Integrated Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering
Herausgegeben von Ramalingam, Murugan; Haidar, Ziyad; Ramakrishna, Seeram; Kobayashi, Hisatoshi; Haikel, Youssef
Integrated Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering
Herausgegeben von Ramalingam, Murugan; Haidar, Ziyad; Ramakrishna, Seeram; Kobayashi, Hisatoshi; Haikel, Youssef
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This book acts as a self-contained resource for understanding the current technological advancement of biomaterials towards tissue engineering applications. It covers impact of biomaterials at different length scales such as macro/micro/nano/ level and offers extensive discussion on cell-biomaterial interactions with illustrative examples.
This resource offer a multi-disciplinary approach for the adaptability of integrated biomaterials in tissue repair and reconstruction.
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This book acts as a self-contained resource for understanding the current technological advancement of biomaterials towards tissue engineering applications. It covers impact of biomaterials at different length scales such as macro/micro/nano/ level and offers extensive discussion on cell-biomaterial interactions with illustrative examples.
This resource offer a multi-disciplinary approach for the adaptability of integrated biomaterials in tissue repair and reconstruction.
Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
This resource offer a multi-disciplinary approach for the adaptability of integrated biomaterials in tissue repair and reconstruction.
Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Biomedical Science, Engineering, and Technology
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 328
- Erscheinungstermin: 3. April 2012
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 236mm x 160mm x 23mm
- Gewicht: 586g
- ISBN-13: 9781118311981
- ISBN-10: 1118311981
- Artikelnr.: 35062097
- Biomedical Science, Engineering, and Technology
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 328
- Erscheinungstermin: 3. April 2012
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 236mm x 160mm x 23mm
- Gewicht: 586g
- ISBN-13: 9781118311981
- ISBN-10: 1118311981
- Artikelnr.: 35062097
Murugan Ramalingam, University of Strasbourg, France and Tohoku University, Japan. Ziyad Haidar, Inha University, South Korea and University of Utah, USA. Seeram Ramakrishna, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Hisatoshi Kobayashi, National Institute for Materials Science, Japan. Youssef Haikel, University of Strasbourg, France.
Preface xiii 1. Protocols for Biomaterial Scaffold Fabrication 1 Azadeh
Seidi and Murugan Ramalingam 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Scaffolding Materials 4
1.3 Techniques for Biomaterial Scaffolds Fabrication 7 1.4 Summary 19
Acknowledgements 20 2. Ceramic Scaffolds, Current Issues and Future Trends
25 Seyed-Iman Roohani-Esfahani S. I. and Hala Zreiqat H. 2.1 Introduction
25 2.2 Essential Properties and Current Problems of Ceramic Scaffolds 27
2.3 Approaches to Overcome Ceramic Scaffolds Issues for the Next Generation
of Scaffolds 30 2.4 Silk - a Bioactive Material 35 Acknowledgements 36
References 36 3. Preparation of Porous Scaffolds from Ice Particulate
Templates for Tissue Engineering 47 Guoping Chen and Naoki Kawazoe 3.1
Introduction 48 3.2 Preparation of Porous Scaffolds Using Ice Particulates
as Porogens 48 3.3 Preparation of Funnel-like Porous Scaffolds Using
Embossed Ice Particulate Templates 51 3.4 Application of Funnel-like Porous
Scaffolds in Three-dimensional Cell Culture 56 3.5 Application of
Funnel-like Collagen Sponges in Cartilage Tissue Engineering 57 3.6 Summary
60 References 60 4. Fabrication of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 63 Naznin
Sultana and Min Wang 4.1 Introduction 64 4.2 Materials for Tissue
Engineering Scaffolds 65 4.3 Fabrication Techniques for Tissue Engineering
Scaffolds 68 4.4 Fabrication of Pure Polymer Scaffolds via Emulsion
Freezing/Freeze-drying and Characteristics of the Scaffolds 70 4.5
Fabrication of Polymer Blend Scaffolds via Emulsion Freezing/Freeze-drying
and Characteristics of the Scaffolds 78 4.6 Fabrication of Nanocomposite
Scaffolds via Emulsion Freezing/Freeze-drying and Characteristics of the
Scaffolds 80 4.7 Surface Modification for PHBV-based Scaffolds 85 4.8
Concluding Remarks 87 Acknowledgments 87 References 88 5. Electrospun
Nanofiber and Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering 91 Susan Liao, Seeram
Ramakrishna and Murugan Ramalingam 5.1 Introduction 92 5.2 Biodegradable
Materials for Tissue Engineering 93 5.3 Nanofibrous Scaffolds 97 5.4 Stem
Cells: A Potential Tool for Tissue Engineering 109 5.5 Prospects 114
Acknowledgement 116 References 116 6. Materials at the Interface
Tissue-implant 121 Antonio Peramo 6.1 Introduction 122 6.2 Description of
the Tissue-device Interface 123 6.3 Expected Function of the Materials at
the Interface and their Evaluation and Selection 125 6.4 Experimental
Techniques for the Tissue-implant Interface 132 6.5 Conclusion 135
References 135 7. Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration 139 Kalpana
S. Katti, Avinash A. Ambre, and Dinesh R. Katti 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) 144 7.3 Understanding the Mesenchymal Stem
Cells (MSCs) 149 7.4 Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Culture 152 7.5
Characterization of MSCs 155 7.6 MSCs in Bone Remodeling, Fracture Repair
and their Use in Bone Tissue Engineering Applications 158 7.7 Influence of
External Stimuli on MSC Behavior 159 7.8 Perspectives on Future of hMSCs in
Tissue Engineering 161 References 162 8. Endochondral Bone Tissue
Engineering 167 Sanne K. Both, Fang Yang, and John A. Jansen 8.1
Introduction 167 8.2 Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells 171 8.3 Scaffolds
175 8.4 Summary 181 References 182 9. Principles, Applications, and
Technology of Craniofacial Bone Engineering 185 Mona K. Marei, Mohamed A.
Alkhodary, Rania M. Elbackly, Samer H. Zaky, Admed M. Eweida, Muhammad A.
Gad, Maglaa Abdel-Wahed and Yasser M. Kahad 9.1 Introduction 186 9.2 Road
Map for the Application of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine for
Craniofacial Bone Regeneration 197 9.3 Stem Cell-based Craniofacial Bone
Engineering 201 9.4 Biomaterial-based Therapy in Craniofacial Bone
Engineering 208 9.5 Principles of Imaging in Craniofacial Bone Regeneration
214 9.6 Current Clinical Application and Future Direction in the Field of
Craniofacial Bone Engineering 222 9.7 Future Prospects 227 9.8 Economics
and Marketing 227 9.9 Conclusions 228 References 228 10.
Functionally-Graded Biomimetic Vascular Grafts for Enhanced Tissue
Regeneration and Bio-integration 237 Vinoy Thomas and Yogesh K. Vohra 10.1
Introduction 238 10.2 Approaches in Vascular Tissue Engineering 239 10.3
Nanostructured Scaffolds for Vascular Tissue Engineering 241 10.4
Functionally-Graded Tubular Scaffolds 249 10.5 Summary and Future Outlook
268 Acknowledgements 269 List of Abbreviations Used 270 References 271 11.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors in Tissue Engineering: Challenges and
Prospects for Therapeutic Angiogenesis 277 Ekaterina S. Lifirsu, Murugan
Ramalingam, and Ziyad S. Haidar 11.1 Introduction 278 11.2 VEGF and
Angiogenesis 278 11.3 VEGF Family 279 11.4 VEGF Therapy 281 11.5 VEGF
Delivery Systems 282 11.6 Soft versus hard Tissues 284 11.7 Concluding
Remarks 289 References 292
Seidi and Murugan Ramalingam 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Scaffolding Materials 4
1.3 Techniques for Biomaterial Scaffolds Fabrication 7 1.4 Summary 19
Acknowledgements 20 2. Ceramic Scaffolds, Current Issues and Future Trends
25 Seyed-Iman Roohani-Esfahani S. I. and Hala Zreiqat H. 2.1 Introduction
25 2.2 Essential Properties and Current Problems of Ceramic Scaffolds 27
2.3 Approaches to Overcome Ceramic Scaffolds Issues for the Next Generation
of Scaffolds 30 2.4 Silk - a Bioactive Material 35 Acknowledgements 36
References 36 3. Preparation of Porous Scaffolds from Ice Particulate
Templates for Tissue Engineering 47 Guoping Chen and Naoki Kawazoe 3.1
Introduction 48 3.2 Preparation of Porous Scaffolds Using Ice Particulates
as Porogens 48 3.3 Preparation of Funnel-like Porous Scaffolds Using
Embossed Ice Particulate Templates 51 3.4 Application of Funnel-like Porous
Scaffolds in Three-dimensional Cell Culture 56 3.5 Application of
Funnel-like Collagen Sponges in Cartilage Tissue Engineering 57 3.6 Summary
60 References 60 4. Fabrication of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 63 Naznin
Sultana and Min Wang 4.1 Introduction 64 4.2 Materials for Tissue
Engineering Scaffolds 65 4.3 Fabrication Techniques for Tissue Engineering
Scaffolds 68 4.4 Fabrication of Pure Polymer Scaffolds via Emulsion
Freezing/Freeze-drying and Characteristics of the Scaffolds 70 4.5
Fabrication of Polymer Blend Scaffolds via Emulsion Freezing/Freeze-drying
and Characteristics of the Scaffolds 78 4.6 Fabrication of Nanocomposite
Scaffolds via Emulsion Freezing/Freeze-drying and Characteristics of the
Scaffolds 80 4.7 Surface Modification for PHBV-based Scaffolds 85 4.8
Concluding Remarks 87 Acknowledgments 87 References 88 5. Electrospun
Nanofiber and Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering 91 Susan Liao, Seeram
Ramakrishna and Murugan Ramalingam 5.1 Introduction 92 5.2 Biodegradable
Materials for Tissue Engineering 93 5.3 Nanofibrous Scaffolds 97 5.4 Stem
Cells: A Potential Tool for Tissue Engineering 109 5.5 Prospects 114
Acknowledgement 116 References 116 6. Materials at the Interface
Tissue-implant 121 Antonio Peramo 6.1 Introduction 122 6.2 Description of
the Tissue-device Interface 123 6.3 Expected Function of the Materials at
the Interface and their Evaluation and Selection 125 6.4 Experimental
Techniques for the Tissue-implant Interface 132 6.5 Conclusion 135
References 135 7. Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration 139 Kalpana
S. Katti, Avinash A. Ambre, and Dinesh R. Katti 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) 144 7.3 Understanding the Mesenchymal Stem
Cells (MSCs) 149 7.4 Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Culture 152 7.5
Characterization of MSCs 155 7.6 MSCs in Bone Remodeling, Fracture Repair
and their Use in Bone Tissue Engineering Applications 158 7.7 Influence of
External Stimuli on MSC Behavior 159 7.8 Perspectives on Future of hMSCs in
Tissue Engineering 161 References 162 8. Endochondral Bone Tissue
Engineering 167 Sanne K. Both, Fang Yang, and John A. Jansen 8.1
Introduction 167 8.2 Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells 171 8.3 Scaffolds
175 8.4 Summary 181 References 182 9. Principles, Applications, and
Technology of Craniofacial Bone Engineering 185 Mona K. Marei, Mohamed A.
Alkhodary, Rania M. Elbackly, Samer H. Zaky, Admed M. Eweida, Muhammad A.
Gad, Maglaa Abdel-Wahed and Yasser M. Kahad 9.1 Introduction 186 9.2 Road
Map for the Application of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine for
Craniofacial Bone Regeneration 197 9.3 Stem Cell-based Craniofacial Bone
Engineering 201 9.4 Biomaterial-based Therapy in Craniofacial Bone
Engineering 208 9.5 Principles of Imaging in Craniofacial Bone Regeneration
214 9.6 Current Clinical Application and Future Direction in the Field of
Craniofacial Bone Engineering 222 9.7 Future Prospects 227 9.8 Economics
and Marketing 227 9.9 Conclusions 228 References 228 10.
Functionally-Graded Biomimetic Vascular Grafts for Enhanced Tissue
Regeneration and Bio-integration 237 Vinoy Thomas and Yogesh K. Vohra 10.1
Introduction 238 10.2 Approaches in Vascular Tissue Engineering 239 10.3
Nanostructured Scaffolds for Vascular Tissue Engineering 241 10.4
Functionally-Graded Tubular Scaffolds 249 10.5 Summary and Future Outlook
268 Acknowledgements 269 List of Abbreviations Used 270 References 271 11.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors in Tissue Engineering: Challenges and
Prospects for Therapeutic Angiogenesis 277 Ekaterina S. Lifirsu, Murugan
Ramalingam, and Ziyad S. Haidar 11.1 Introduction 278 11.2 VEGF and
Angiogenesis 278 11.3 VEGF Family 279 11.4 VEGF Therapy 281 11.5 VEGF
Delivery Systems 282 11.6 Soft versus hard Tissues 284 11.7 Concluding
Remarks 289 References 292
Preface xiii 1. Protocols for Biomaterial Scaffold Fabrication 1 Azadeh
Seidi and Murugan Ramalingam 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Scaffolding Materials 4
1.3 Techniques for Biomaterial Scaffolds Fabrication 7 1.4 Summary 19
Acknowledgements 20 2. Ceramic Scaffolds, Current Issues and Future Trends
25 Seyed-Iman Roohani-Esfahani S. I. and Hala Zreiqat H. 2.1 Introduction
25 2.2 Essential Properties and Current Problems of Ceramic Scaffolds 27
2.3 Approaches to Overcome Ceramic Scaffolds Issues for the Next Generation
of Scaffolds 30 2.4 Silk - a Bioactive Material 35 Acknowledgements 36
References 36 3. Preparation of Porous Scaffolds from Ice Particulate
Templates for Tissue Engineering 47 Guoping Chen and Naoki Kawazoe 3.1
Introduction 48 3.2 Preparation of Porous Scaffolds Using Ice Particulates
as Porogens 48 3.3 Preparation of Funnel-like Porous Scaffolds Using
Embossed Ice Particulate Templates 51 3.4 Application of Funnel-like Porous
Scaffolds in Three-dimensional Cell Culture 56 3.5 Application of
Funnel-like Collagen Sponges in Cartilage Tissue Engineering 57 3.6 Summary
60 References 60 4. Fabrication of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 63 Naznin
Sultana and Min Wang 4.1 Introduction 64 4.2 Materials for Tissue
Engineering Scaffolds 65 4.3 Fabrication Techniques for Tissue Engineering
Scaffolds 68 4.4 Fabrication of Pure Polymer Scaffolds via Emulsion
Freezing/Freeze-drying and Characteristics of the Scaffolds 70 4.5
Fabrication of Polymer Blend Scaffolds via Emulsion Freezing/Freeze-drying
and Characteristics of the Scaffolds 78 4.6 Fabrication of Nanocomposite
Scaffolds via Emulsion Freezing/Freeze-drying and Characteristics of the
Scaffolds 80 4.7 Surface Modification for PHBV-based Scaffolds 85 4.8
Concluding Remarks 87 Acknowledgments 87 References 88 5. Electrospun
Nanofiber and Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering 91 Susan Liao, Seeram
Ramakrishna and Murugan Ramalingam 5.1 Introduction 92 5.2 Biodegradable
Materials for Tissue Engineering 93 5.3 Nanofibrous Scaffolds 97 5.4 Stem
Cells: A Potential Tool for Tissue Engineering 109 5.5 Prospects 114
Acknowledgement 116 References 116 6. Materials at the Interface
Tissue-implant 121 Antonio Peramo 6.1 Introduction 122 6.2 Description of
the Tissue-device Interface 123 6.3 Expected Function of the Materials at
the Interface and their Evaluation and Selection 125 6.4 Experimental
Techniques for the Tissue-implant Interface 132 6.5 Conclusion 135
References 135 7. Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration 139 Kalpana
S. Katti, Avinash A. Ambre, and Dinesh R. Katti 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) 144 7.3 Understanding the Mesenchymal Stem
Cells (MSCs) 149 7.4 Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Culture 152 7.5
Characterization of MSCs 155 7.6 MSCs in Bone Remodeling, Fracture Repair
and their Use in Bone Tissue Engineering Applications 158 7.7 Influence of
External Stimuli on MSC Behavior 159 7.8 Perspectives on Future of hMSCs in
Tissue Engineering 161 References 162 8. Endochondral Bone Tissue
Engineering 167 Sanne K. Both, Fang Yang, and John A. Jansen 8.1
Introduction 167 8.2 Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells 171 8.3 Scaffolds
175 8.4 Summary 181 References 182 9. Principles, Applications, and
Technology of Craniofacial Bone Engineering 185 Mona K. Marei, Mohamed A.
Alkhodary, Rania M. Elbackly, Samer H. Zaky, Admed M. Eweida, Muhammad A.
Gad, Maglaa Abdel-Wahed and Yasser M. Kahad 9.1 Introduction 186 9.2 Road
Map for the Application of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine for
Craniofacial Bone Regeneration 197 9.3 Stem Cell-based Craniofacial Bone
Engineering 201 9.4 Biomaterial-based Therapy in Craniofacial Bone
Engineering 208 9.5 Principles of Imaging in Craniofacial Bone Regeneration
214 9.6 Current Clinical Application and Future Direction in the Field of
Craniofacial Bone Engineering 222 9.7 Future Prospects 227 9.8 Economics
and Marketing 227 9.9 Conclusions 228 References 228 10.
Functionally-Graded Biomimetic Vascular Grafts for Enhanced Tissue
Regeneration and Bio-integration 237 Vinoy Thomas and Yogesh K. Vohra 10.1
Introduction 238 10.2 Approaches in Vascular Tissue Engineering 239 10.3
Nanostructured Scaffolds for Vascular Tissue Engineering 241 10.4
Functionally-Graded Tubular Scaffolds 249 10.5 Summary and Future Outlook
268 Acknowledgements 269 List of Abbreviations Used 270 References 271 11.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors in Tissue Engineering: Challenges and
Prospects for Therapeutic Angiogenesis 277 Ekaterina S. Lifirsu, Murugan
Ramalingam, and Ziyad S. Haidar 11.1 Introduction 278 11.2 VEGF and
Angiogenesis 278 11.3 VEGF Family 279 11.4 VEGF Therapy 281 11.5 VEGF
Delivery Systems 282 11.6 Soft versus hard Tissues 284 11.7 Concluding
Remarks 289 References 292
Seidi and Murugan Ramalingam 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Scaffolding Materials 4
1.3 Techniques for Biomaterial Scaffolds Fabrication 7 1.4 Summary 19
Acknowledgements 20 2. Ceramic Scaffolds, Current Issues and Future Trends
25 Seyed-Iman Roohani-Esfahani S. I. and Hala Zreiqat H. 2.1 Introduction
25 2.2 Essential Properties and Current Problems of Ceramic Scaffolds 27
2.3 Approaches to Overcome Ceramic Scaffolds Issues for the Next Generation
of Scaffolds 30 2.4 Silk - a Bioactive Material 35 Acknowledgements 36
References 36 3. Preparation of Porous Scaffolds from Ice Particulate
Templates for Tissue Engineering 47 Guoping Chen and Naoki Kawazoe 3.1
Introduction 48 3.2 Preparation of Porous Scaffolds Using Ice Particulates
as Porogens 48 3.3 Preparation of Funnel-like Porous Scaffolds Using
Embossed Ice Particulate Templates 51 3.4 Application of Funnel-like Porous
Scaffolds in Three-dimensional Cell Culture 56 3.5 Application of
Funnel-like Collagen Sponges in Cartilage Tissue Engineering 57 3.6 Summary
60 References 60 4. Fabrication of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 63 Naznin
Sultana and Min Wang 4.1 Introduction 64 4.2 Materials for Tissue
Engineering Scaffolds 65 4.3 Fabrication Techniques for Tissue Engineering
Scaffolds 68 4.4 Fabrication of Pure Polymer Scaffolds via Emulsion
Freezing/Freeze-drying and Characteristics of the Scaffolds 70 4.5
Fabrication of Polymer Blend Scaffolds via Emulsion Freezing/Freeze-drying
and Characteristics of the Scaffolds 78 4.6 Fabrication of Nanocomposite
Scaffolds via Emulsion Freezing/Freeze-drying and Characteristics of the
Scaffolds 80 4.7 Surface Modification for PHBV-based Scaffolds 85 4.8
Concluding Remarks 87 Acknowledgments 87 References 88 5. Electrospun
Nanofiber and Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering 91 Susan Liao, Seeram
Ramakrishna and Murugan Ramalingam 5.1 Introduction 92 5.2 Biodegradable
Materials for Tissue Engineering 93 5.3 Nanofibrous Scaffolds 97 5.4 Stem
Cells: A Potential Tool for Tissue Engineering 109 5.5 Prospects 114
Acknowledgement 116 References 116 6. Materials at the Interface
Tissue-implant 121 Antonio Peramo 6.1 Introduction 122 6.2 Description of
the Tissue-device Interface 123 6.3 Expected Function of the Materials at
the Interface and their Evaluation and Selection 125 6.4 Experimental
Techniques for the Tissue-implant Interface 132 6.5 Conclusion 135
References 135 7. Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration 139 Kalpana
S. Katti, Avinash A. Ambre, and Dinesh R. Katti 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) 144 7.3 Understanding the Mesenchymal Stem
Cells (MSCs) 149 7.4 Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Culture 152 7.5
Characterization of MSCs 155 7.6 MSCs in Bone Remodeling, Fracture Repair
and their Use in Bone Tissue Engineering Applications 158 7.7 Influence of
External Stimuli on MSC Behavior 159 7.8 Perspectives on Future of hMSCs in
Tissue Engineering 161 References 162 8. Endochondral Bone Tissue
Engineering 167 Sanne K. Both, Fang Yang, and John A. Jansen 8.1
Introduction 167 8.2 Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells 171 8.3 Scaffolds
175 8.4 Summary 181 References 182 9. Principles, Applications, and
Technology of Craniofacial Bone Engineering 185 Mona K. Marei, Mohamed A.
Alkhodary, Rania M. Elbackly, Samer H. Zaky, Admed M. Eweida, Muhammad A.
Gad, Maglaa Abdel-Wahed and Yasser M. Kahad 9.1 Introduction 186 9.2 Road
Map for the Application of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine for
Craniofacial Bone Regeneration 197 9.3 Stem Cell-based Craniofacial Bone
Engineering 201 9.4 Biomaterial-based Therapy in Craniofacial Bone
Engineering 208 9.5 Principles of Imaging in Craniofacial Bone Regeneration
214 9.6 Current Clinical Application and Future Direction in the Field of
Craniofacial Bone Engineering 222 9.7 Future Prospects 227 9.8 Economics
and Marketing 227 9.9 Conclusions 228 References 228 10.
Functionally-Graded Biomimetic Vascular Grafts for Enhanced Tissue
Regeneration and Bio-integration 237 Vinoy Thomas and Yogesh K. Vohra 10.1
Introduction 238 10.2 Approaches in Vascular Tissue Engineering 239 10.3
Nanostructured Scaffolds for Vascular Tissue Engineering 241 10.4
Functionally-Graded Tubular Scaffolds 249 10.5 Summary and Future Outlook
268 Acknowledgements 269 List of Abbreviations Used 270 References 271 11.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors in Tissue Engineering: Challenges and
Prospects for Therapeutic Angiogenesis 277 Ekaterina S. Lifirsu, Murugan
Ramalingam, and Ziyad S. Haidar 11.1 Introduction 278 11.2 VEGF and
Angiogenesis 278 11.3 VEGF Family 279 11.4 VEGF Therapy 281 11.5 VEGF
Delivery Systems 282 11.6 Soft versus hard Tissues 284 11.7 Concluding
Remarks 289 References 292