Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering (eBook, ePUB)
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The most comprehensive, authoritative and widely cited reference on photovoltaic solar energy Fully revised and updated, the Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Second Edition incorporates the substantial technological advances and research developments in photovoltaics since its previous release. All topics relating to the photovoltaic (PV) industry are discussed with contributions by distinguished international experts in the field. Significant new coverage includes: * three completely new chapters and six chapters with new authors * device structures, processing, and…mehr
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The most comprehensive, authoritative and widely cited reference on photovoltaic solar energy Fully revised and updated, the Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Second Edition incorporates the substantial technological advances and research developments in photovoltaics since its previous release. All topics relating to the photovoltaic (PV) industry are discussed with contributions by distinguished international experts in the field. Significant new coverage includes: * three completely new chapters and six chapters with new authors * device structures, processing, and manufacturing options for the three major thin film PV technologies * high performance approaches for multijunction, concentrator, and space applications * new types of organic polymer and dye-sensitized solar cells * economic analysis of various policy options to stimulate PV growth including effect of public and private investment Detailed treatment covers: * scientific basis of the photovoltaic effect and solar cell operation * the production of solar silicon and of silicon-based solar cells and modules * how choice of semiconductor materials and their production influence costs and performance * making measurements on solar cells and modules and how to relate results under standardised test conditions to real outdoor performance * photovoltaic system installation and operation of components such as inverters and batteries. * architectural applications of building-integrated PV Each chapter is structured to be partially accessible to beginners while providing detailed information of the physics and technology for experts. Encompassing a review of past work and the fundamentals in solar electric science, this is a leading reference and invaluable resource for all practitioners, consultants, researchers and students in the PV industry.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 1162
- Erscheinungstermin: 29. März 2011
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9780470976128
- Artikelnr.: 37301392
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 1162
- Erscheinungstermin: 29. März 2011
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9780470976128
- Artikelnr.: 37301392
Professor Antonio Luque, Instituto de Energia Solar, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid Antonio Luque became a full professor of Electronics at the University of Madrid in 1970 and soon became head of the Semiconductor Laboratory (now the Institute for Solar Energy). Isofoton, the 8th world producer of solar cell, was founded on Antonio's invention of the Bifacial Cell. He has worked with BP Solar and British Petroleum (the EUCLIDES program) on solar concentrators to the point where it is near to commercial viability, and has received many national and international prizes and rewards during the course of his career, including the National Prize for Technological Research and the Jaime I medal. Professor Luque is also the author of numerous publications. Dr Steven Hegedus, Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware, USA Steven Hegedus was appointed Fellow in the University of Delaware's Center for Energy and Environmental Policy in 2005. He has worked as a Semiconductor Device Engineer for IBM Corporation in New York, modeling, testing and designing analog and digital integrated circuit devices. At IBM he designed and tested a new stress-independent integrated Hall effect sensor. He later became a research associate at the Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware. Dr Hegedus is a Professional member of the American Solar Energy Society and a Lifetime member of the American Physical Society, as well as a member of the Union of Concerned Scientists.
1. Status, Trends, Challenges and the Bright Future of Solar Electricity from Photovoltaics (S. Hegedus and A. Luque). 2. PV Financial Policy Analysis: Past Present Future (Byrne, Kurdigishvili) 3. The Physics of the Solar Cell (J. Gray). 4. Theoretical Limits of Photovoltaic Conversion (A. Luque and A. Martí). 5. Solar Grade Silicon Feedstock (B. Ceccaroli and O. Lohne). 6. Bulk Crystal Growth and Wafering for PV (W. Koch, et al.). 7. Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Modules (I. Tobías, et al.). 8. High-Efficiency III-V Multijunction Solar Cells (J. Olson, et al.). 9. Space Solar Cells and Arrays (S. Bailey and R. Raffaelle). 10. Photovoltaic Concentrators (R. Swanson). 11. Thin Silicon Solar Cells (Widenborg, Aberle) 12. Amorphous Silicon-based Solar Cells (X. Deng and E. Schiff). 13. Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells (W. Shafarman and L. Stolt). 14. Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells (B. McCandless and J. Sites). 15. Dye-sensitized Solar Cells (K. Hara and H. Arakawa). 16. Organic PV Cells (Sun-shing, O'Neill) 17. Transparent Conductive Oxides (Delahoy, Guo) 18. Measurement and Characterization of Solar Cells and Modules (K. Emery). 19. PV Systems (Hudson, Townsend, Razon, Vallve) 20. Electrochemical Storage for Photovoltaics (D. Sauer). 21. Power Conditioning for Photovoltaic Power Systems (J. Schmid and H. Schmidt). 22. Energy Collected and Delivered by PV Modules (E. Lorenzo). 23. PV in Architecture (T. Reijenga). 24. Photovoltaics and Development (J. Huacuz and L. Gunaratne).
About the Editors. List of Contributors. Preface to the 2nd Edition. 1
Achievements and Challenges of Solar Electricity from Photovoltaics (Steven
Hegedus and Antonio Luque). 1.1 The Big Picture. 1.2 What is Photovoltaics?
1.3 Photovoltaics Today. 1.4 The Great Challenge. 1.5 Trends in Technology.
1.6 Conclusions. 2 The Role of Policy in PV Industry Growth: Past, Present
and Future (John Byrne and Lado Kurdgelashvili). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2
Policy Review of Selected Countries. 2.3 Policy Impact on PV Market
Development. 2.4 Future PV Market Growth Scenarios. 2.5 Toward a
Sustainable Future. 3 The Physics of the Solar Cell (Jeffery L. Gray). 3.1
Introduction. 3.2 Fundamental Properties of Semiconductors. 3.3 Solar Cell
Fundamentals. 3.4 Additional Topics. 3.5 Summary. 4 Theoretical Limits of
Photovoltaic Conversion and New-generation Solar Cells (Antonio Luque and
Antonio Mart1). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Thermodynamic Background. 4.3
Photovoltaic Converters. 4.4 The Technical Efficiency Limit for Solar
Converters. 4.5 Very-high-efficiency Concepts. 4.6 Conclusions. 5 Solar
Grade Silicon Feedstock (Bruno Ceccaroli and Otto Lohne). 5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Silicon. 5.3 Production of Silicon Metal/Metallurgical Grade Silicon.
5.4 Production of Polysilicon/Silicon of Electronic and Photovoltaic Grade.
5.5 Current Silicon Feedstock to Solar Cells. 5.6 Requirements of Silicon
for Crystalline Solar Cells. 5.7 Routes to Solar Grade Silicon. 5.8
Conclusions. 6 Bulk Crystal Growth and Wafering for PV (Hugo Rodriguez,
Ismael Guerrero, Wolfgang Koch, Arthur L. Endros, Dieter Franke, Christian
Haßler, Juris P. Kalejs and H. J. Moller). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Bulk
Monocrystalline Material. 6.3 Bulk Multicrystalline Silicon. 6.4 Wafering.
6.5 Silicon Ribbon and Foil Production. 6.6 Numerical Simulations of
Crystal Growth Techniques. 6.7 Conclusions. 7 Crystalline Silicon Solar
Cells and Modules (Ignacio Tob1as, Carlos del CaÜnizo and Jesus Alonso).
7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Crystalline Silicon as a Photovoltaic Material. 7.3
Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells. 7.4 Manufacturing Process. 7.5 Variations
to the Basic Process. 7.6 Other Industrial Approaches. 7.7 Crystalline
Silicon Photovoltaic Modules. 7.8 Electrical and Optical Performance of
Modules. 7.9 Field Performance of Modules. 7.10 Conclusions. 8
High-efficiency III-V Multijunction Solar Cells (D. J. Friedman, J. M.
Olson and Sarah Kurtz). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Applications. 8.3 Physics of
III-V Multijunction and Single-junction Solar Cells. 8.4 Cell
Configuration. 8.5 Computation of Series-connected Device Performance. 8.6
Materials Issues Related to GaInP/GaAs/Ge Solar Cells. 8.7 Epilayer
Characterization and Other Diagnostic Techniques. 8.8 Reliability and
Degradation. 8.9 Future-generation Solar Cells. 8.10 Summary. 9 Space Solar
Cells and Arrays (Sheila Bailey and Ryne Raffaelle). 9.1 The History of
Space Solar Cells. 9.2 The Challenge for Space Solar Cells. 9.3 Silicon
Solar Cells. 9.4 III-V Solar Cells. 9.5 Space Solar Arrays. 9.6 Future Cell
and Array Possibilities. 9.7 Power System Figures of Merit. 9.8 Summary. 10
Photovoltaic Concentrators (Gabriel Sala and Ignacio Anton). 10.1 What is
the Aim of Photovoltaic Concentration and What Does it Do? 10.2 Objectives,
Limitations and Opportunities. 10.3 Typical Concentrators: an Attempt at
Classification. 10.4 Concentration Optics: Thermodynamic Limits. 10.5
Factors of Merit for Concentrators in Relation to the Optics. 10.6
Photovoltaic Concentration Modules and Assemblies. 10.7 Tracking for
Concentrator Systems. 10.8 Measurements of Cells, Modules and Photovoltaic
Systems in Concentration. 10.9 Summary. 11 Crystalline Silicon Thin-Film
Solar Cells via High-temperature and Intermediate-temperature Approaches
(Armin G. Aberle and Per I. Widenborg). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Modelling.
11.4 Crystalline Silicon Thin-Film Solar Cells on Intermediate-T Foreign
Supporting Materials. 11.5 Conclusions. 12 Amorphous Silicon-based Solar
Cells (Eric A. Schiff, Steven Hegedus and Xunming Deng). 12.1 Overview.
12.2 Atomic and Electronic Structure of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon.
12.3 Depositing Amorphous Silicon. 12.4 Understanding a-Si pin Cells. 12.5
Multijunction Solar Cells. 12.6 Module Manufacturing. 12.7 Conclusions and
Future Projections. 13 Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells (William N. Shafarman,
Susanne Siebentritt and Lars Stolt). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Material
Properties. 13.3 Deposition Methods. 13.4 Junction and Device Formation.
13.5 Device Operation. 13.6 Manufacturing Issues. 13.7 The Cu(InGa)Se2
Outlook. 14 Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells (Brian E. McCandless and James R.
Sites). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Historical Development. 14.3 CdTe
Properties. 14.4 CdTe Film Deposition. 14.5 CdTe Thin Film Solar Cells.
14.6 CdTe Modules. 14.7 Future of CdTe-based Solar Cells. 15 Dye-sensitized
Solar Cells (Kohjiro Hara and Shogo Mori). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2
Operating Mechanism of DSSC. 15.3 Materials. 15.4 Performance of Highly
Efficient DSSCs. 15.5 Electron-transfer Processes. 15.6 New Materials. 15.7
Stability. 15.8 Approach to Commercialization. 15.9 Summary and Prospects.
16 Sunlight Energy Conversion Via Organics (Sam-Shajing Sun and Hugh
O'Neill). 16.1 Principles of Organic and Polymeric Photovoltaics. 16.2
Evolution and Types of Organic and Polymeric Solar Cells. 16.3 Organic and
Polymeric Solar Cell Fabrication and Characterization. 16.4 Natural
Photosynthetic Sunlight Energy Conversion Systems. 16.5 Artificial
Photosynthetic Systems. 16.6 Artificial Reaction Centers. 16.7 Towards
Device Architectures. 16.8 Summary and Future Perspectives. 17 Transparent
Conducting Oxides for Photovoltaics (Alan E. Delahoy and Sheyu Guo). 17.1
Introduction. 17.2 Survey of Materials. 17.3 Deposition Methods. 17.4 TCO
Theory and Modeling: Electrical and Optical Properties and their Impact on
Module Performance. 17.5 Principal Materials and Issues for Thin Film and
Wafer-based PV. 17.6 Textured Films. 17.7 Measurements and Characterization
Methods. 17.8 TCO Stability. 17.9 Recent Developments and Prospects. 18
Measurement and Characterization of Solar Cells and Modules (Keith Emery).
18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Rating PV Performance. 18.3 Current-Voltage
Measurements. 18.4 Spectral Responsivity Measurements. 18.5 Module
Qualification and Certification. 18.6 Summary. 19 PV Systems (Charles M.
Whitaker, Timothy U. Townsend, Anat Razon, Raymond M. Hudson and Xavier
Vallve). 19.1 Introduction: There is gold at the end of the rainbow. 19.2
System Types. 19.3 Exemplary PV Systems. 19.4 Ratings. 19.5 Key System
Components. 19.6 System Design Considerations. 19.7 System Design. 19.8
Installation. 19.9 Operation and Maintenance/Monitoring. 19.10 Removal,
Recycling and Remediation. 19.11 Examples. 20 Electrochemical Storage for
Photovoltaics (Dirk Uwe Sauer). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 General Concept of
Electrochemical Batteries. 20.3 Typical Operation Conditions of Batteries
in PV Applications. 20.4 Secondary Electrochemical Accumulators with
Internal Storage. 20.5 Secondary Electrochemical Battery Systems with
External Storage. 20.6 Investment and Lifetime Cost Considerations. 20.7
Conclusion. 21 Power Conditioning for Photovoltaic Power Systems (Heribert
Schmidt, Bruno Burger and Jurgen Schmid). 21.1 Charge Controllers and
Monitoring Systems for Batteries in PV Power Systems. 21.2 Inverters. 22
Energy Collected and Delivered by PV Modules (Eduardo Lorenzo). 22.1
Introduction. 22.2 Movement between Sun and Earth. 22.3 Solar Radiation
Components. 22.4 Solar Radiation Data and Uncertainty. 22.5 Radiation on
Inclined Surfaces. 22.6 Diurnal Variations of the Ambient Temperature. 22.7
Effects of the Angle of Incidence and of Dirt. 22.8 Some Calculation Tools.
22.9 Irradiation on Most Widely Studied Surfaces. 22.10 PV Generator
Behaviour Under Real Operation Conditions. 22.11 Reliability and Sizing of
Stand-alone PV Systems. 22.12 The Case of Solar Home Systems. 22.13 Energy
Yield of Grid-connected PV Systems. 22.14 Conclusions. 23 PV in
Architecture (Tjerk H. Reijenga and Henk F. Kaan). 23.1 Introduction. 23.2
PV in Architecture. 23.3 BIPV Basics. 23.4 Steps in the Design Process with
PV. 23.5 Concluding Remarks. 24 Photovoltaics and Development (Jorge M.
Huacuz, Jaime Agredano and Lalith Gunaratne). 24.1 Electricity and
Development. 24.2 Breaking the Chains of Underdevelopment. 24.3 The PV
Alternative. 24.4 Examples of PV Rural Electrification. 24.5 Toward a New
Paradigm for Rural Electrification. References. Index.
Achievements and Challenges of Solar Electricity from Photovoltaics (Steven
Hegedus and Antonio Luque). 1.1 The Big Picture. 1.2 What is Photovoltaics?
1.3 Photovoltaics Today. 1.4 The Great Challenge. 1.5 Trends in Technology.
1.6 Conclusions. 2 The Role of Policy in PV Industry Growth: Past, Present
and Future (John Byrne and Lado Kurdgelashvili). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2
Policy Review of Selected Countries. 2.3 Policy Impact on PV Market
Development. 2.4 Future PV Market Growth Scenarios. 2.5 Toward a
Sustainable Future. 3 The Physics of the Solar Cell (Jeffery L. Gray). 3.1
Introduction. 3.2 Fundamental Properties of Semiconductors. 3.3 Solar Cell
Fundamentals. 3.4 Additional Topics. 3.5 Summary. 4 Theoretical Limits of
Photovoltaic Conversion and New-generation Solar Cells (Antonio Luque and
Antonio Mart1). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Thermodynamic Background. 4.3
Photovoltaic Converters. 4.4 The Technical Efficiency Limit for Solar
Converters. 4.5 Very-high-efficiency Concepts. 4.6 Conclusions. 5 Solar
Grade Silicon Feedstock (Bruno Ceccaroli and Otto Lohne). 5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Silicon. 5.3 Production of Silicon Metal/Metallurgical Grade Silicon.
5.4 Production of Polysilicon/Silicon of Electronic and Photovoltaic Grade.
5.5 Current Silicon Feedstock to Solar Cells. 5.6 Requirements of Silicon
for Crystalline Solar Cells. 5.7 Routes to Solar Grade Silicon. 5.8
Conclusions. 6 Bulk Crystal Growth and Wafering for PV (Hugo Rodriguez,
Ismael Guerrero, Wolfgang Koch, Arthur L. Endros, Dieter Franke, Christian
Haßler, Juris P. Kalejs and H. J. Moller). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Bulk
Monocrystalline Material. 6.3 Bulk Multicrystalline Silicon. 6.4 Wafering.
6.5 Silicon Ribbon and Foil Production. 6.6 Numerical Simulations of
Crystal Growth Techniques. 6.7 Conclusions. 7 Crystalline Silicon Solar
Cells and Modules (Ignacio Tob1as, Carlos del CaÜnizo and Jesus Alonso).
7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Crystalline Silicon as a Photovoltaic Material. 7.3
Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells. 7.4 Manufacturing Process. 7.5 Variations
to the Basic Process. 7.6 Other Industrial Approaches. 7.7 Crystalline
Silicon Photovoltaic Modules. 7.8 Electrical and Optical Performance of
Modules. 7.9 Field Performance of Modules. 7.10 Conclusions. 8
High-efficiency III-V Multijunction Solar Cells (D. J. Friedman, J. M.
Olson and Sarah Kurtz). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Applications. 8.3 Physics of
III-V Multijunction and Single-junction Solar Cells. 8.4 Cell
Configuration. 8.5 Computation of Series-connected Device Performance. 8.6
Materials Issues Related to GaInP/GaAs/Ge Solar Cells. 8.7 Epilayer
Characterization and Other Diagnostic Techniques. 8.8 Reliability and
Degradation. 8.9 Future-generation Solar Cells. 8.10 Summary. 9 Space Solar
Cells and Arrays (Sheila Bailey and Ryne Raffaelle). 9.1 The History of
Space Solar Cells. 9.2 The Challenge for Space Solar Cells. 9.3 Silicon
Solar Cells. 9.4 III-V Solar Cells. 9.5 Space Solar Arrays. 9.6 Future Cell
and Array Possibilities. 9.7 Power System Figures of Merit. 9.8 Summary. 10
Photovoltaic Concentrators (Gabriel Sala and Ignacio Anton). 10.1 What is
the Aim of Photovoltaic Concentration and What Does it Do? 10.2 Objectives,
Limitations and Opportunities. 10.3 Typical Concentrators: an Attempt at
Classification. 10.4 Concentration Optics: Thermodynamic Limits. 10.5
Factors of Merit for Concentrators in Relation to the Optics. 10.6
Photovoltaic Concentration Modules and Assemblies. 10.7 Tracking for
Concentrator Systems. 10.8 Measurements of Cells, Modules and Photovoltaic
Systems in Concentration. 10.9 Summary. 11 Crystalline Silicon Thin-Film
Solar Cells via High-temperature and Intermediate-temperature Approaches
(Armin G. Aberle and Per I. Widenborg). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Modelling.
11.4 Crystalline Silicon Thin-Film Solar Cells on Intermediate-T Foreign
Supporting Materials. 11.5 Conclusions. 12 Amorphous Silicon-based Solar
Cells (Eric A. Schiff, Steven Hegedus and Xunming Deng). 12.1 Overview.
12.2 Atomic and Electronic Structure of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon.
12.3 Depositing Amorphous Silicon. 12.4 Understanding a-Si pin Cells. 12.5
Multijunction Solar Cells. 12.6 Module Manufacturing. 12.7 Conclusions and
Future Projections. 13 Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells (William N. Shafarman,
Susanne Siebentritt and Lars Stolt). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Material
Properties. 13.3 Deposition Methods. 13.4 Junction and Device Formation.
13.5 Device Operation. 13.6 Manufacturing Issues. 13.7 The Cu(InGa)Se2
Outlook. 14 Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells (Brian E. McCandless and James R.
Sites). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Historical Development. 14.3 CdTe
Properties. 14.4 CdTe Film Deposition. 14.5 CdTe Thin Film Solar Cells.
14.6 CdTe Modules. 14.7 Future of CdTe-based Solar Cells. 15 Dye-sensitized
Solar Cells (Kohjiro Hara and Shogo Mori). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2
Operating Mechanism of DSSC. 15.3 Materials. 15.4 Performance of Highly
Efficient DSSCs. 15.5 Electron-transfer Processes. 15.6 New Materials. 15.7
Stability. 15.8 Approach to Commercialization. 15.9 Summary and Prospects.
16 Sunlight Energy Conversion Via Organics (Sam-Shajing Sun and Hugh
O'Neill). 16.1 Principles of Organic and Polymeric Photovoltaics. 16.2
Evolution and Types of Organic and Polymeric Solar Cells. 16.3 Organic and
Polymeric Solar Cell Fabrication and Characterization. 16.4 Natural
Photosynthetic Sunlight Energy Conversion Systems. 16.5 Artificial
Photosynthetic Systems. 16.6 Artificial Reaction Centers. 16.7 Towards
Device Architectures. 16.8 Summary and Future Perspectives. 17 Transparent
Conducting Oxides for Photovoltaics (Alan E. Delahoy and Sheyu Guo). 17.1
Introduction. 17.2 Survey of Materials. 17.3 Deposition Methods. 17.4 TCO
Theory and Modeling: Electrical and Optical Properties and their Impact on
Module Performance. 17.5 Principal Materials and Issues for Thin Film and
Wafer-based PV. 17.6 Textured Films. 17.7 Measurements and Characterization
Methods. 17.8 TCO Stability. 17.9 Recent Developments and Prospects. 18
Measurement and Characterization of Solar Cells and Modules (Keith Emery).
18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Rating PV Performance. 18.3 Current-Voltage
Measurements. 18.4 Spectral Responsivity Measurements. 18.5 Module
Qualification and Certification. 18.6 Summary. 19 PV Systems (Charles M.
Whitaker, Timothy U. Townsend, Anat Razon, Raymond M. Hudson and Xavier
Vallve). 19.1 Introduction: There is gold at the end of the rainbow. 19.2
System Types. 19.3 Exemplary PV Systems. 19.4 Ratings. 19.5 Key System
Components. 19.6 System Design Considerations. 19.7 System Design. 19.8
Installation. 19.9 Operation and Maintenance/Monitoring. 19.10 Removal,
Recycling and Remediation. 19.11 Examples. 20 Electrochemical Storage for
Photovoltaics (Dirk Uwe Sauer). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 General Concept of
Electrochemical Batteries. 20.3 Typical Operation Conditions of Batteries
in PV Applications. 20.4 Secondary Electrochemical Accumulators with
Internal Storage. 20.5 Secondary Electrochemical Battery Systems with
External Storage. 20.6 Investment and Lifetime Cost Considerations. 20.7
Conclusion. 21 Power Conditioning for Photovoltaic Power Systems (Heribert
Schmidt, Bruno Burger and Jurgen Schmid). 21.1 Charge Controllers and
Monitoring Systems for Batteries in PV Power Systems. 21.2 Inverters. 22
Energy Collected and Delivered by PV Modules (Eduardo Lorenzo). 22.1
Introduction. 22.2 Movement between Sun and Earth. 22.3 Solar Radiation
Components. 22.4 Solar Radiation Data and Uncertainty. 22.5 Radiation on
Inclined Surfaces. 22.6 Diurnal Variations of the Ambient Temperature. 22.7
Effects of the Angle of Incidence and of Dirt. 22.8 Some Calculation Tools.
22.9 Irradiation on Most Widely Studied Surfaces. 22.10 PV Generator
Behaviour Under Real Operation Conditions. 22.11 Reliability and Sizing of
Stand-alone PV Systems. 22.12 The Case of Solar Home Systems. 22.13 Energy
Yield of Grid-connected PV Systems. 22.14 Conclusions. 23 PV in
Architecture (Tjerk H. Reijenga and Henk F. Kaan). 23.1 Introduction. 23.2
PV in Architecture. 23.3 BIPV Basics. 23.4 Steps in the Design Process with
PV. 23.5 Concluding Remarks. 24 Photovoltaics and Development (Jorge M.
Huacuz, Jaime Agredano and Lalith Gunaratne). 24.1 Electricity and
Development. 24.2 Breaking the Chains of Underdevelopment. 24.3 The PV
Alternative. 24.4 Examples of PV Rural Electrification. 24.5 Toward a New
Paradigm for Rural Electrification. References. Index.
1. Status, Trends, Challenges and the Bright Future of Solar Electricity from Photovoltaics (S. Hegedus and A. Luque). 2. PV Financial Policy Analysis: Past Present Future (Byrne, Kurdigishvili) 3. The Physics of the Solar Cell (J. Gray). 4. Theoretical Limits of Photovoltaic Conversion (A. Luque and A. Martí). 5. Solar Grade Silicon Feedstock (B. Ceccaroli and O. Lohne). 6. Bulk Crystal Growth and Wafering for PV (W. Koch, et al.). 7. Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Modules (I. Tobías, et al.). 8. High-Efficiency III-V Multijunction Solar Cells (J. Olson, et al.). 9. Space Solar Cells and Arrays (S. Bailey and R. Raffaelle). 10. Photovoltaic Concentrators (R. Swanson). 11. Thin Silicon Solar Cells (Widenborg, Aberle) 12. Amorphous Silicon-based Solar Cells (X. Deng and E. Schiff). 13. Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells (W. Shafarman and L. Stolt). 14. Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells (B. McCandless and J. Sites). 15. Dye-sensitized Solar Cells (K. Hara and H. Arakawa). 16. Organic PV Cells (Sun-shing, O'Neill) 17. Transparent Conductive Oxides (Delahoy, Guo) 18. Measurement and Characterization of Solar Cells and Modules (K. Emery). 19. PV Systems (Hudson, Townsend, Razon, Vallve) 20. Electrochemical Storage for Photovoltaics (D. Sauer). 21. Power Conditioning for Photovoltaic Power Systems (J. Schmid and H. Schmidt). 22. Energy Collected and Delivered by PV Modules (E. Lorenzo). 23. PV in Architecture (T. Reijenga). 24. Photovoltaics and Development (J. Huacuz and L. Gunaratne).
About the Editors. List of Contributors. Preface to the 2nd Edition. 1
Achievements and Challenges of Solar Electricity from Photovoltaics (Steven
Hegedus and Antonio Luque). 1.1 The Big Picture. 1.2 What is Photovoltaics?
1.3 Photovoltaics Today. 1.4 The Great Challenge. 1.5 Trends in Technology.
1.6 Conclusions. 2 The Role of Policy in PV Industry Growth: Past, Present
and Future (John Byrne and Lado Kurdgelashvili). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2
Policy Review of Selected Countries. 2.3 Policy Impact on PV Market
Development. 2.4 Future PV Market Growth Scenarios. 2.5 Toward a
Sustainable Future. 3 The Physics of the Solar Cell (Jeffery L. Gray). 3.1
Introduction. 3.2 Fundamental Properties of Semiconductors. 3.3 Solar Cell
Fundamentals. 3.4 Additional Topics. 3.5 Summary. 4 Theoretical Limits of
Photovoltaic Conversion and New-generation Solar Cells (Antonio Luque and
Antonio Mart1). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Thermodynamic Background. 4.3
Photovoltaic Converters. 4.4 The Technical Efficiency Limit for Solar
Converters. 4.5 Very-high-efficiency Concepts. 4.6 Conclusions. 5 Solar
Grade Silicon Feedstock (Bruno Ceccaroli and Otto Lohne). 5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Silicon. 5.3 Production of Silicon Metal/Metallurgical Grade Silicon.
5.4 Production of Polysilicon/Silicon of Electronic and Photovoltaic Grade.
5.5 Current Silicon Feedstock to Solar Cells. 5.6 Requirements of Silicon
for Crystalline Solar Cells. 5.7 Routes to Solar Grade Silicon. 5.8
Conclusions. 6 Bulk Crystal Growth and Wafering for PV (Hugo Rodriguez,
Ismael Guerrero, Wolfgang Koch, Arthur L. Endros, Dieter Franke, Christian
Haßler, Juris P. Kalejs and H. J. Moller). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Bulk
Monocrystalline Material. 6.3 Bulk Multicrystalline Silicon. 6.4 Wafering.
6.5 Silicon Ribbon and Foil Production. 6.6 Numerical Simulations of
Crystal Growth Techniques. 6.7 Conclusions. 7 Crystalline Silicon Solar
Cells and Modules (Ignacio Tob1as, Carlos del CaÜnizo and Jesus Alonso).
7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Crystalline Silicon as a Photovoltaic Material. 7.3
Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells. 7.4 Manufacturing Process. 7.5 Variations
to the Basic Process. 7.6 Other Industrial Approaches. 7.7 Crystalline
Silicon Photovoltaic Modules. 7.8 Electrical and Optical Performance of
Modules. 7.9 Field Performance of Modules. 7.10 Conclusions. 8
High-efficiency III-V Multijunction Solar Cells (D. J. Friedman, J. M.
Olson and Sarah Kurtz). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Applications. 8.3 Physics of
III-V Multijunction and Single-junction Solar Cells. 8.4 Cell
Configuration. 8.5 Computation of Series-connected Device Performance. 8.6
Materials Issues Related to GaInP/GaAs/Ge Solar Cells. 8.7 Epilayer
Characterization and Other Diagnostic Techniques. 8.8 Reliability and
Degradation. 8.9 Future-generation Solar Cells. 8.10 Summary. 9 Space Solar
Cells and Arrays (Sheila Bailey and Ryne Raffaelle). 9.1 The History of
Space Solar Cells. 9.2 The Challenge for Space Solar Cells. 9.3 Silicon
Solar Cells. 9.4 III-V Solar Cells. 9.5 Space Solar Arrays. 9.6 Future Cell
and Array Possibilities. 9.7 Power System Figures of Merit. 9.8 Summary. 10
Photovoltaic Concentrators (Gabriel Sala and Ignacio Anton). 10.1 What is
the Aim of Photovoltaic Concentration and What Does it Do? 10.2 Objectives,
Limitations and Opportunities. 10.3 Typical Concentrators: an Attempt at
Classification. 10.4 Concentration Optics: Thermodynamic Limits. 10.5
Factors of Merit for Concentrators in Relation to the Optics. 10.6
Photovoltaic Concentration Modules and Assemblies. 10.7 Tracking for
Concentrator Systems. 10.8 Measurements of Cells, Modules and Photovoltaic
Systems in Concentration. 10.9 Summary. 11 Crystalline Silicon Thin-Film
Solar Cells via High-temperature and Intermediate-temperature Approaches
(Armin G. Aberle and Per I. Widenborg). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Modelling.
11.4 Crystalline Silicon Thin-Film Solar Cells on Intermediate-T Foreign
Supporting Materials. 11.5 Conclusions. 12 Amorphous Silicon-based Solar
Cells (Eric A. Schiff, Steven Hegedus and Xunming Deng). 12.1 Overview.
12.2 Atomic and Electronic Structure of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon.
12.3 Depositing Amorphous Silicon. 12.4 Understanding a-Si pin Cells. 12.5
Multijunction Solar Cells. 12.6 Module Manufacturing. 12.7 Conclusions and
Future Projections. 13 Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells (William N. Shafarman,
Susanne Siebentritt and Lars Stolt). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Material
Properties. 13.3 Deposition Methods. 13.4 Junction and Device Formation.
13.5 Device Operation. 13.6 Manufacturing Issues. 13.7 The Cu(InGa)Se2
Outlook. 14 Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells (Brian E. McCandless and James R.
Sites). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Historical Development. 14.3 CdTe
Properties. 14.4 CdTe Film Deposition. 14.5 CdTe Thin Film Solar Cells.
14.6 CdTe Modules. 14.7 Future of CdTe-based Solar Cells. 15 Dye-sensitized
Solar Cells (Kohjiro Hara and Shogo Mori). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2
Operating Mechanism of DSSC. 15.3 Materials. 15.4 Performance of Highly
Efficient DSSCs. 15.5 Electron-transfer Processes. 15.6 New Materials. 15.7
Stability. 15.8 Approach to Commercialization. 15.9 Summary and Prospects.
16 Sunlight Energy Conversion Via Organics (Sam-Shajing Sun and Hugh
O'Neill). 16.1 Principles of Organic and Polymeric Photovoltaics. 16.2
Evolution and Types of Organic and Polymeric Solar Cells. 16.3 Organic and
Polymeric Solar Cell Fabrication and Characterization. 16.4 Natural
Photosynthetic Sunlight Energy Conversion Systems. 16.5 Artificial
Photosynthetic Systems. 16.6 Artificial Reaction Centers. 16.7 Towards
Device Architectures. 16.8 Summary and Future Perspectives. 17 Transparent
Conducting Oxides for Photovoltaics (Alan E. Delahoy and Sheyu Guo). 17.1
Introduction. 17.2 Survey of Materials. 17.3 Deposition Methods. 17.4 TCO
Theory and Modeling: Electrical and Optical Properties and their Impact on
Module Performance. 17.5 Principal Materials and Issues for Thin Film and
Wafer-based PV. 17.6 Textured Films. 17.7 Measurements and Characterization
Methods. 17.8 TCO Stability. 17.9 Recent Developments and Prospects. 18
Measurement and Characterization of Solar Cells and Modules (Keith Emery).
18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Rating PV Performance. 18.3 Current-Voltage
Measurements. 18.4 Spectral Responsivity Measurements. 18.5 Module
Qualification and Certification. 18.6 Summary. 19 PV Systems (Charles M.
Whitaker, Timothy U. Townsend, Anat Razon, Raymond M. Hudson and Xavier
Vallve). 19.1 Introduction: There is gold at the end of the rainbow. 19.2
System Types. 19.3 Exemplary PV Systems. 19.4 Ratings. 19.5 Key System
Components. 19.6 System Design Considerations. 19.7 System Design. 19.8
Installation. 19.9 Operation and Maintenance/Monitoring. 19.10 Removal,
Recycling and Remediation. 19.11 Examples. 20 Electrochemical Storage for
Photovoltaics (Dirk Uwe Sauer). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 General Concept of
Electrochemical Batteries. 20.3 Typical Operation Conditions of Batteries
in PV Applications. 20.4 Secondary Electrochemical Accumulators with
Internal Storage. 20.5 Secondary Electrochemical Battery Systems with
External Storage. 20.6 Investment and Lifetime Cost Considerations. 20.7
Conclusion. 21 Power Conditioning for Photovoltaic Power Systems (Heribert
Schmidt, Bruno Burger and Jurgen Schmid). 21.1 Charge Controllers and
Monitoring Systems for Batteries in PV Power Systems. 21.2 Inverters. 22
Energy Collected and Delivered by PV Modules (Eduardo Lorenzo). 22.1
Introduction. 22.2 Movement between Sun and Earth. 22.3 Solar Radiation
Components. 22.4 Solar Radiation Data and Uncertainty. 22.5 Radiation on
Inclined Surfaces. 22.6 Diurnal Variations of the Ambient Temperature. 22.7
Effects of the Angle of Incidence and of Dirt. 22.8 Some Calculation Tools.
22.9 Irradiation on Most Widely Studied Surfaces. 22.10 PV Generator
Behaviour Under Real Operation Conditions. 22.11 Reliability and Sizing of
Stand-alone PV Systems. 22.12 The Case of Solar Home Systems. 22.13 Energy
Yield of Grid-connected PV Systems. 22.14 Conclusions. 23 PV in
Architecture (Tjerk H. Reijenga and Henk F. Kaan). 23.1 Introduction. 23.2
PV in Architecture. 23.3 BIPV Basics. 23.4 Steps in the Design Process with
PV. 23.5 Concluding Remarks. 24 Photovoltaics and Development (Jorge M.
Huacuz, Jaime Agredano and Lalith Gunaratne). 24.1 Electricity and
Development. 24.2 Breaking the Chains of Underdevelopment. 24.3 The PV
Alternative. 24.4 Examples of PV Rural Electrification. 24.5 Toward a New
Paradigm for Rural Electrification. References. Index.
Achievements and Challenges of Solar Electricity from Photovoltaics (Steven
Hegedus and Antonio Luque). 1.1 The Big Picture. 1.2 What is Photovoltaics?
1.3 Photovoltaics Today. 1.4 The Great Challenge. 1.5 Trends in Technology.
1.6 Conclusions. 2 The Role of Policy in PV Industry Growth: Past, Present
and Future (John Byrne and Lado Kurdgelashvili). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2
Policy Review of Selected Countries. 2.3 Policy Impact on PV Market
Development. 2.4 Future PV Market Growth Scenarios. 2.5 Toward a
Sustainable Future. 3 The Physics of the Solar Cell (Jeffery L. Gray). 3.1
Introduction. 3.2 Fundamental Properties of Semiconductors. 3.3 Solar Cell
Fundamentals. 3.4 Additional Topics. 3.5 Summary. 4 Theoretical Limits of
Photovoltaic Conversion and New-generation Solar Cells (Antonio Luque and
Antonio Mart1). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Thermodynamic Background. 4.3
Photovoltaic Converters. 4.4 The Technical Efficiency Limit for Solar
Converters. 4.5 Very-high-efficiency Concepts. 4.6 Conclusions. 5 Solar
Grade Silicon Feedstock (Bruno Ceccaroli and Otto Lohne). 5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Silicon. 5.3 Production of Silicon Metal/Metallurgical Grade Silicon.
5.4 Production of Polysilicon/Silicon of Electronic and Photovoltaic Grade.
5.5 Current Silicon Feedstock to Solar Cells. 5.6 Requirements of Silicon
for Crystalline Solar Cells. 5.7 Routes to Solar Grade Silicon. 5.8
Conclusions. 6 Bulk Crystal Growth and Wafering for PV (Hugo Rodriguez,
Ismael Guerrero, Wolfgang Koch, Arthur L. Endros, Dieter Franke, Christian
Haßler, Juris P. Kalejs and H. J. Moller). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Bulk
Monocrystalline Material. 6.3 Bulk Multicrystalline Silicon. 6.4 Wafering.
6.5 Silicon Ribbon and Foil Production. 6.6 Numerical Simulations of
Crystal Growth Techniques. 6.7 Conclusions. 7 Crystalline Silicon Solar
Cells and Modules (Ignacio Tob1as, Carlos del CaÜnizo and Jesus Alonso).
7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Crystalline Silicon as a Photovoltaic Material. 7.3
Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells. 7.4 Manufacturing Process. 7.5 Variations
to the Basic Process. 7.6 Other Industrial Approaches. 7.7 Crystalline
Silicon Photovoltaic Modules. 7.8 Electrical and Optical Performance of
Modules. 7.9 Field Performance of Modules. 7.10 Conclusions. 8
High-efficiency III-V Multijunction Solar Cells (D. J. Friedman, J. M.
Olson and Sarah Kurtz). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Applications. 8.3 Physics of
III-V Multijunction and Single-junction Solar Cells. 8.4 Cell
Configuration. 8.5 Computation of Series-connected Device Performance. 8.6
Materials Issues Related to GaInP/GaAs/Ge Solar Cells. 8.7 Epilayer
Characterization and Other Diagnostic Techniques. 8.8 Reliability and
Degradation. 8.9 Future-generation Solar Cells. 8.10 Summary. 9 Space Solar
Cells and Arrays (Sheila Bailey and Ryne Raffaelle). 9.1 The History of
Space Solar Cells. 9.2 The Challenge for Space Solar Cells. 9.3 Silicon
Solar Cells. 9.4 III-V Solar Cells. 9.5 Space Solar Arrays. 9.6 Future Cell
and Array Possibilities. 9.7 Power System Figures of Merit. 9.8 Summary. 10
Photovoltaic Concentrators (Gabriel Sala and Ignacio Anton). 10.1 What is
the Aim of Photovoltaic Concentration and What Does it Do? 10.2 Objectives,
Limitations and Opportunities. 10.3 Typical Concentrators: an Attempt at
Classification. 10.4 Concentration Optics: Thermodynamic Limits. 10.5
Factors of Merit for Concentrators in Relation to the Optics. 10.6
Photovoltaic Concentration Modules and Assemblies. 10.7 Tracking for
Concentrator Systems. 10.8 Measurements of Cells, Modules and Photovoltaic
Systems in Concentration. 10.9 Summary. 11 Crystalline Silicon Thin-Film
Solar Cells via High-temperature and Intermediate-temperature Approaches
(Armin G. Aberle and Per I. Widenborg). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Modelling.
11.4 Crystalline Silicon Thin-Film Solar Cells on Intermediate-T Foreign
Supporting Materials. 11.5 Conclusions. 12 Amorphous Silicon-based Solar
Cells (Eric A. Schiff, Steven Hegedus and Xunming Deng). 12.1 Overview.
12.2 Atomic and Electronic Structure of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon.
12.3 Depositing Amorphous Silicon. 12.4 Understanding a-Si pin Cells. 12.5
Multijunction Solar Cells. 12.6 Module Manufacturing. 12.7 Conclusions and
Future Projections. 13 Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells (William N. Shafarman,
Susanne Siebentritt and Lars Stolt). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Material
Properties. 13.3 Deposition Methods. 13.4 Junction and Device Formation.
13.5 Device Operation. 13.6 Manufacturing Issues. 13.7 The Cu(InGa)Se2
Outlook. 14 Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells (Brian E. McCandless and James R.
Sites). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Historical Development. 14.3 CdTe
Properties. 14.4 CdTe Film Deposition. 14.5 CdTe Thin Film Solar Cells.
14.6 CdTe Modules. 14.7 Future of CdTe-based Solar Cells. 15 Dye-sensitized
Solar Cells (Kohjiro Hara and Shogo Mori). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2
Operating Mechanism of DSSC. 15.3 Materials. 15.4 Performance of Highly
Efficient DSSCs. 15.5 Electron-transfer Processes. 15.6 New Materials. 15.7
Stability. 15.8 Approach to Commercialization. 15.9 Summary and Prospects.
16 Sunlight Energy Conversion Via Organics (Sam-Shajing Sun and Hugh
O'Neill). 16.1 Principles of Organic and Polymeric Photovoltaics. 16.2
Evolution and Types of Organic and Polymeric Solar Cells. 16.3 Organic and
Polymeric Solar Cell Fabrication and Characterization. 16.4 Natural
Photosynthetic Sunlight Energy Conversion Systems. 16.5 Artificial
Photosynthetic Systems. 16.6 Artificial Reaction Centers. 16.7 Towards
Device Architectures. 16.8 Summary and Future Perspectives. 17 Transparent
Conducting Oxides for Photovoltaics (Alan E. Delahoy and Sheyu Guo). 17.1
Introduction. 17.2 Survey of Materials. 17.3 Deposition Methods. 17.4 TCO
Theory and Modeling: Electrical and Optical Properties and their Impact on
Module Performance. 17.5 Principal Materials and Issues for Thin Film and
Wafer-based PV. 17.6 Textured Films. 17.7 Measurements and Characterization
Methods. 17.8 TCO Stability. 17.9 Recent Developments and Prospects. 18
Measurement and Characterization of Solar Cells and Modules (Keith Emery).
18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Rating PV Performance. 18.3 Current-Voltage
Measurements. 18.4 Spectral Responsivity Measurements. 18.5 Module
Qualification and Certification. 18.6 Summary. 19 PV Systems (Charles M.
Whitaker, Timothy U. Townsend, Anat Razon, Raymond M. Hudson and Xavier
Vallve). 19.1 Introduction: There is gold at the end of the rainbow. 19.2
System Types. 19.3 Exemplary PV Systems. 19.4 Ratings. 19.5 Key System
Components. 19.6 System Design Considerations. 19.7 System Design. 19.8
Installation. 19.9 Operation and Maintenance/Monitoring. 19.10 Removal,
Recycling and Remediation. 19.11 Examples. 20 Electrochemical Storage for
Photovoltaics (Dirk Uwe Sauer). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 General Concept of
Electrochemical Batteries. 20.3 Typical Operation Conditions of Batteries
in PV Applications. 20.4 Secondary Electrochemical Accumulators with
Internal Storage. 20.5 Secondary Electrochemical Battery Systems with
External Storage. 20.6 Investment and Lifetime Cost Considerations. 20.7
Conclusion. 21 Power Conditioning for Photovoltaic Power Systems (Heribert
Schmidt, Bruno Burger and Jurgen Schmid). 21.1 Charge Controllers and
Monitoring Systems for Batteries in PV Power Systems. 21.2 Inverters. 22
Energy Collected and Delivered by PV Modules (Eduardo Lorenzo). 22.1
Introduction. 22.2 Movement between Sun and Earth. 22.3 Solar Radiation
Components. 22.4 Solar Radiation Data and Uncertainty. 22.5 Radiation on
Inclined Surfaces. 22.6 Diurnal Variations of the Ambient Temperature. 22.7
Effects of the Angle of Incidence and of Dirt. 22.8 Some Calculation Tools.
22.9 Irradiation on Most Widely Studied Surfaces. 22.10 PV Generator
Behaviour Under Real Operation Conditions. 22.11 Reliability and Sizing of
Stand-alone PV Systems. 22.12 The Case of Solar Home Systems. 22.13 Energy
Yield of Grid-connected PV Systems. 22.14 Conclusions. 23 PV in
Architecture (Tjerk H. Reijenga and Henk F. Kaan). 23.1 Introduction. 23.2
PV in Architecture. 23.3 BIPV Basics. 23.4 Steps in the Design Process with
PV. 23.5 Concluding Remarks. 24 Photovoltaics and Development (Jorge M.
Huacuz, Jaime Agredano and Lalith Gunaratne). 24.1 Electricity and
Development. 24.2 Breaking the Chains of Underdevelopment. 24.3 The PV
Alternative. 24.4 Examples of PV Rural Electrification. 24.5 Toward a New
Paradigm for Rural Electrification. References. Index.