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Addressing a cutting-edge, multidisciplinary field, this book reviews nanomaterials and their biomedical applications. It covers regeneration, implants, adhesives, and biosensors and strategies for more efficient therapy, diagnosis, and drug delivery with the use of nanotechnology. * Addresses the increasing demand for nanomedicine in a cutting-edge, multidisciplinary field * Introduces concepts, strategies, and requirements of developing materials * Discusses hot topics in drug delivery, such as neural regeneration, cartilage regeneration, bone tissue regeneration, dental regeneration,…mehr
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Addressing a cutting-edge, multidisciplinary field, this book reviews nanomaterials and their biomedical applications. It covers regeneration, implants, adhesives, and biosensors and strategies for more efficient therapy, diagnosis, and drug delivery with the use of nanotechnology. * Addresses the increasing demand for nanomedicine in a cutting-edge, multidisciplinary field * Introduces concepts, strategies, and requirements of developing materials * Discusses hot topics in drug delivery, such as neural regeneration, cartilage regeneration, bone tissue regeneration, dental regeneration, biomedical imaging, tissue adhesives and biosensors * Includes a chapter about nanotoxicology to help readers further understand the biocompatability of nanomaterials
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 328
- Erscheinungstermin: 6. April 2016
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118987476
- Artikelnr.: 44875475
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 328
- Erscheinungstermin: 6. April 2016
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118987476
- Artikelnr.: 44875475
Mustafa O. Guler, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center at Bilkent University (Ankara, Turkey). His research interests involve synthesis and characterization of novel materials for applications in chemistry, biology, and materials science. Ayse B. Tekinay, PhD, is an Associate Professor and Principal Investigator at the Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center at Bilkent University (Ankara, Turkey) as well as a member of the adjunct faculty at the Rockefeller University (New York, U.S.A.). Her research focuses on molecular interactions of the cells and environment and the utilization of these interactions for regenerative medicine and drug delivery.
List of Contributors xi Preface xiii 1 Nanomaterials for Medicine 1 Mustafa
O. Guler and Ayse B. Tekinay 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Nanoscale Material
Properties 2 1.3 Nanomaterials for Understanding Disease Pathways 2 1.4
Nanomaterials for Therapy 3 1.5 Challenges and Future Prospects 5 2
Nanosized Delivery Systems for Tissue Regeneration 7 Goksu Cinar, Didem
Mumcuoglu, Ayse B. Tekinay, and Mustafa O. Guler 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2
Delivery of Protein Therapeutics with Nanocarriers for Tissue Regeneration
10 2.2.1 GFs and Cytokines 10 2.3 Gene and siRNA Delivery with Nanocarriers
for Tissue Regeneration 13 2.3.1 Gene Delivery 13 2.3.2 siRNA Delivery 15
2.4 Systemic Targeting and Cellular Internalization Strategies for Tissue
Regeneration 15 2.4.1 Targeted Delivery 15 2.4.2 Cellular Internalization
Strategies 18 2.5 Future Perspectives 20 References 22 3 Nanomaterials for
Neural Regeneration 33 Melike Sever, Busra Mammadov, Mevhibe Gecer, Mustafa
O. Guler, and Ayse B. Tekinay 3.1 Introduction 33 3.1.1 Extracellular
Matrix of Central Nervous System 33 3.1.2 ECM of Peripheral Nervous System
37 3.1.3 Urgent Need for Materials to Induce Regeneration in Nervous Tissue
39 3.2 Nanomaterials for Neural Regeneration 40 3.2.1 Physical
Functionalization of Nanomaterials to Induce Neural Differentiation 40
3.2.2 Effects of Mechanical Stiffness on Cellular Behavior 40 3.2.3 Effects
of Dimensionality on Cellular Behavior 42 3.2.4 Effects of Substrate
Topography on Cell Behavior 43 3.2.5 Effects of Electrical Conductivity on
Cell Behavior 44 3.3 Chemical and Biological Functionalization of
Nanomaterials for Neural Differentiation 45 3.3.1 Effects of Biologically
Active Molecules on Cell Behavior 45 3.3.2 Effects of Chemical Groups on
Cellular Behavior 46 3.3.3 Effects of Biofunctionalization on Cellular
Behavior Through ECM-Derived Short Peptides 48 3.4 Conclusion 50 References
51 4 Therapeutic Nanomaterials for Cartilage Regeneration 59 Elif Arslan,
Seher Ustun Yaylac1, Mustafa O. Guler, and Ayse B. Tekinay 4.1 Introduction
59 4.2 Current Treatment Methods for Cartilage Injuries 63 4.3 Tissue
Engineering Efforts 66 4.3.1 Natural Polymers 67 4.3.2 Synthetic Polymers
69 4.3.3 Composite Materials 70 4.3.4 Physical Stimuli 71 4.4 Clinical
Therapeutics for Cartilage Regeneration 72 4.5 Conclusions and Future
Perspectives 73 References 78 5 Wound Healing Applications of Nanomaterials
87 Berna Senturk, Gozde Uzunalli, Rashad Mammadov, Mustafa O. Guler, and
Ayse B. Tekinay 5.1 Introduction 87 5.1.1 The Structure of Healthy
Mammalian Skin 88 5.1.2 The Mechanisms of Wound Healing 89 5.1.3 Repair
Process in Chronic Wounds 94 5.2 Applications of Nanomaterials for the
Enhancement of Wound Healing Process 95 5.2.1 Artificial Skin 96 5.2.2
Natural Nanomaterials for Wound Healing 97 5.2.3 Synthetic Nanomaterials
for Wound Healing 100 5.2.4 Wound Dressings Containing Growth Factors 101
5.2.5 Biomimetic Materials 102 5.2.6 Current Challenges in the Design of
Nanomaterials for Chronic Wound Management 103 5.3 Peptide Nanofiber Gels
for Wound Healing 105 5.3.1 Relevance of Nanofibrous Structure of Peptide
Gels for Wound Healing 106 5.3.2 Engineered PA Nanofiber Gels for Wound
Healing and Insights into Various Designs 107 References 110 6
Nanomaterials for Bone Tissue Regeneration and Orthopedic Implants 119
Gulcihan Gulseren, Melis Goktas, Hakan Ceylan, Ayse B. Tekinay, and Mustafa
O. Guler 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Bone Matrix 120 6.2.1 Organic Matrix and
Bioactivity 120 6.3 Inorganic Matrix, Mineralization, and Bone Organization
122 6.3.1 Mechanical Properties and Structural Hierarchy of Bone Tissue 123
6.4 Regulation of Bone Matrix in Adult Tissue 125 6.4.1 Angiogenic Factors
in Bone Remodeling 126 6.5 Strategies for Bone Tissue Regeneration 127
6.5.1 Hard Grafts for Bone Regeneration 127 6.6 Soft Grafts for Bone
Regeneration 131 6.6.1 Peptide-Based Bone Grafts 132 6.6.2 Polymer
Nanocomposites as Bone Grafts 134 6.7 Future Perspectives 138 References
138 7 Nanomaterials for the Repair and Regeneration of Dental Tissues 153
Gulistan Tans1k, Alper Devrim Ozkan, Mustafa O. Guler, and Ayse B. Tekinay
7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 Formation of Dental and Osseous Tissues 155 7.3
Dental Implants 156 7.3.1 Metallic Implants 158 7.3.2 Ceramic Implants 158
7.3.3 Polymeric Implants 159 7.4 Osseointegration of Dental Implants 159
7.5 Uses of Nanotechnology in the Development of Dental Implants 160 7.5.1
Enhancement of the Osseointegration Process 161 7.5.2 Pulp and Dentin
Tissue Regeneration 162 7.5.3 Whole Tooth Regeneration 165 7.6 Conclusions
and Future Perspectives 166 References 166 8 Nanomaterials as Tissue
Adhesives 173 I. Ceren Yasa, Hakan Ceylan, Ayse B. Tekinay, and Mustafa O.
Guler 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Tissue Adhesives Based on Synthetic Polymers
176 8.3 Naturally Derived Tissue Adhesives 180 8.4 Bioinspired Strategies
182 8.5 Nanoenabled Adhesives 186 8.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 186
References 189 9 Advances in Nanoparticle-Based Medical Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Techniques 197 Melis Sardan, Alper Devrim Ozkan, Aygul Zengin,
Ayse B. Tekinay, and Mustafa O. Guler 9.1 Introduction 197 9.2 NPs used in
MRI 200 9.2.1 T1 CAs 201 9.2.2 T2 CAs 205 9.2.3 Dual Modal Contrast Agents
207 9.3 NPs used in Computed Tomography 208 9.3.1 Noble Metal-Based NPs 209
9.3.2 Heavy Metal-Based NPs 211 9.4 NPs used in Optical and Fluorescence
Imaging 213 9.4.1 Quantum Dots 214 9.4.2 AuNPs 216 9.4.3 UCNPs 217 9.5
Theranostic Approaches and Multimodal Systems 218 9.6 Overlook and Future
Directions 222 References 223 10 Biosensors for Early Disease Diagnosis 235
Ahmet E. Topal, Alper Devrim Ozkan, Aykutlu Dana, Ayse B. Tekinay, and
Mustafa O. Guler 10.1 Introduction 235 10.2 Biosensor Elements 237 10.2.1
Recognition Elements 237 10.2.2 Output Type and Detection Techniques 239
10.2.3 Optical Biosensors 248 10.2.4 Electrical and Electrochemical
Biosensors 250 10.2.5 Mechanical Biosensors 251 10.2.6 Other Biosensor
Types 252 10.3 The Impact of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in Biosensor
Design 253 10.4 Early Diagnosis and Biosensor-Based Disease Detection 255
10.5 Conclusion and Future Directions 258 References 259 11 Safety of
Nanomaterials 271 Nuray Gunduz, Elif Arslan, Mustafa O. Guler, and Ayse B.
Tekinay 11.1 Introduction 271 11.2 Characterization, Design, and Synthesis
of Nanomaterials 272 11.2.1 Chemical Identity and Physicochemical
Properties 272 11.2.2 Biological Identity 275 11.3 Interactions at the
Cell-Material Interface 277 11.3.1 Intracellular Activity 278 11.3.2
Cellular Uptake Mechanisms 283 11.4 Assays for Cell Viability/Proliferation
283 11.4.1 Assays for Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Mechanisms 284 11.4.2
E valuation of Uptake and Accumulation of ENMs 284 11.4.3 Genotoxicity
Assays 285 11.5 Animal Models and Long-Term Risk Assessment 286 11.5.1 The
Blood-Brain Barrier 286 11.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 290
References 291 Index 299
O. Guler and Ayse B. Tekinay 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Nanoscale Material
Properties 2 1.3 Nanomaterials for Understanding Disease Pathways 2 1.4
Nanomaterials for Therapy 3 1.5 Challenges and Future Prospects 5 2
Nanosized Delivery Systems for Tissue Regeneration 7 Goksu Cinar, Didem
Mumcuoglu, Ayse B. Tekinay, and Mustafa O. Guler 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2
Delivery of Protein Therapeutics with Nanocarriers for Tissue Regeneration
10 2.2.1 GFs and Cytokines 10 2.3 Gene and siRNA Delivery with Nanocarriers
for Tissue Regeneration 13 2.3.1 Gene Delivery 13 2.3.2 siRNA Delivery 15
2.4 Systemic Targeting and Cellular Internalization Strategies for Tissue
Regeneration 15 2.4.1 Targeted Delivery 15 2.4.2 Cellular Internalization
Strategies 18 2.5 Future Perspectives 20 References 22 3 Nanomaterials for
Neural Regeneration 33 Melike Sever, Busra Mammadov, Mevhibe Gecer, Mustafa
O. Guler, and Ayse B. Tekinay 3.1 Introduction 33 3.1.1 Extracellular
Matrix of Central Nervous System 33 3.1.2 ECM of Peripheral Nervous System
37 3.1.3 Urgent Need for Materials to Induce Regeneration in Nervous Tissue
39 3.2 Nanomaterials for Neural Regeneration 40 3.2.1 Physical
Functionalization of Nanomaterials to Induce Neural Differentiation 40
3.2.2 Effects of Mechanical Stiffness on Cellular Behavior 40 3.2.3 Effects
of Dimensionality on Cellular Behavior 42 3.2.4 Effects of Substrate
Topography on Cell Behavior 43 3.2.5 Effects of Electrical Conductivity on
Cell Behavior 44 3.3 Chemical and Biological Functionalization of
Nanomaterials for Neural Differentiation 45 3.3.1 Effects of Biologically
Active Molecules on Cell Behavior 45 3.3.2 Effects of Chemical Groups on
Cellular Behavior 46 3.3.3 Effects of Biofunctionalization on Cellular
Behavior Through ECM-Derived Short Peptides 48 3.4 Conclusion 50 References
51 4 Therapeutic Nanomaterials for Cartilage Regeneration 59 Elif Arslan,
Seher Ustun Yaylac1, Mustafa O. Guler, and Ayse B. Tekinay 4.1 Introduction
59 4.2 Current Treatment Methods for Cartilage Injuries 63 4.3 Tissue
Engineering Efforts 66 4.3.1 Natural Polymers 67 4.3.2 Synthetic Polymers
69 4.3.3 Composite Materials 70 4.3.4 Physical Stimuli 71 4.4 Clinical
Therapeutics for Cartilage Regeneration 72 4.5 Conclusions and Future
Perspectives 73 References 78 5 Wound Healing Applications of Nanomaterials
87 Berna Senturk, Gozde Uzunalli, Rashad Mammadov, Mustafa O. Guler, and
Ayse B. Tekinay 5.1 Introduction 87 5.1.1 The Structure of Healthy
Mammalian Skin 88 5.1.2 The Mechanisms of Wound Healing 89 5.1.3 Repair
Process in Chronic Wounds 94 5.2 Applications of Nanomaterials for the
Enhancement of Wound Healing Process 95 5.2.1 Artificial Skin 96 5.2.2
Natural Nanomaterials for Wound Healing 97 5.2.3 Synthetic Nanomaterials
for Wound Healing 100 5.2.4 Wound Dressings Containing Growth Factors 101
5.2.5 Biomimetic Materials 102 5.2.6 Current Challenges in the Design of
Nanomaterials for Chronic Wound Management 103 5.3 Peptide Nanofiber Gels
for Wound Healing 105 5.3.1 Relevance of Nanofibrous Structure of Peptide
Gels for Wound Healing 106 5.3.2 Engineered PA Nanofiber Gels for Wound
Healing and Insights into Various Designs 107 References 110 6
Nanomaterials for Bone Tissue Regeneration and Orthopedic Implants 119
Gulcihan Gulseren, Melis Goktas, Hakan Ceylan, Ayse B. Tekinay, and Mustafa
O. Guler 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Bone Matrix 120 6.2.1 Organic Matrix and
Bioactivity 120 6.3 Inorganic Matrix, Mineralization, and Bone Organization
122 6.3.1 Mechanical Properties and Structural Hierarchy of Bone Tissue 123
6.4 Regulation of Bone Matrix in Adult Tissue 125 6.4.1 Angiogenic Factors
in Bone Remodeling 126 6.5 Strategies for Bone Tissue Regeneration 127
6.5.1 Hard Grafts for Bone Regeneration 127 6.6 Soft Grafts for Bone
Regeneration 131 6.6.1 Peptide-Based Bone Grafts 132 6.6.2 Polymer
Nanocomposites as Bone Grafts 134 6.7 Future Perspectives 138 References
138 7 Nanomaterials for the Repair and Regeneration of Dental Tissues 153
Gulistan Tans1k, Alper Devrim Ozkan, Mustafa O. Guler, and Ayse B. Tekinay
7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 Formation of Dental and Osseous Tissues 155 7.3
Dental Implants 156 7.3.1 Metallic Implants 158 7.3.2 Ceramic Implants 158
7.3.3 Polymeric Implants 159 7.4 Osseointegration of Dental Implants 159
7.5 Uses of Nanotechnology in the Development of Dental Implants 160 7.5.1
Enhancement of the Osseointegration Process 161 7.5.2 Pulp and Dentin
Tissue Regeneration 162 7.5.3 Whole Tooth Regeneration 165 7.6 Conclusions
and Future Perspectives 166 References 166 8 Nanomaterials as Tissue
Adhesives 173 I. Ceren Yasa, Hakan Ceylan, Ayse B. Tekinay, and Mustafa O.
Guler 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Tissue Adhesives Based on Synthetic Polymers
176 8.3 Naturally Derived Tissue Adhesives 180 8.4 Bioinspired Strategies
182 8.5 Nanoenabled Adhesives 186 8.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 186
References 189 9 Advances in Nanoparticle-Based Medical Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Techniques 197 Melis Sardan, Alper Devrim Ozkan, Aygul Zengin,
Ayse B. Tekinay, and Mustafa O. Guler 9.1 Introduction 197 9.2 NPs used in
MRI 200 9.2.1 T1 CAs 201 9.2.2 T2 CAs 205 9.2.3 Dual Modal Contrast Agents
207 9.3 NPs used in Computed Tomography 208 9.3.1 Noble Metal-Based NPs 209
9.3.2 Heavy Metal-Based NPs 211 9.4 NPs used in Optical and Fluorescence
Imaging 213 9.4.1 Quantum Dots 214 9.4.2 AuNPs 216 9.4.3 UCNPs 217 9.5
Theranostic Approaches and Multimodal Systems 218 9.6 Overlook and Future
Directions 222 References 223 10 Biosensors for Early Disease Diagnosis 235
Ahmet E. Topal, Alper Devrim Ozkan, Aykutlu Dana, Ayse B. Tekinay, and
Mustafa O. Guler 10.1 Introduction 235 10.2 Biosensor Elements 237 10.2.1
Recognition Elements 237 10.2.2 Output Type and Detection Techniques 239
10.2.3 Optical Biosensors 248 10.2.4 Electrical and Electrochemical
Biosensors 250 10.2.5 Mechanical Biosensors 251 10.2.6 Other Biosensor
Types 252 10.3 The Impact of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in Biosensor
Design 253 10.4 Early Diagnosis and Biosensor-Based Disease Detection 255
10.5 Conclusion and Future Directions 258 References 259 11 Safety of
Nanomaterials 271 Nuray Gunduz, Elif Arslan, Mustafa O. Guler, and Ayse B.
Tekinay 11.1 Introduction 271 11.2 Characterization, Design, and Synthesis
of Nanomaterials 272 11.2.1 Chemical Identity and Physicochemical
Properties 272 11.2.2 Biological Identity 275 11.3 Interactions at the
Cell-Material Interface 277 11.3.1 Intracellular Activity 278 11.3.2
Cellular Uptake Mechanisms 283 11.4 Assays for Cell Viability/Proliferation
283 11.4.1 Assays for Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Mechanisms 284 11.4.2
E valuation of Uptake and Accumulation of ENMs 284 11.4.3 Genotoxicity
Assays 285 11.5 Animal Models and Long-Term Risk Assessment 286 11.5.1 The
Blood-Brain Barrier 286 11.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 290
References 291 Index 299
List of Contributors xi Preface xiii 1 Nanomaterials for Medicine 1 Mustafa
O. Guler and Ayse B. Tekinay 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Nanoscale Material
Properties 2 1.3 Nanomaterials for Understanding Disease Pathways 2 1.4
Nanomaterials for Therapy 3 1.5 Challenges and Future Prospects 5 2
Nanosized Delivery Systems for Tissue Regeneration 7 Goksu Cinar, Didem
Mumcuoglu, Ayse B. Tekinay, and Mustafa O. Guler 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2
Delivery of Protein Therapeutics with Nanocarriers for Tissue Regeneration
10 2.2.1 GFs and Cytokines 10 2.3 Gene and siRNA Delivery with Nanocarriers
for Tissue Regeneration 13 2.3.1 Gene Delivery 13 2.3.2 siRNA Delivery 15
2.4 Systemic Targeting and Cellular Internalization Strategies for Tissue
Regeneration 15 2.4.1 Targeted Delivery 15 2.4.2 Cellular Internalization
Strategies 18 2.5 Future Perspectives 20 References 22 3 Nanomaterials for
Neural Regeneration 33 Melike Sever, Busra Mammadov, Mevhibe Gecer, Mustafa
O. Guler, and Ayse B. Tekinay 3.1 Introduction 33 3.1.1 Extracellular
Matrix of Central Nervous System 33 3.1.2 ECM of Peripheral Nervous System
37 3.1.3 Urgent Need for Materials to Induce Regeneration in Nervous Tissue
39 3.2 Nanomaterials for Neural Regeneration 40 3.2.1 Physical
Functionalization of Nanomaterials to Induce Neural Differentiation 40
3.2.2 Effects of Mechanical Stiffness on Cellular Behavior 40 3.2.3 Effects
of Dimensionality on Cellular Behavior 42 3.2.4 Effects of Substrate
Topography on Cell Behavior 43 3.2.5 Effects of Electrical Conductivity on
Cell Behavior 44 3.3 Chemical and Biological Functionalization of
Nanomaterials for Neural Differentiation 45 3.3.1 Effects of Biologically
Active Molecules on Cell Behavior 45 3.3.2 Effects of Chemical Groups on
Cellular Behavior 46 3.3.3 Effects of Biofunctionalization on Cellular
Behavior Through ECM-Derived Short Peptides 48 3.4 Conclusion 50 References
51 4 Therapeutic Nanomaterials for Cartilage Regeneration 59 Elif Arslan,
Seher Ustun Yaylac1, Mustafa O. Guler, and Ayse B. Tekinay 4.1 Introduction
59 4.2 Current Treatment Methods for Cartilage Injuries 63 4.3 Tissue
Engineering Efforts 66 4.3.1 Natural Polymers 67 4.3.2 Synthetic Polymers
69 4.3.3 Composite Materials 70 4.3.4 Physical Stimuli 71 4.4 Clinical
Therapeutics for Cartilage Regeneration 72 4.5 Conclusions and Future
Perspectives 73 References 78 5 Wound Healing Applications of Nanomaterials
87 Berna Senturk, Gozde Uzunalli, Rashad Mammadov, Mustafa O. Guler, and
Ayse B. Tekinay 5.1 Introduction 87 5.1.1 The Structure of Healthy
Mammalian Skin 88 5.1.2 The Mechanisms of Wound Healing 89 5.1.3 Repair
Process in Chronic Wounds 94 5.2 Applications of Nanomaterials for the
Enhancement of Wound Healing Process 95 5.2.1 Artificial Skin 96 5.2.2
Natural Nanomaterials for Wound Healing 97 5.2.3 Synthetic Nanomaterials
for Wound Healing 100 5.2.4 Wound Dressings Containing Growth Factors 101
5.2.5 Biomimetic Materials 102 5.2.6 Current Challenges in the Design of
Nanomaterials for Chronic Wound Management 103 5.3 Peptide Nanofiber Gels
for Wound Healing 105 5.3.1 Relevance of Nanofibrous Structure of Peptide
Gels for Wound Healing 106 5.3.2 Engineered PA Nanofiber Gels for Wound
Healing and Insights into Various Designs 107 References 110 6
Nanomaterials for Bone Tissue Regeneration and Orthopedic Implants 119
Gulcihan Gulseren, Melis Goktas, Hakan Ceylan, Ayse B. Tekinay, and Mustafa
O. Guler 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Bone Matrix 120 6.2.1 Organic Matrix and
Bioactivity 120 6.3 Inorganic Matrix, Mineralization, and Bone Organization
122 6.3.1 Mechanical Properties and Structural Hierarchy of Bone Tissue 123
6.4 Regulation of Bone Matrix in Adult Tissue 125 6.4.1 Angiogenic Factors
in Bone Remodeling 126 6.5 Strategies for Bone Tissue Regeneration 127
6.5.1 Hard Grafts for Bone Regeneration 127 6.6 Soft Grafts for Bone
Regeneration 131 6.6.1 Peptide-Based Bone Grafts 132 6.6.2 Polymer
Nanocomposites as Bone Grafts 134 6.7 Future Perspectives 138 References
138 7 Nanomaterials for the Repair and Regeneration of Dental Tissues 153
Gulistan Tans1k, Alper Devrim Ozkan, Mustafa O. Guler, and Ayse B. Tekinay
7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 Formation of Dental and Osseous Tissues 155 7.3
Dental Implants 156 7.3.1 Metallic Implants 158 7.3.2 Ceramic Implants 158
7.3.3 Polymeric Implants 159 7.4 Osseointegration of Dental Implants 159
7.5 Uses of Nanotechnology in the Development of Dental Implants 160 7.5.1
Enhancement of the Osseointegration Process 161 7.5.2 Pulp and Dentin
Tissue Regeneration 162 7.5.3 Whole Tooth Regeneration 165 7.6 Conclusions
and Future Perspectives 166 References 166 8 Nanomaterials as Tissue
Adhesives 173 I. Ceren Yasa, Hakan Ceylan, Ayse B. Tekinay, and Mustafa O.
Guler 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Tissue Adhesives Based on Synthetic Polymers
176 8.3 Naturally Derived Tissue Adhesives 180 8.4 Bioinspired Strategies
182 8.5 Nanoenabled Adhesives 186 8.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 186
References 189 9 Advances in Nanoparticle-Based Medical Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Techniques 197 Melis Sardan, Alper Devrim Ozkan, Aygul Zengin,
Ayse B. Tekinay, and Mustafa O. Guler 9.1 Introduction 197 9.2 NPs used in
MRI 200 9.2.1 T1 CAs 201 9.2.2 T2 CAs 205 9.2.3 Dual Modal Contrast Agents
207 9.3 NPs used in Computed Tomography 208 9.3.1 Noble Metal-Based NPs 209
9.3.2 Heavy Metal-Based NPs 211 9.4 NPs used in Optical and Fluorescence
Imaging 213 9.4.1 Quantum Dots 214 9.4.2 AuNPs 216 9.4.3 UCNPs 217 9.5
Theranostic Approaches and Multimodal Systems 218 9.6 Overlook and Future
Directions 222 References 223 10 Biosensors for Early Disease Diagnosis 235
Ahmet E. Topal, Alper Devrim Ozkan, Aykutlu Dana, Ayse B. Tekinay, and
Mustafa O. Guler 10.1 Introduction 235 10.2 Biosensor Elements 237 10.2.1
Recognition Elements 237 10.2.2 Output Type and Detection Techniques 239
10.2.3 Optical Biosensors 248 10.2.4 Electrical and Electrochemical
Biosensors 250 10.2.5 Mechanical Biosensors 251 10.2.6 Other Biosensor
Types 252 10.3 The Impact of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in Biosensor
Design 253 10.4 Early Diagnosis and Biosensor-Based Disease Detection 255
10.5 Conclusion and Future Directions 258 References 259 11 Safety of
Nanomaterials 271 Nuray Gunduz, Elif Arslan, Mustafa O. Guler, and Ayse B.
Tekinay 11.1 Introduction 271 11.2 Characterization, Design, and Synthesis
of Nanomaterials 272 11.2.1 Chemical Identity and Physicochemical
Properties 272 11.2.2 Biological Identity 275 11.3 Interactions at the
Cell-Material Interface 277 11.3.1 Intracellular Activity 278 11.3.2
Cellular Uptake Mechanisms 283 11.4 Assays for Cell Viability/Proliferation
283 11.4.1 Assays for Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Mechanisms 284 11.4.2
E valuation of Uptake and Accumulation of ENMs 284 11.4.3 Genotoxicity
Assays 285 11.5 Animal Models and Long-Term Risk Assessment 286 11.5.1 The
Blood-Brain Barrier 286 11.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 290
References 291 Index 299
O. Guler and Ayse B. Tekinay 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Nanoscale Material
Properties 2 1.3 Nanomaterials for Understanding Disease Pathways 2 1.4
Nanomaterials for Therapy 3 1.5 Challenges and Future Prospects 5 2
Nanosized Delivery Systems for Tissue Regeneration 7 Goksu Cinar, Didem
Mumcuoglu, Ayse B. Tekinay, and Mustafa O. Guler 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2
Delivery of Protein Therapeutics with Nanocarriers for Tissue Regeneration
10 2.2.1 GFs and Cytokines 10 2.3 Gene and siRNA Delivery with Nanocarriers
for Tissue Regeneration 13 2.3.1 Gene Delivery 13 2.3.2 siRNA Delivery 15
2.4 Systemic Targeting and Cellular Internalization Strategies for Tissue
Regeneration 15 2.4.1 Targeted Delivery 15 2.4.2 Cellular Internalization
Strategies 18 2.5 Future Perspectives 20 References 22 3 Nanomaterials for
Neural Regeneration 33 Melike Sever, Busra Mammadov, Mevhibe Gecer, Mustafa
O. Guler, and Ayse B. Tekinay 3.1 Introduction 33 3.1.1 Extracellular
Matrix of Central Nervous System 33 3.1.2 ECM of Peripheral Nervous System
37 3.1.3 Urgent Need for Materials to Induce Regeneration in Nervous Tissue
39 3.2 Nanomaterials for Neural Regeneration 40 3.2.1 Physical
Functionalization of Nanomaterials to Induce Neural Differentiation 40
3.2.2 Effects of Mechanical Stiffness on Cellular Behavior 40 3.2.3 Effects
of Dimensionality on Cellular Behavior 42 3.2.4 Effects of Substrate
Topography on Cell Behavior 43 3.2.5 Effects of Electrical Conductivity on
Cell Behavior 44 3.3 Chemical and Biological Functionalization of
Nanomaterials for Neural Differentiation 45 3.3.1 Effects of Biologically
Active Molecules on Cell Behavior 45 3.3.2 Effects of Chemical Groups on
Cellular Behavior 46 3.3.3 Effects of Biofunctionalization on Cellular
Behavior Through ECM-Derived Short Peptides 48 3.4 Conclusion 50 References
51 4 Therapeutic Nanomaterials for Cartilage Regeneration 59 Elif Arslan,
Seher Ustun Yaylac1, Mustafa O. Guler, and Ayse B. Tekinay 4.1 Introduction
59 4.2 Current Treatment Methods for Cartilage Injuries 63 4.3 Tissue
Engineering Efforts 66 4.3.1 Natural Polymers 67 4.3.2 Synthetic Polymers
69 4.3.3 Composite Materials 70 4.3.4 Physical Stimuli 71 4.4 Clinical
Therapeutics for Cartilage Regeneration 72 4.5 Conclusions and Future
Perspectives 73 References 78 5 Wound Healing Applications of Nanomaterials
87 Berna Senturk, Gozde Uzunalli, Rashad Mammadov, Mustafa O. Guler, and
Ayse B. Tekinay 5.1 Introduction 87 5.1.1 The Structure of Healthy
Mammalian Skin 88 5.1.2 The Mechanisms of Wound Healing 89 5.1.3 Repair
Process in Chronic Wounds 94 5.2 Applications of Nanomaterials for the
Enhancement of Wound Healing Process 95 5.2.1 Artificial Skin 96 5.2.2
Natural Nanomaterials for Wound Healing 97 5.2.3 Synthetic Nanomaterials
for Wound Healing 100 5.2.4 Wound Dressings Containing Growth Factors 101
5.2.5 Biomimetic Materials 102 5.2.6 Current Challenges in the Design of
Nanomaterials for Chronic Wound Management 103 5.3 Peptide Nanofiber Gels
for Wound Healing 105 5.3.1 Relevance of Nanofibrous Structure of Peptide
Gels for Wound Healing 106 5.3.2 Engineered PA Nanofiber Gels for Wound
Healing and Insights into Various Designs 107 References 110 6
Nanomaterials for Bone Tissue Regeneration and Orthopedic Implants 119
Gulcihan Gulseren, Melis Goktas, Hakan Ceylan, Ayse B. Tekinay, and Mustafa
O. Guler 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Bone Matrix 120 6.2.1 Organic Matrix and
Bioactivity 120 6.3 Inorganic Matrix, Mineralization, and Bone Organization
122 6.3.1 Mechanical Properties and Structural Hierarchy of Bone Tissue 123
6.4 Regulation of Bone Matrix in Adult Tissue 125 6.4.1 Angiogenic Factors
in Bone Remodeling 126 6.5 Strategies for Bone Tissue Regeneration 127
6.5.1 Hard Grafts for Bone Regeneration 127 6.6 Soft Grafts for Bone
Regeneration 131 6.6.1 Peptide-Based Bone Grafts 132 6.6.2 Polymer
Nanocomposites as Bone Grafts 134 6.7 Future Perspectives 138 References
138 7 Nanomaterials for the Repair and Regeneration of Dental Tissues 153
Gulistan Tans1k, Alper Devrim Ozkan, Mustafa O. Guler, and Ayse B. Tekinay
7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 Formation of Dental and Osseous Tissues 155 7.3
Dental Implants 156 7.3.1 Metallic Implants 158 7.3.2 Ceramic Implants 158
7.3.3 Polymeric Implants 159 7.4 Osseointegration of Dental Implants 159
7.5 Uses of Nanotechnology in the Development of Dental Implants 160 7.5.1
Enhancement of the Osseointegration Process 161 7.5.2 Pulp and Dentin
Tissue Regeneration 162 7.5.3 Whole Tooth Regeneration 165 7.6 Conclusions
and Future Perspectives 166 References 166 8 Nanomaterials as Tissue
Adhesives 173 I. Ceren Yasa, Hakan Ceylan, Ayse B. Tekinay, and Mustafa O.
Guler 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Tissue Adhesives Based on Synthetic Polymers
176 8.3 Naturally Derived Tissue Adhesives 180 8.4 Bioinspired Strategies
182 8.5 Nanoenabled Adhesives 186 8.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 186
References 189 9 Advances in Nanoparticle-Based Medical Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Techniques 197 Melis Sardan, Alper Devrim Ozkan, Aygul Zengin,
Ayse B. Tekinay, and Mustafa O. Guler 9.1 Introduction 197 9.2 NPs used in
MRI 200 9.2.1 T1 CAs 201 9.2.2 T2 CAs 205 9.2.3 Dual Modal Contrast Agents
207 9.3 NPs used in Computed Tomography 208 9.3.1 Noble Metal-Based NPs 209
9.3.2 Heavy Metal-Based NPs 211 9.4 NPs used in Optical and Fluorescence
Imaging 213 9.4.1 Quantum Dots 214 9.4.2 AuNPs 216 9.4.3 UCNPs 217 9.5
Theranostic Approaches and Multimodal Systems 218 9.6 Overlook and Future
Directions 222 References 223 10 Biosensors for Early Disease Diagnosis 235
Ahmet E. Topal, Alper Devrim Ozkan, Aykutlu Dana, Ayse B. Tekinay, and
Mustafa O. Guler 10.1 Introduction 235 10.2 Biosensor Elements 237 10.2.1
Recognition Elements 237 10.2.2 Output Type and Detection Techniques 239
10.2.3 Optical Biosensors 248 10.2.4 Electrical and Electrochemical
Biosensors 250 10.2.5 Mechanical Biosensors 251 10.2.6 Other Biosensor
Types 252 10.3 The Impact of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in Biosensor
Design 253 10.4 Early Diagnosis and Biosensor-Based Disease Detection 255
10.5 Conclusion and Future Directions 258 References 259 11 Safety of
Nanomaterials 271 Nuray Gunduz, Elif Arslan, Mustafa O. Guler, and Ayse B.
Tekinay 11.1 Introduction 271 11.2 Characterization, Design, and Synthesis
of Nanomaterials 272 11.2.1 Chemical Identity and Physicochemical
Properties 272 11.2.2 Biological Identity 275 11.3 Interactions at the
Cell-Material Interface 277 11.3.1 Intracellular Activity 278 11.3.2
Cellular Uptake Mechanisms 283 11.4 Assays for Cell Viability/Proliferation
283 11.4.1 Assays for Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Mechanisms 284 11.4.2
E valuation of Uptake and Accumulation of ENMs 284 11.4.3 Genotoxicity
Assays 285 11.5 Animal Models and Long-Term Risk Assessment 286 11.5.1 The
Blood-Brain Barrier 286 11.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 290
References 291 Index 299