalgh, and Samuel David Introduction 53 Microglial
Responses to Injury 54 Interactions between Microglia and Other Cell Types
in Signaling Responses to Injury 57 Entry of Peripheral Macrophages and
Differences with Microglia 59 Diverse Roles of Macrophages/Microglia in CNS
Injury and Disease 60 Macrophage Polarization in SCI 61 Concluding Remarks
66 Acknowledgements 66 References 66 5 The Complexity of the Innate Immune
System Activation in Stroke Pathogenesis 71 María Isabel Cuartero, Ignacio
Lizasoain, María Ángeles Moro, and Ivan Ballesteros Activation of the Brain
Innate Immunity After Stroke 71 Myeloid Heterogeneity in Brain Ischemia 76
Concluding Remarks 81 References 81 6 Neuroinflammation in Aging 87 Ashley
M. Fenn, Diana M. Norden, and Jonathan P. Godbout Increased CNS
Inflammation in Response to Immune Challenge is Adaptive and Beneficial 87
The CNS Microenvironment Shifts to a Proinflammatory State with Aging 88
Microglial Priming 88 Microglial Regulation 90 Immune Reactivity of Glia
Contributes to Cognitive and Behavioral Deficits 97 Conclusions 100
References 100 7 Peripheral and Central Immune Mechanisms in Neuropathic
Pain 107 Ji Zhang Introduction 107 Inflammation in Neuropathic Pain 108
Contribution of Peripheral Immune Cells to the Pathogenesis of Neuropathic
Pain 109 Critical Roles of Spinal Glial Activation in Neuropathic Pain 111
Significance of Neural Barriers in Inflammatory Response along Pain
Transmission Pathway 114 Imbalance of Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Responses
in Neuropathic Pain 115 Challenges in Translating Anti-inflammatory
Therapeutic Strategies for the Relief of Neuropathic Pain 115
Acknowledgement 117 References 117 8 Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of
Inherited Peripheral Neuropathies 123 Janos Groh, Dennis Klein, Antje
Kroner, and Rudolf Martini Inherited Peripheral Neuropathies 123
Subtype-Specific Molecular Patterns of CMT1 124 Molecular Commonalities of
CMT1 Subtypes-a Link to Inflammation 125 The Impact of Innate Immune
Reactions in Mouse Models of CMT1 126 The Impact of Adaptive Immune
Reactions in Mouse Models of CMT1 129 Implications for Putative Therapeutic
Approaches 130 Synopsis 132 Acknowledgements 132 References 133 9 Obesity-
and Neuroinflammation-Associated Mood and Cognitive Disorders 139 Nathalie
Castanon, Giamal Luheshi, and Sophie Layé Introduction 139 Neuropsychiatric
Comorbidity in Obesity 140 Animal Models of Obesity and MetS 140 Mechanisms
Underlying the Association between Obesity/MetS and Neuropsychiatric
Symptoms 142 Neuroinflammation, Sickness Behavior, and Neuropsychiatric
Symptoms 143 Role of Neuroinflammation in Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
Associated with Obesity and MetS 146 Conclusions 148 References 149 10
Viral Infections of the Central Nervous System: Pathogenic and Protective
Effects of Neuroinflammation 155 John G. Walsh and Christopher Power
Introduction 155 Nervous System Infection and Inflammation 157 HIV-1
Infection: Neurological and Neuropathological Features 158 WNV Infection
and Neuropathology 162 Future Perspectives 166 References 167 PART III
Beneficial Aspects of Inflammation 173 11 The Interplay between the
Peripheral and Local Immune Response in Recovery from Acute Central Nervous
System Injuries 175 Catarina Raposo and Michal Schwartz Paradigm of
Protective Autoimmunity 175 Dichotomy between Microglia and Infiltrating
Monocyte-Derived Macrophages 176 Infiltrating Macrophages Promote
Inflammation Resolution and Axonal Regeneration 177 The Two Faces of Tregs
in CNS Repair 178 Protective Autoimmunity Works at the Specialized Choroid
Plexus Gate 179 Inflammation, the Old Villain in Spinal Cord Repair 181
Comprehensive View of the Protective Autoimmune Network: the Link between
Autoimmune T Cells and Inflammation-Resolving Cells 181 Acknowledgments 183
References 183 12 Inflammation and Optic Nerve Regeneration 189 Lukas
Andereggen, Ephraim F. Trakhtenberg, Yin Yuqin, and Larry I. Benowitz
Introduction 189 Background 190 Effects of inflammation on RGC survival and
Optic Nerve Regeneration 192 Oncomodulin as a Key Mediator of
Inflammation-Induced Regeneration 193 Synergistic Effects of Combinatorial
Treatments 198 Conclusions 200 Acknowledgments 200 References 200 13
Effects of Macrophages and Monocytes in Remyelination of the CNS 205 Muktha
Natrajan, Bibiana Bielekova, and Robin J.M. Franklin Introduction 205
Myelin Debris Inhibits OPC Differentiation and Remyelination 207
Monocyte-Derived Macrophages are the Main Actors in Myelin Debris
Phagocytosis 209 Switching from M1 to M2 Macrophages Promotes CNS
Remyelination 211 Ageing Impairs Macrophage Function, Myelin Debris
Clearance, and Remyelination 212 Macrophages Release Growth and
Neurotrophic Factors that Promote Remyelination 213 Concluding Remarks 215
References 215 14 Microglia Involvement in Rett Syndrome 221 Noël C.
Derecki, James C. Cronk, and Jonathan Kipnis Introduction to Rett Syndrome
and MeCP2 221 Experimental Mouse Models Used in the Study of Rett Syndrome
222 The Cellular Players in Central Nervous System Pathology of Rett
Syndrome 223 Microglia: From Footnote to First-Line 224 Microglia: the
Tissue-Resident Macrophages of the Brain 225 Replacement/Augmentation of
MICROGLIA as A potential therapy in Rett Syndrome 228 Gene Therapy 229
Conclusions 230 References 230 15 The Role of Regulatory T Cells and
Microglia in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 235 David R. Beers, Weihua Zhao,
Kristopher G. Hooten, and Stanley H. Appel Overview of Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis 235 Overview of ALS Animal Models 237 Overview of Regulatory T
Cells 238 Immunologic Aspects of Microglia and Tregs in ALS 240 T Cells and
ALS 242 Tregs and ALS 243 Cytokines and ALS 244 Conclusions 245 References
247 16 An Adaptive Role for TNFin Synaptic Plasticity and Neuronal Function
251 Renu Heir and David Stellwagen Introduction 251 Developmental Roles of
TNF± 252 TNF± in Presynaptic Function 252 TNF± effects on postsynaptic
receptor trafficking 252 TNF± and Synaptic Plasticity 255 Glial Release of
TNF± During Plasticity 256 TNF±-mediated homeostatic plasticity in vivo 258
TNF±-Mediated Plasticity in the Striatum 258 Implications of TNF±-Mediated
Synaptic Regulation 259 References 260 17 Resolution of Inflammation in the
Lesioned Central Nervous System 265 Jan M. Schwab, Harald Prüss, and
Charles N Serhan Introduction 265 Mechanisms of Resolution 267 Resolution
Deficit Following CNS Lesions 268 Immunobiology of Resolution in CNS
Lesions-Impaired Resolution Contributes to Neuropathology 269 Late
Degeneration/"Tertiary" Injury and Autoimmunity as a Consequence of Failed
Resolution of Inflammation in CNS Lesions? 271 Evidence for the
Effectiveness of Pro-resolution Mediators in CNS Lesions 273 Conclusion 274
Acknowledgement 275 References 275 Index 281