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Perinatal Stem Cells, 2nd Edition builds on the first edition to provide an updated tutorial on perinatal stem cells, including stem cells harvested from the amniotic fluid, placenta, maternal blood supply, umbilical cord and Wharton's Jelly. As in the first edition, coverage includes the underlying biology of each of the sources of pregnancy related stem cells, cell culture, and potential therapeutic uses, as well as insights on the impact of these stem cells from obstetricians and gynecologists, cardiologists, hematologists, tissue engineers, and cord blood bankers. Normally discarded as…mehr
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Perinatal Stem Cells, 2nd Edition builds on the first edition to provide an updated tutorial on perinatal stem cells, including stem cells harvested from the amniotic fluid, placenta, maternal blood supply, umbilical cord and Wharton's Jelly. As in the first edition, coverage includes the underlying biology of each of the sources of pregnancy related stem cells, cell culture, and potential therapeutic uses, as well as insights on the impact of these stem cells from obstetricians and gynecologists, cardiologists, hematologists, tissue engineers, and cord blood bankers. Normally discarded as medical waste, perinatal stem cells offer a powerful therapeutic tool box alternative to the controversial embryonic stem cells. Since publication of the first edition, a burgeoning commerical industry has developed around various sources of perinatal cells, and the second edition now includes an overview of this growing industry. With contributions from some of the top academic stem cell laboratories in the United States as well as new chapters from international stem cell scientists, Perinatal Stem Cells presents an update on the cutting-edge research in the field while maintaining its signature clinical focus.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 320
- Erscheinungstermin: 5. Februar 2013
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118497876
- Artikelnr.: 37485198
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 320
- Erscheinungstermin: 5. Februar 2013
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118497876
- Artikelnr.: 37485198
Kyle J. Cetrulo is the founder and CEO of Auxocell Laboraties, Inc, as well as the founder and Director of the Perinatal Stem Cell Society.?Co-editor of the first edition of Perinatal Stem Cells, Dr. Cetrulo is an active member of the stem cell research community, serving as Director of the International Cord Blood Society since 1998. Curtis Cetrulo Jr., M.D. is Assistant Professor of Surgery at Harvard Medical School, Boston. A co-editor of the first edition of Perinatal Stem Cells, he is also Director of the Reconstructive Transplantation Service in the Divisions of Transplant Surgery and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital, and a senior investigator for the Composite Tissue Allograft Laboratory at Massachusetts General.
List of Contributors Introduction 1. Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells Sean Vincent Murphy and Anthony Atala 2. Cord Blood Transplants: Perinatal Stem Cells in Clinical Practice Richard L. Haspel and Karen K. Ballen 3. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Development in the Placenta Katrin E. Rhodes, Akanksha Chhabra and Hanna K.A. Mikkola 4. Perinatal Mesenchymal Stem Cell Banking for Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine Rouzbeh R. Taghizadeh 5. Making Organ and Stem Cell Transplantation Safer: The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Hans Klingemann 6. Wharton?s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Immune Modulation: Regenerative Medicine Meets Tissue Repair Rita Anzalone, Felicia Farina, Melania Lo Iacono, Simona Corrao, Tiziana Corsello, Giovanni Zummo, and Giampiero La Rocca 7. Immungenicity Vs. Immunomodulation of Perinatal Stem Cells Bram Lutton and Raimon Duran-Struuck 8. The Translational Potential of Perinatal Stem Cells in Clinical Medicine: Mesenchymal Stem Cells Radbeh Torabi, Vincenzo Villani, Christopher A. Mallard, and Curtis L. Cetrulo, Jr. 9. Newborn Stem Cells ? Identity, Function and Clinical Potential Anthony Park, Ann Chidgey, Sean Murphy, Ursula Manuelpillai and Richard Boyd 10. Biomedical Potential of Human Perinatal Stem Cells Oleg V. Semenov and Christian Breymann 11. Progenitor Cell Therapy for the Treatment of the Traumatic Brain Injury Alex Bryan Olsen, Robert A. Hetz, Supinder S. Bedi, and Charles S. Cox, Jr. 12. The Human Amniotic Membrane: A Tissue with Multifaceted Properties and Different Potential Clinical Applications Maddalena Caruso, Antonietta Silini, and Ornella Parolini 13. Advances and Possibile Applications of Human Amnion for the Management of Liver Disease Fabio Marongiu, Marc C. Hansel, Kristen J. Skvorak, Maria Paola Serra, Marcella Sini, Roberto Gramignoli, Ezio Laconi and Stephen C. Strom 14. Amnion-Derived Cells for Stroke Restorative Therapy Loren E. Glover, Naoki Tajiri and Cesar V. Borlongan 15. Pregnancy-Acquired Fetal Progenitors as Natural Cell Therapy Elke Seppanen, Nicholas Fisk, and Kiarash Khosrotehrani Industry Review 16. Perinatal Stem Cells ? An Industry Perspective Kyle J. Cetrulo 17. Patent Protection of Stem Cell Innovations: The Role of Patents in Commercialization John R. Wetherell 18. Interview with Frances Verter ? Founder of Parent?s Guide to Cord Blood Foundation Frances Verter and Kyle J. Cetrulo 19. Umbilical Cord Blood Banking: An Obstetricians Perspective Jordan H. Perlow
Contributors xi Introduction xv 1 AMNIOTIC FLUID STEM CELLS 1 Sean Vincent
Murphy and Anthony Atala Introduction 1 Development of Gestational Stem
Cells 2 Isolation and Characterization of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells 2
Multipotency of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells 3 Clinical Application of
Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells 8 Conclusion 13 References 13 2 CORD BLOOD
TRANSPLANTS: PERINATAL STEM CELLS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 17 Richard L. Haspel
and Karen K. Ballen Introduction 17 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants:
Adult Donor Collection 17 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants: HLA Matching
18 Collection and Processing of Cord Blood Units 19 Hematopoietic Stem Cell
Transplants: Recipient Issues 20 Bone Marrow versus Single Cord Blood:
Pediatric 21 Bone Marrow versus Cord Blood: Adults 23 Cord Blood
Transplant: Advantages and Disadvantages 23 Double Cord Blood Transplants:
Ablative Regimens 24 Double Cord Blood Transplant: Non-Myeloablative
Regimens 26 Are Two Cords Better Than One? 27 Chimerism 28 Predicting the
Winner 28 Other Experimental Strategies 30 Summary 31 References 31 3
HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DEVELOPMENT IN THE PLACENTA 37 Katrin E.R. Ericson,
Akanksha Chhabra, and Hanna K.A. Mikkola Introduction 37 The Hematopoietic
System 37 Historical Perspective on Placental Hematopoiesis 38 The
Development and Structure of the Mouse Placenta 39 Hematopoietic Activity
in the Mouse Placenta 40 Identification of Placental HSCs 42 The Origin and
Localization of Placental HSCs 43 Hematopoietic Activity in the Human
Placenta 45 Hematopoietic Microenvironment in the Placenta 46 Conclusions
and Perspectives 47 References 49 4 PERINATAL MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL BANKING
FOR UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD TRANSPLANTATION AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 53
Rouzbeh R. Taghizadeh Introduction 53 Hematopoiesis 54 Hematopoietic
Transplantations 54 Umbilical Cord: Source of Perinatal HSCs and MSCs 56
Hematopoietic Transplantations of Umbilical Cord Blood 57 Strategies to
Overcome the Transplant-Related Limitations of Umbilical Cord Blood 58
Umbilical Cord Tissue MSC Banking 61 References 63 5 MAKING ORGAN AND STEM
CELL TRANSPLANTATION SAFER: THE ROLE OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS 71 Hans
Klingemann Introduction 71 MSC to Prevent Rejection After Solid Organ
Transplantation 72 MSC in the Treatment of Graft-versus-Host Disease 73 MSC
to Support Hematopoietic Recovery of Stem Cells After Stem Cell
Transplantation 74 References 75 6 WHARTON'S JELLY MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS
AND IMMUNE MODULATION: REGENERATIVE MEDICINE MEETS TISSUE REPAIR 77 Rita
Anzalone, Felicia Farina, Melania Lo Iacono, Simona Corrao, Tiziana
Corsello, Giovanni Zummo, and Giampiero La Rocca Introduction 77 Expression
of Relevant Immunomodulatory Molecules in Vitro by MSCs 79 Tolerance
Induction by MSCs: Rediscovering the Embryo Immune Evasion Mechanisms 79
Immune Modulation in Vivo: Contrasting Data on the Immune Privilege of MSCs
80 WJ-MSC in in Vivo Models: Enhancing the Immunomodulatory Features of
Adult MSC Populations 82 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 83 References
84 7 IMMUNOGENICITY VERSUS IMMUNOMODULATION OF PERINATAL STEM CELLS 89 Bram
Lutton and Raimon Duran-Struuck Introduction 89 Mechanisms of
Immunomodulation by Umbilical Cord- and Bone Marrow-Derived MSCs 90 Innate
Immune System 90 Adaptive Immune System 92 Natural Tolerance and Umbilical
Cord Tissues 94 Tolerance versus Immunogenicity: The Yin and Yang of Host
Responses to Umbilical Cord-Derived Cells 95 Conclusions 97 References 98 8
THE TRANSLATIONAL POTENTIAL OF PERINATAL STEM CELLS IN CLINICAL MEDICINE:
MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS 105 Radbeh Torabi, Vincenzo Villani, Christopher A.
Mallard, and Curtis L. Cetrulo, Jr. Introduction 105 Graft-versus-Host
Disease 106 Acute GVHD 107 Chronic GVHD 108 GVHD Prevention 109
Hematopoetic Recovery and HCT Engraftment 109 Hematopoietic Recovery 110
HCT Engraftment 111 MSC Potential Uses 111 References 113 9 NEWBORN STEM
CELLS: IDENTITY, FUNCTION, AND CLINICAL POTENTIAL 119 Anthony Park, Louis
Chan, Mayur Danny I. Gohel, Sean Murphy, Ursula Manuelpillai, Ann Chidgey,
and Richard Boyd Introduction 120 The Newborn Offers an Enormous
Opportunity for Stem Cells 120 Amnion 120 Isolation and Phenotypic
Characterization of Amnion Cells 121 Therapeutic Potential of Amnion
Membrane 123 Mechanisms of AEC-Enhanced Wound Repair 125 Therapeutic
Potential of Amnion as Single Cells 127 Amnion Immunogenicity and
Immunosuppressive Properties 127 Amnion-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
128 Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells 130 Chorion MSCs 131
References 133 10 BIOMEDICAL POTENTIAL OF HUMAN PERINATAL STEM CELLS 139
Oleg V. Semenov and Christian Breymann Role of Stem Cells in Regenerative
Medicine 139 Perinatal Stem Cell Sources 140 Properties of Perinatal
Mesenchymal Stem Cells 143 Properties of Perinatal Hematopoietic Stem Cells
144 Biomedical Applications of Human Perinatal Stem Cells 145 Perspectives
and Obstacles 147 References 148 11 PROGENITOR CELL THERAPY FOR THE
TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY 155 Alex Bryan Olsen, Robert A. Hetz,
Supinder S. Bedi, and Charles S. Cox, Jr. Introduction 155 Cellular Therapy
for the Treatment of TBI 159 Neural Stem Progenitor Cells 159 Human
Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells 160 Mesenchymal Stem Cells 163 Umbilical
Cord Blood 165 Wharton's Jelly 166 Amniotic Fluid-Derived Stem Cells 167
The Inflammatory Reflex 168 Conclusion 170 References 171 12 THE HUMAN
AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE: A TISSUE WITH MULTIFACETED PROPERTIES AND DIFFERENT
POTENTIAL CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 177 Maddalena Caruso, Antonietta Silini,
and Ornella Parolini Introduction 177 Structure and Histology of the Human
Amniotic Membrane 178 Preparation, Preservation, and Sterilization of the
Human Amniotic Membrane 179 Biological and Structural Properties of the
Human Amniotic Membrane Generally Invoked to Explain Its Effects in Vivo
180 Established Clinical Applications of the Human Amniotic Membrane 183
Prospective Applications of the Human Amniotic Membrane: Lessons from
Preclinical Studies 187 Conclusions and Perspectives 190 References 190 13
ADVANCES AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN AMNION FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF
LIVER DISEASE 197 Fabio Marongiu, Maria Paola Serra, Marcella Sini, Ezio
Laconi, Marc C. Hansel, Kristen J. Skvorak, Roberto Gramignoli, and Stephen
C. Strom Introduction 197 Human Amnion for the Management of Liver Fibrosis
198 Amnion-Derived Hepatocytes and Their Possible Applications 199
Conclusions 204 References 205 14 AMNION-DERIVED CELLS FOR STROKE
RESTORATIVE THERAPY 209 Naoki Tajiri, Loren E. Glover, and Cesar V.
Borlongan Introduction 209 Stem Cell Therapy: Beyond Stroke Neuroprotection
210 Therapeutic Potential of Adult Stem Cells 210 The Biology of
Amnion-Derived Cells 211 Amnion-Derived Cells for Cell Therapy 212
Conclusion 215 References 216 15 PREGNANCY-ACQUIRED FETAL PROGENITORS AS
NATURAL CELL THERAPY 221 Elke Seppanen, Nicholas M. Fisk,and Kiarash
Khosrotehrani Introduction 221 Fetal Cell Microchimerism, a Widespread
Phenomenon 222 The Kinetics of Fetal Cell Detection 222 Factors Modifying
the Level of Microchimerism 222 Detecting FMC 223 Homing and Plasticity of
FMC 224 Hematopoietic Capacity of FMC 224 Epithelial, Neuronal and Hepatic
Capacity of FMC 228 Mesenchymal Capacity of FMC 228 FMC Includes Functional
Endothelial Progenitor Cells that Contribute to Tissue Repair 229 FMC
Likely Includes Cells of Placental Origin 230 Conclusions 230 References
231 INDUSTRY REVIEW 235 16 PERINATAL STEM CELLS: AN INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE
237 Kyle J. Cetrulo Introduction 237 The Public Cord Blood Banking Industry
238 The Private Banking Industry 239 Research and Cord Blood Clinical
Trials 240 The Mesenchymal Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine Industry 241
Wharton's Jelly/Cord Tissue 242 Placental Stem Cells and Placental Tissue
243 Amniotic Fluid 244 Conclusion 245 References 245 17 PATENT PROTECTION
OF STEM CELL INNOVATIONS 249 John R. Wetherell The Role of Patents in
Commercialization 249 Background of the Patent System 250 Patentable
Subject Matter 251 Statutory Requirements for a Patent 252 Written
Description/Enablement/Best Mode 254 Important Future Changes 256 18
INTERVIEW WITH FRANCES VERTER, FOUNDER OF PARENT'S GUIDE TO CORD BLOOD
FOUNDATION 259 Frances Verter and Kyle J. Cetrulo References 269 19
UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD BANKING: AN OBSTETRICIAN'S PERSPECTIVE 271 Jordan H.
Perlow References 277 Index 279
Murphy and Anthony Atala Introduction 1 Development of Gestational Stem
Cells 2 Isolation and Characterization of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells 2
Multipotency of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells 3 Clinical Application of
Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells 8 Conclusion 13 References 13 2 CORD BLOOD
TRANSPLANTS: PERINATAL STEM CELLS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 17 Richard L. Haspel
and Karen K. Ballen Introduction 17 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants:
Adult Donor Collection 17 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants: HLA Matching
18 Collection and Processing of Cord Blood Units 19 Hematopoietic Stem Cell
Transplants: Recipient Issues 20 Bone Marrow versus Single Cord Blood:
Pediatric 21 Bone Marrow versus Cord Blood: Adults 23 Cord Blood
Transplant: Advantages and Disadvantages 23 Double Cord Blood Transplants:
Ablative Regimens 24 Double Cord Blood Transplant: Non-Myeloablative
Regimens 26 Are Two Cords Better Than One? 27 Chimerism 28 Predicting the
Winner 28 Other Experimental Strategies 30 Summary 31 References 31 3
HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DEVELOPMENT IN THE PLACENTA 37 Katrin E.R. Ericson,
Akanksha Chhabra, and Hanna K.A. Mikkola Introduction 37 The Hematopoietic
System 37 Historical Perspective on Placental Hematopoiesis 38 The
Development and Structure of the Mouse Placenta 39 Hematopoietic Activity
in the Mouse Placenta 40 Identification of Placental HSCs 42 The Origin and
Localization of Placental HSCs 43 Hematopoietic Activity in the Human
Placenta 45 Hematopoietic Microenvironment in the Placenta 46 Conclusions
and Perspectives 47 References 49 4 PERINATAL MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL BANKING
FOR UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD TRANSPLANTATION AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 53
Rouzbeh R. Taghizadeh Introduction 53 Hematopoiesis 54 Hematopoietic
Transplantations 54 Umbilical Cord: Source of Perinatal HSCs and MSCs 56
Hematopoietic Transplantations of Umbilical Cord Blood 57 Strategies to
Overcome the Transplant-Related Limitations of Umbilical Cord Blood 58
Umbilical Cord Tissue MSC Banking 61 References 63 5 MAKING ORGAN AND STEM
CELL TRANSPLANTATION SAFER: THE ROLE OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS 71 Hans
Klingemann Introduction 71 MSC to Prevent Rejection After Solid Organ
Transplantation 72 MSC in the Treatment of Graft-versus-Host Disease 73 MSC
to Support Hematopoietic Recovery of Stem Cells After Stem Cell
Transplantation 74 References 75 6 WHARTON'S JELLY MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS
AND IMMUNE MODULATION: REGENERATIVE MEDICINE MEETS TISSUE REPAIR 77 Rita
Anzalone, Felicia Farina, Melania Lo Iacono, Simona Corrao, Tiziana
Corsello, Giovanni Zummo, and Giampiero La Rocca Introduction 77 Expression
of Relevant Immunomodulatory Molecules in Vitro by MSCs 79 Tolerance
Induction by MSCs: Rediscovering the Embryo Immune Evasion Mechanisms 79
Immune Modulation in Vivo: Contrasting Data on the Immune Privilege of MSCs
80 WJ-MSC in in Vivo Models: Enhancing the Immunomodulatory Features of
Adult MSC Populations 82 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 83 References
84 7 IMMUNOGENICITY VERSUS IMMUNOMODULATION OF PERINATAL STEM CELLS 89 Bram
Lutton and Raimon Duran-Struuck Introduction 89 Mechanisms of
Immunomodulation by Umbilical Cord- and Bone Marrow-Derived MSCs 90 Innate
Immune System 90 Adaptive Immune System 92 Natural Tolerance and Umbilical
Cord Tissues 94 Tolerance versus Immunogenicity: The Yin and Yang of Host
Responses to Umbilical Cord-Derived Cells 95 Conclusions 97 References 98 8
THE TRANSLATIONAL POTENTIAL OF PERINATAL STEM CELLS IN CLINICAL MEDICINE:
MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS 105 Radbeh Torabi, Vincenzo Villani, Christopher A.
Mallard, and Curtis L. Cetrulo, Jr. Introduction 105 Graft-versus-Host
Disease 106 Acute GVHD 107 Chronic GVHD 108 GVHD Prevention 109
Hematopoetic Recovery and HCT Engraftment 109 Hematopoietic Recovery 110
HCT Engraftment 111 MSC Potential Uses 111 References 113 9 NEWBORN STEM
CELLS: IDENTITY, FUNCTION, AND CLINICAL POTENTIAL 119 Anthony Park, Louis
Chan, Mayur Danny I. Gohel, Sean Murphy, Ursula Manuelpillai, Ann Chidgey,
and Richard Boyd Introduction 120 The Newborn Offers an Enormous
Opportunity for Stem Cells 120 Amnion 120 Isolation and Phenotypic
Characterization of Amnion Cells 121 Therapeutic Potential of Amnion
Membrane 123 Mechanisms of AEC-Enhanced Wound Repair 125 Therapeutic
Potential of Amnion as Single Cells 127 Amnion Immunogenicity and
Immunosuppressive Properties 127 Amnion-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
128 Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells 130 Chorion MSCs 131
References 133 10 BIOMEDICAL POTENTIAL OF HUMAN PERINATAL STEM CELLS 139
Oleg V. Semenov and Christian Breymann Role of Stem Cells in Regenerative
Medicine 139 Perinatal Stem Cell Sources 140 Properties of Perinatal
Mesenchymal Stem Cells 143 Properties of Perinatal Hematopoietic Stem Cells
144 Biomedical Applications of Human Perinatal Stem Cells 145 Perspectives
and Obstacles 147 References 148 11 PROGENITOR CELL THERAPY FOR THE
TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY 155 Alex Bryan Olsen, Robert A. Hetz,
Supinder S. Bedi, and Charles S. Cox, Jr. Introduction 155 Cellular Therapy
for the Treatment of TBI 159 Neural Stem Progenitor Cells 159 Human
Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells 160 Mesenchymal Stem Cells 163 Umbilical
Cord Blood 165 Wharton's Jelly 166 Amniotic Fluid-Derived Stem Cells 167
The Inflammatory Reflex 168 Conclusion 170 References 171 12 THE HUMAN
AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE: A TISSUE WITH MULTIFACETED PROPERTIES AND DIFFERENT
POTENTIAL CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 177 Maddalena Caruso, Antonietta Silini,
and Ornella Parolini Introduction 177 Structure and Histology of the Human
Amniotic Membrane 178 Preparation, Preservation, and Sterilization of the
Human Amniotic Membrane 179 Biological and Structural Properties of the
Human Amniotic Membrane Generally Invoked to Explain Its Effects in Vivo
180 Established Clinical Applications of the Human Amniotic Membrane 183
Prospective Applications of the Human Amniotic Membrane: Lessons from
Preclinical Studies 187 Conclusions and Perspectives 190 References 190 13
ADVANCES AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN AMNION FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF
LIVER DISEASE 197 Fabio Marongiu, Maria Paola Serra, Marcella Sini, Ezio
Laconi, Marc C. Hansel, Kristen J. Skvorak, Roberto Gramignoli, and Stephen
C. Strom Introduction 197 Human Amnion for the Management of Liver Fibrosis
198 Amnion-Derived Hepatocytes and Their Possible Applications 199
Conclusions 204 References 205 14 AMNION-DERIVED CELLS FOR STROKE
RESTORATIVE THERAPY 209 Naoki Tajiri, Loren E. Glover, and Cesar V.
Borlongan Introduction 209 Stem Cell Therapy: Beyond Stroke Neuroprotection
210 Therapeutic Potential of Adult Stem Cells 210 The Biology of
Amnion-Derived Cells 211 Amnion-Derived Cells for Cell Therapy 212
Conclusion 215 References 216 15 PREGNANCY-ACQUIRED FETAL PROGENITORS AS
NATURAL CELL THERAPY 221 Elke Seppanen, Nicholas M. Fisk,and Kiarash
Khosrotehrani Introduction 221 Fetal Cell Microchimerism, a Widespread
Phenomenon 222 The Kinetics of Fetal Cell Detection 222 Factors Modifying
the Level of Microchimerism 222 Detecting FMC 223 Homing and Plasticity of
FMC 224 Hematopoietic Capacity of FMC 224 Epithelial, Neuronal and Hepatic
Capacity of FMC 228 Mesenchymal Capacity of FMC 228 FMC Includes Functional
Endothelial Progenitor Cells that Contribute to Tissue Repair 229 FMC
Likely Includes Cells of Placental Origin 230 Conclusions 230 References
231 INDUSTRY REVIEW 235 16 PERINATAL STEM CELLS: AN INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE
237 Kyle J. Cetrulo Introduction 237 The Public Cord Blood Banking Industry
238 The Private Banking Industry 239 Research and Cord Blood Clinical
Trials 240 The Mesenchymal Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine Industry 241
Wharton's Jelly/Cord Tissue 242 Placental Stem Cells and Placental Tissue
243 Amniotic Fluid 244 Conclusion 245 References 245 17 PATENT PROTECTION
OF STEM CELL INNOVATIONS 249 John R. Wetherell The Role of Patents in
Commercialization 249 Background of the Patent System 250 Patentable
Subject Matter 251 Statutory Requirements for a Patent 252 Written
Description/Enablement/Best Mode 254 Important Future Changes 256 18
INTERVIEW WITH FRANCES VERTER, FOUNDER OF PARENT'S GUIDE TO CORD BLOOD
FOUNDATION 259 Frances Verter and Kyle J. Cetrulo References 269 19
UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD BANKING: AN OBSTETRICIAN'S PERSPECTIVE 271 Jordan H.
Perlow References 277 Index 279
List of Contributors Introduction 1. Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells Sean Vincent Murphy and Anthony Atala 2. Cord Blood Transplants: Perinatal Stem Cells in Clinical Practice Richard L. Haspel and Karen K. Ballen 3. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Development in the Placenta Katrin E. Rhodes, Akanksha Chhabra and Hanna K.A. Mikkola 4. Perinatal Mesenchymal Stem Cell Banking for Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine Rouzbeh R. Taghizadeh 5. Making Organ and Stem Cell Transplantation Safer: The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Hans Klingemann 6. Wharton?s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Immune Modulation: Regenerative Medicine Meets Tissue Repair Rita Anzalone, Felicia Farina, Melania Lo Iacono, Simona Corrao, Tiziana Corsello, Giovanni Zummo, and Giampiero La Rocca 7. Immungenicity Vs. Immunomodulation of Perinatal Stem Cells Bram Lutton and Raimon Duran-Struuck 8. The Translational Potential of Perinatal Stem Cells in Clinical Medicine: Mesenchymal Stem Cells Radbeh Torabi, Vincenzo Villani, Christopher A. Mallard, and Curtis L. Cetrulo, Jr. 9. Newborn Stem Cells ? Identity, Function and Clinical Potential Anthony Park, Ann Chidgey, Sean Murphy, Ursula Manuelpillai and Richard Boyd 10. Biomedical Potential of Human Perinatal Stem Cells Oleg V. Semenov and Christian Breymann 11. Progenitor Cell Therapy for the Treatment of the Traumatic Brain Injury Alex Bryan Olsen, Robert A. Hetz, Supinder S. Bedi, and Charles S. Cox, Jr. 12. The Human Amniotic Membrane: A Tissue with Multifaceted Properties and Different Potential Clinical Applications Maddalena Caruso, Antonietta Silini, and Ornella Parolini 13. Advances and Possibile Applications of Human Amnion for the Management of Liver Disease Fabio Marongiu, Marc C. Hansel, Kristen J. Skvorak, Maria Paola Serra, Marcella Sini, Roberto Gramignoli, Ezio Laconi and Stephen C. Strom 14. Amnion-Derived Cells for Stroke Restorative Therapy Loren E. Glover, Naoki Tajiri and Cesar V. Borlongan 15. Pregnancy-Acquired Fetal Progenitors as Natural Cell Therapy Elke Seppanen, Nicholas Fisk, and Kiarash Khosrotehrani Industry Review 16. Perinatal Stem Cells ? An Industry Perspective Kyle J. Cetrulo 17. Patent Protection of Stem Cell Innovations: The Role of Patents in Commercialization John R. Wetherell 18. Interview with Frances Verter ? Founder of Parent?s Guide to Cord Blood Foundation Frances Verter and Kyle J. Cetrulo 19. Umbilical Cord Blood Banking: An Obstetricians Perspective Jordan H. Perlow
Contributors xi Introduction xv 1 AMNIOTIC FLUID STEM CELLS 1 Sean Vincent
Murphy and Anthony Atala Introduction 1 Development of Gestational Stem
Cells 2 Isolation and Characterization of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells 2
Multipotency of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells 3 Clinical Application of
Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells 8 Conclusion 13 References 13 2 CORD BLOOD
TRANSPLANTS: PERINATAL STEM CELLS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 17 Richard L. Haspel
and Karen K. Ballen Introduction 17 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants:
Adult Donor Collection 17 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants: HLA Matching
18 Collection and Processing of Cord Blood Units 19 Hematopoietic Stem Cell
Transplants: Recipient Issues 20 Bone Marrow versus Single Cord Blood:
Pediatric 21 Bone Marrow versus Cord Blood: Adults 23 Cord Blood
Transplant: Advantages and Disadvantages 23 Double Cord Blood Transplants:
Ablative Regimens 24 Double Cord Blood Transplant: Non-Myeloablative
Regimens 26 Are Two Cords Better Than One? 27 Chimerism 28 Predicting the
Winner 28 Other Experimental Strategies 30 Summary 31 References 31 3
HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DEVELOPMENT IN THE PLACENTA 37 Katrin E.R. Ericson,
Akanksha Chhabra, and Hanna K.A. Mikkola Introduction 37 The Hematopoietic
System 37 Historical Perspective on Placental Hematopoiesis 38 The
Development and Structure of the Mouse Placenta 39 Hematopoietic Activity
in the Mouse Placenta 40 Identification of Placental HSCs 42 The Origin and
Localization of Placental HSCs 43 Hematopoietic Activity in the Human
Placenta 45 Hematopoietic Microenvironment in the Placenta 46 Conclusions
and Perspectives 47 References 49 4 PERINATAL MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL BANKING
FOR UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD TRANSPLANTATION AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 53
Rouzbeh R. Taghizadeh Introduction 53 Hematopoiesis 54 Hematopoietic
Transplantations 54 Umbilical Cord: Source of Perinatal HSCs and MSCs 56
Hematopoietic Transplantations of Umbilical Cord Blood 57 Strategies to
Overcome the Transplant-Related Limitations of Umbilical Cord Blood 58
Umbilical Cord Tissue MSC Banking 61 References 63 5 MAKING ORGAN AND STEM
CELL TRANSPLANTATION SAFER: THE ROLE OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS 71 Hans
Klingemann Introduction 71 MSC to Prevent Rejection After Solid Organ
Transplantation 72 MSC in the Treatment of Graft-versus-Host Disease 73 MSC
to Support Hematopoietic Recovery of Stem Cells After Stem Cell
Transplantation 74 References 75 6 WHARTON'S JELLY MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS
AND IMMUNE MODULATION: REGENERATIVE MEDICINE MEETS TISSUE REPAIR 77 Rita
Anzalone, Felicia Farina, Melania Lo Iacono, Simona Corrao, Tiziana
Corsello, Giovanni Zummo, and Giampiero La Rocca Introduction 77 Expression
of Relevant Immunomodulatory Molecules in Vitro by MSCs 79 Tolerance
Induction by MSCs: Rediscovering the Embryo Immune Evasion Mechanisms 79
Immune Modulation in Vivo: Contrasting Data on the Immune Privilege of MSCs
80 WJ-MSC in in Vivo Models: Enhancing the Immunomodulatory Features of
Adult MSC Populations 82 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 83 References
84 7 IMMUNOGENICITY VERSUS IMMUNOMODULATION OF PERINATAL STEM CELLS 89 Bram
Lutton and Raimon Duran-Struuck Introduction 89 Mechanisms of
Immunomodulation by Umbilical Cord- and Bone Marrow-Derived MSCs 90 Innate
Immune System 90 Adaptive Immune System 92 Natural Tolerance and Umbilical
Cord Tissues 94 Tolerance versus Immunogenicity: The Yin and Yang of Host
Responses to Umbilical Cord-Derived Cells 95 Conclusions 97 References 98 8
THE TRANSLATIONAL POTENTIAL OF PERINATAL STEM CELLS IN CLINICAL MEDICINE:
MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS 105 Radbeh Torabi, Vincenzo Villani, Christopher A.
Mallard, and Curtis L. Cetrulo, Jr. Introduction 105 Graft-versus-Host
Disease 106 Acute GVHD 107 Chronic GVHD 108 GVHD Prevention 109
Hematopoetic Recovery and HCT Engraftment 109 Hematopoietic Recovery 110
HCT Engraftment 111 MSC Potential Uses 111 References 113 9 NEWBORN STEM
CELLS: IDENTITY, FUNCTION, AND CLINICAL POTENTIAL 119 Anthony Park, Louis
Chan, Mayur Danny I. Gohel, Sean Murphy, Ursula Manuelpillai, Ann Chidgey,
and Richard Boyd Introduction 120 The Newborn Offers an Enormous
Opportunity for Stem Cells 120 Amnion 120 Isolation and Phenotypic
Characterization of Amnion Cells 121 Therapeutic Potential of Amnion
Membrane 123 Mechanisms of AEC-Enhanced Wound Repair 125 Therapeutic
Potential of Amnion as Single Cells 127 Amnion Immunogenicity and
Immunosuppressive Properties 127 Amnion-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
128 Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells 130 Chorion MSCs 131
References 133 10 BIOMEDICAL POTENTIAL OF HUMAN PERINATAL STEM CELLS 139
Oleg V. Semenov and Christian Breymann Role of Stem Cells in Regenerative
Medicine 139 Perinatal Stem Cell Sources 140 Properties of Perinatal
Mesenchymal Stem Cells 143 Properties of Perinatal Hematopoietic Stem Cells
144 Biomedical Applications of Human Perinatal Stem Cells 145 Perspectives
and Obstacles 147 References 148 11 PROGENITOR CELL THERAPY FOR THE
TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY 155 Alex Bryan Olsen, Robert A. Hetz,
Supinder S. Bedi, and Charles S. Cox, Jr. Introduction 155 Cellular Therapy
for the Treatment of TBI 159 Neural Stem Progenitor Cells 159 Human
Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells 160 Mesenchymal Stem Cells 163 Umbilical
Cord Blood 165 Wharton's Jelly 166 Amniotic Fluid-Derived Stem Cells 167
The Inflammatory Reflex 168 Conclusion 170 References 171 12 THE HUMAN
AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE: A TISSUE WITH MULTIFACETED PROPERTIES AND DIFFERENT
POTENTIAL CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 177 Maddalena Caruso, Antonietta Silini,
and Ornella Parolini Introduction 177 Structure and Histology of the Human
Amniotic Membrane 178 Preparation, Preservation, and Sterilization of the
Human Amniotic Membrane 179 Biological and Structural Properties of the
Human Amniotic Membrane Generally Invoked to Explain Its Effects in Vivo
180 Established Clinical Applications of the Human Amniotic Membrane 183
Prospective Applications of the Human Amniotic Membrane: Lessons from
Preclinical Studies 187 Conclusions and Perspectives 190 References 190 13
ADVANCES AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN AMNION FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF
LIVER DISEASE 197 Fabio Marongiu, Maria Paola Serra, Marcella Sini, Ezio
Laconi, Marc C. Hansel, Kristen J. Skvorak, Roberto Gramignoli, and Stephen
C. Strom Introduction 197 Human Amnion for the Management of Liver Fibrosis
198 Amnion-Derived Hepatocytes and Their Possible Applications 199
Conclusions 204 References 205 14 AMNION-DERIVED CELLS FOR STROKE
RESTORATIVE THERAPY 209 Naoki Tajiri, Loren E. Glover, and Cesar V.
Borlongan Introduction 209 Stem Cell Therapy: Beyond Stroke Neuroprotection
210 Therapeutic Potential of Adult Stem Cells 210 The Biology of
Amnion-Derived Cells 211 Amnion-Derived Cells for Cell Therapy 212
Conclusion 215 References 216 15 PREGNANCY-ACQUIRED FETAL PROGENITORS AS
NATURAL CELL THERAPY 221 Elke Seppanen, Nicholas M. Fisk,and Kiarash
Khosrotehrani Introduction 221 Fetal Cell Microchimerism, a Widespread
Phenomenon 222 The Kinetics of Fetal Cell Detection 222 Factors Modifying
the Level of Microchimerism 222 Detecting FMC 223 Homing and Plasticity of
FMC 224 Hematopoietic Capacity of FMC 224 Epithelial, Neuronal and Hepatic
Capacity of FMC 228 Mesenchymal Capacity of FMC 228 FMC Includes Functional
Endothelial Progenitor Cells that Contribute to Tissue Repair 229 FMC
Likely Includes Cells of Placental Origin 230 Conclusions 230 References
231 INDUSTRY REVIEW 235 16 PERINATAL STEM CELLS: AN INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE
237 Kyle J. Cetrulo Introduction 237 The Public Cord Blood Banking Industry
238 The Private Banking Industry 239 Research and Cord Blood Clinical
Trials 240 The Mesenchymal Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine Industry 241
Wharton's Jelly/Cord Tissue 242 Placental Stem Cells and Placental Tissue
243 Amniotic Fluid 244 Conclusion 245 References 245 17 PATENT PROTECTION
OF STEM CELL INNOVATIONS 249 John R. Wetherell The Role of Patents in
Commercialization 249 Background of the Patent System 250 Patentable
Subject Matter 251 Statutory Requirements for a Patent 252 Written
Description/Enablement/Best Mode 254 Important Future Changes 256 18
INTERVIEW WITH FRANCES VERTER, FOUNDER OF PARENT'S GUIDE TO CORD BLOOD
FOUNDATION 259 Frances Verter and Kyle J. Cetrulo References 269 19
UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD BANKING: AN OBSTETRICIAN'S PERSPECTIVE 271 Jordan H.
Perlow References 277 Index 279
Murphy and Anthony Atala Introduction 1 Development of Gestational Stem
Cells 2 Isolation and Characterization of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells 2
Multipotency of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells 3 Clinical Application of
Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells 8 Conclusion 13 References 13 2 CORD BLOOD
TRANSPLANTS: PERINATAL STEM CELLS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 17 Richard L. Haspel
and Karen K. Ballen Introduction 17 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants:
Adult Donor Collection 17 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants: HLA Matching
18 Collection and Processing of Cord Blood Units 19 Hematopoietic Stem Cell
Transplants: Recipient Issues 20 Bone Marrow versus Single Cord Blood:
Pediatric 21 Bone Marrow versus Cord Blood: Adults 23 Cord Blood
Transplant: Advantages and Disadvantages 23 Double Cord Blood Transplants:
Ablative Regimens 24 Double Cord Blood Transplant: Non-Myeloablative
Regimens 26 Are Two Cords Better Than One? 27 Chimerism 28 Predicting the
Winner 28 Other Experimental Strategies 30 Summary 31 References 31 3
HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DEVELOPMENT IN THE PLACENTA 37 Katrin E.R. Ericson,
Akanksha Chhabra, and Hanna K.A. Mikkola Introduction 37 The Hematopoietic
System 37 Historical Perspective on Placental Hematopoiesis 38 The
Development and Structure of the Mouse Placenta 39 Hematopoietic Activity
in the Mouse Placenta 40 Identification of Placental HSCs 42 The Origin and
Localization of Placental HSCs 43 Hematopoietic Activity in the Human
Placenta 45 Hematopoietic Microenvironment in the Placenta 46 Conclusions
and Perspectives 47 References 49 4 PERINATAL MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL BANKING
FOR UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD TRANSPLANTATION AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 53
Rouzbeh R. Taghizadeh Introduction 53 Hematopoiesis 54 Hematopoietic
Transplantations 54 Umbilical Cord: Source of Perinatal HSCs and MSCs 56
Hematopoietic Transplantations of Umbilical Cord Blood 57 Strategies to
Overcome the Transplant-Related Limitations of Umbilical Cord Blood 58
Umbilical Cord Tissue MSC Banking 61 References 63 5 MAKING ORGAN AND STEM
CELL TRANSPLANTATION SAFER: THE ROLE OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS 71 Hans
Klingemann Introduction 71 MSC to Prevent Rejection After Solid Organ
Transplantation 72 MSC in the Treatment of Graft-versus-Host Disease 73 MSC
to Support Hematopoietic Recovery of Stem Cells After Stem Cell
Transplantation 74 References 75 6 WHARTON'S JELLY MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS
AND IMMUNE MODULATION: REGENERATIVE MEDICINE MEETS TISSUE REPAIR 77 Rita
Anzalone, Felicia Farina, Melania Lo Iacono, Simona Corrao, Tiziana
Corsello, Giovanni Zummo, and Giampiero La Rocca Introduction 77 Expression
of Relevant Immunomodulatory Molecules in Vitro by MSCs 79 Tolerance
Induction by MSCs: Rediscovering the Embryo Immune Evasion Mechanisms 79
Immune Modulation in Vivo: Contrasting Data on the Immune Privilege of MSCs
80 WJ-MSC in in Vivo Models: Enhancing the Immunomodulatory Features of
Adult MSC Populations 82 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 83 References
84 7 IMMUNOGENICITY VERSUS IMMUNOMODULATION OF PERINATAL STEM CELLS 89 Bram
Lutton and Raimon Duran-Struuck Introduction 89 Mechanisms of
Immunomodulation by Umbilical Cord- and Bone Marrow-Derived MSCs 90 Innate
Immune System 90 Adaptive Immune System 92 Natural Tolerance and Umbilical
Cord Tissues 94 Tolerance versus Immunogenicity: The Yin and Yang of Host
Responses to Umbilical Cord-Derived Cells 95 Conclusions 97 References 98 8
THE TRANSLATIONAL POTENTIAL OF PERINATAL STEM CELLS IN CLINICAL MEDICINE:
MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS 105 Radbeh Torabi, Vincenzo Villani, Christopher A.
Mallard, and Curtis L. Cetrulo, Jr. Introduction 105 Graft-versus-Host
Disease 106 Acute GVHD 107 Chronic GVHD 108 GVHD Prevention 109
Hematopoetic Recovery and HCT Engraftment 109 Hematopoietic Recovery 110
HCT Engraftment 111 MSC Potential Uses 111 References 113 9 NEWBORN STEM
CELLS: IDENTITY, FUNCTION, AND CLINICAL POTENTIAL 119 Anthony Park, Louis
Chan, Mayur Danny I. Gohel, Sean Murphy, Ursula Manuelpillai, Ann Chidgey,
and Richard Boyd Introduction 120 The Newborn Offers an Enormous
Opportunity for Stem Cells 120 Amnion 120 Isolation and Phenotypic
Characterization of Amnion Cells 121 Therapeutic Potential of Amnion
Membrane 123 Mechanisms of AEC-Enhanced Wound Repair 125 Therapeutic
Potential of Amnion as Single Cells 127 Amnion Immunogenicity and
Immunosuppressive Properties 127 Amnion-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
128 Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells 130 Chorion MSCs 131
References 133 10 BIOMEDICAL POTENTIAL OF HUMAN PERINATAL STEM CELLS 139
Oleg V. Semenov and Christian Breymann Role of Stem Cells in Regenerative
Medicine 139 Perinatal Stem Cell Sources 140 Properties of Perinatal
Mesenchymal Stem Cells 143 Properties of Perinatal Hematopoietic Stem Cells
144 Biomedical Applications of Human Perinatal Stem Cells 145 Perspectives
and Obstacles 147 References 148 11 PROGENITOR CELL THERAPY FOR THE
TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY 155 Alex Bryan Olsen, Robert A. Hetz,
Supinder S. Bedi, and Charles S. Cox, Jr. Introduction 155 Cellular Therapy
for the Treatment of TBI 159 Neural Stem Progenitor Cells 159 Human
Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells 160 Mesenchymal Stem Cells 163 Umbilical
Cord Blood 165 Wharton's Jelly 166 Amniotic Fluid-Derived Stem Cells 167
The Inflammatory Reflex 168 Conclusion 170 References 171 12 THE HUMAN
AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE: A TISSUE WITH MULTIFACETED PROPERTIES AND DIFFERENT
POTENTIAL CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 177 Maddalena Caruso, Antonietta Silini,
and Ornella Parolini Introduction 177 Structure and Histology of the Human
Amniotic Membrane 178 Preparation, Preservation, and Sterilization of the
Human Amniotic Membrane 179 Biological and Structural Properties of the
Human Amniotic Membrane Generally Invoked to Explain Its Effects in Vivo
180 Established Clinical Applications of the Human Amniotic Membrane 183
Prospective Applications of the Human Amniotic Membrane: Lessons from
Preclinical Studies 187 Conclusions and Perspectives 190 References 190 13
ADVANCES AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN AMNION FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF
LIVER DISEASE 197 Fabio Marongiu, Maria Paola Serra, Marcella Sini, Ezio
Laconi, Marc C. Hansel, Kristen J. Skvorak, Roberto Gramignoli, and Stephen
C. Strom Introduction 197 Human Amnion for the Management of Liver Fibrosis
198 Amnion-Derived Hepatocytes and Their Possible Applications 199
Conclusions 204 References 205 14 AMNION-DERIVED CELLS FOR STROKE
RESTORATIVE THERAPY 209 Naoki Tajiri, Loren E. Glover, and Cesar V.
Borlongan Introduction 209 Stem Cell Therapy: Beyond Stroke Neuroprotection
210 Therapeutic Potential of Adult Stem Cells 210 The Biology of
Amnion-Derived Cells 211 Amnion-Derived Cells for Cell Therapy 212
Conclusion 215 References 216 15 PREGNANCY-ACQUIRED FETAL PROGENITORS AS
NATURAL CELL THERAPY 221 Elke Seppanen, Nicholas M. Fisk,and Kiarash
Khosrotehrani Introduction 221 Fetal Cell Microchimerism, a Widespread
Phenomenon 222 The Kinetics of Fetal Cell Detection 222 Factors Modifying
the Level of Microchimerism 222 Detecting FMC 223 Homing and Plasticity of
FMC 224 Hematopoietic Capacity of FMC 224 Epithelial, Neuronal and Hepatic
Capacity of FMC 228 Mesenchymal Capacity of FMC 228 FMC Includes Functional
Endothelial Progenitor Cells that Contribute to Tissue Repair 229 FMC
Likely Includes Cells of Placental Origin 230 Conclusions 230 References
231 INDUSTRY REVIEW 235 16 PERINATAL STEM CELLS: AN INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE
237 Kyle J. Cetrulo Introduction 237 The Public Cord Blood Banking Industry
238 The Private Banking Industry 239 Research and Cord Blood Clinical
Trials 240 The Mesenchymal Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine Industry 241
Wharton's Jelly/Cord Tissue 242 Placental Stem Cells and Placental Tissue
243 Amniotic Fluid 244 Conclusion 245 References 245 17 PATENT PROTECTION
OF STEM CELL INNOVATIONS 249 John R. Wetherell The Role of Patents in
Commercialization 249 Background of the Patent System 250 Patentable
Subject Matter 251 Statutory Requirements for a Patent 252 Written
Description/Enablement/Best Mode 254 Important Future Changes 256 18
INTERVIEW WITH FRANCES VERTER, FOUNDER OF PARENT'S GUIDE TO CORD BLOOD
FOUNDATION 259 Frances Verter and Kyle J. Cetrulo References 269 19
UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD BANKING: AN OBSTETRICIAN'S PERSPECTIVE 271 Jordan H.
Perlow References 277 Index 279