Jiuchun Jiang, Caiping Zhang
Fundamentals and Applications of Lithium-ion Batteries in Electric Drive Vehicles (eBook, ePUB)
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Jiuchun Jiang, Caiping Zhang
Fundamentals and Applications of Lithium-ion Batteries in Electric Drive Vehicles (eBook, ePUB)
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A theoretical and technical guide to the electric vehicle lithium-ion battery management system Covers the timely topic of battery management systems for lithium batteries. After introducing the problem and basic background theory, it discusses battery modeling and state estimation. In addition to theoretical modeling it also contains practical information on charging and discharging control technology, cell equalisation and application to electric vehicles, and a discussion of the key technologies and research methods of the lithium-ion power battery management system. The author…mehr
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A theoretical and technical guide to the electric vehicle lithium-ion battery management system Covers the timely topic of battery management systems for lithium batteries. After introducing the problem and basic background theory, it discusses battery modeling and state estimation. In addition to theoretical modeling it also contains practical information on charging and discharging control technology, cell equalisation and application to electric vehicles, and a discussion of the key technologies and research methods of the lithium-ion power battery management system. The author systematically expounds the theory knowledge included in the lithium-ion battery management systems and its practical application in electric vehicles, describing the theoretical connotation and practical application of the battery management systems. Selected graphics in the book are directly derived from the real vehicle tests. Through comparative analysis of the different system structures and different graphic symbols, related concepts are clear and the understanding of the battery management systems is enhanced. Contents include: key technologies and the difficulty point of vehicle power battery management system; lithium-ion battery performance modeling and simulation; the estimation theory and methods of the lithium-ion battery state of charge, state of energy, state of health and peak power; lithium-ion battery charge and discharge control technology; consistent evaluation and equalization techniques of the battery pack; battery management system design and application in electric vehicles. * A theoretical and technical guide to the electric vehicle lithium-ion battery management system * Using simulation technology, schematic diagrams and case studies, the basic concepts are described clearly and offer detailed analysis of battery charge and discharge control principles * Equips the reader with the understanding and concept of the power battery, providing a clear cognition of the application and management of lithium ion batteries in electric vehicles * Arms audiences with lots of case studies Essential reading for Researchers and professionals working in energy technologies, utility planners and system engineers.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 296
- Erscheinungstermin: 18. Februar 2015
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118414811
- Artikelnr.: 42367362
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 296
- Erscheinungstermin: 18. Februar 2015
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118414811
- Artikelnr.: 42367362
Jiuchun Jiang, Beijing Jiaotong University, China Caiping Zhang, Beijing Jiaotong University, China
About the Authors xi Foreword xiii Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The
Development of Batteries in Electric Drive Vehicles 1 1.1.1 The Goals 1
1.1.2 Trends in Development of the Batteries 1 1.1.3 Application Issues of
LIBs 3 1.1.4 Significance of Battery Management Technology 4 1.2
Development of Battery Management Technologies 5 1.2.1 No Management 5
1.2.2 Simple Management 5 1.2.3 Comprehensive Management 6 1.3 BMS Key
Technologies 7 References 8 2 Performance Modeling of Lithium-ion Batteries
9 2.1 Reaction Mechanism of Lithium-ion Batteries 9 2.2 Testing the
Characteristics of Lithium-ion Batteries 11 2.2.1 Rate Discharge
Characteristics 11 2.2.2 Charge and Discharge Characteristics Under
Operating Conditions 12 2.2.3 Impact of Temperature on Capacity 15 2.2.4
Self-Discharge 19 2.3 Battery Modeling Method 20 2.3.1 Equivalent Circuit
Model 21 2.3.2 Electrochemical Model 22 2.3.3 Neural Network Model 24 2.4
Simulation and Comparison of Equivalent Circuit Models 24 2.4.1 Model
Parameters Identification Principle 25 2.4.2 Implementation Steps of
Parameter Identification 25 2.4.3 Comparison of Simulation of Three
Equivalent Circuit Models 28 2.5 Battery Modeling Method Based on a Battery
Discharging Curve 31 2.6 Battery Pack Modeling 34 2.6.1 Battery Pack
Modeling 35 2.6.2 Simulation of Battery Pack Model 35 References 42 3
Battery State Estimation 43 3.1 Definition of SOC 43 3.1.1 The Maximum
Available Capacity 43 3.1.2 Definition of Single Cell SOC 46 3.1.3
Definition of the SOC of Series Batteries 48 3.2 Discussion on the
Estimation of the SOC of a Battery 50 3.2.1 Load Voltage Detection 50 3.2.2
Electromotive Force Method 50 3.2.3 Resistance Method 52 3.2.4 Ampere-hour
Counting Method 53 3.2.5 Kalman Filter Method 54 3.2.6 Neural Network
Method 55 3.2.7 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System 57 3.2.8 Support
Vector Machines 60 3.3 Battery SOC Estimation Algorithm Application 62
3.3.1 The SOC Estimation of a PEV Power Battery 62 3.3.2 Power Battery SOC
Estimation for Hybrid Vehicles 80 3.4 Definition and Estimation of the
Battery SOE 87 3.4.1 Definition of the Single Battery SOE 87 3.4.2 SOE
Definition of the Battery Groups 91 3.5 Method for Estimation of the
Battery Group SOE and the Remaining Energy 95 3.6 Method of Estimation of
the Actual Available Energy of the Battery 96 References 98 4 The
Prediction of Battery Pack Peak Power 101 4.1 Definition of Peak Power 101
4.1.1 Peak Power Capability of Batteries 101 4.1.2 Battery Power Density
102 4.1.3 State of Function of Batteries 103 4.2 Methods for Testing Peak
Power 103 4.2.1 Test Methods Developed by Americans 103 4.2.2 The Test
Method of Japan 106 4.2.3 The Chinese Standard Test Method 108 4.2.4 The
Constant Power Test Method 109 4.2.5 Comparison of the Above-Mentioned
Testing Methods 112 4.3 Peak Power 112 4.3.1 The Relation between Peak
Power and Temperature 113 4.3.2 The Relation between Peak Power and SOC 115
4.3.3 Relationship between Peak Power and Ohmic Internal Resistance 116 4.4
Available Power of the Battery Pack 117 4.4.1 Factors Influencing Available
Power 117 4.4.2 The Optimized Method of Available Power 119 References 121
5 Charging Control Technologies for Lithium-ion Batteries 123 5.1
Literature Review on Lithium-ion Battery Charging Technologies 123 5.1.1
The Academic Significance of Charging Technologies of Lithium-ion Batteries
123 5.1.2 Development of Charging Technologies for Lithium-ion Batteries
124 5.2 Key Indicators for Measuring Charging Characteristics 129 5.2.1
Charge Capacity 130 5.2.2 Charging Efficiency 135 5.2.3 Charging Time 141
5.3 Charging External Characteristic Parameters of the Lithium-ion Battery
146 5.3.1 Current 146 5.3.2 Voltage 146 5.3.3 Temperature 147 5.4 Analysis
of Charging Polarization Voltage Characteristics 147 5.4.1 Calculation of
the Polarization Voltage 147 5.4.2 Analysis of Charging Polarization in the
Time Domain 150 5.4.3 Characteristic Analysis of the Charging Polarization
in the SOC Domain 156 5.4.4 The Impact of Different SOCs and DODs on the
Battery Polarization 160 5.5 Improvement of the Constant Current and
Constant Voltage Charging Method 163 5.5.1 Selection of the Key Process
Parameters in the CCCV Charging Process 164 5.5.2 Optimization Strategy for
the CCCV Charging 165 5.6 Principles and Methods of the Polarization
Voltage Control Charging Method 167 5.6.1 Principles 167 5.6.2
Implementation Methods 169 5.6.3 Comparison of the Constant Polarization
Charging Method and the Traditional Charging Method 172 5.7 Summary 177
References 177 6 Evaluation and Equalization of Battery Consistency 179 6.1
Analysis of Battery Consistency 179 6.1.1 Causes of Batteries Inconsistency
180 6.1.2 The Influence of Inconsistency on the Performance of the Battery
Pack 182 6.2 Evaluation Indexes of Battery Consistency 183 6.2.1 The
Natural Parameters Influencing Parallel Connected Battery Characteristics
183 6.2.2 Parameters Influencing the Battery External Voltage 191 6.2.3
Method for Analysis of Battery Consistency 197 6.3 Quantitative Evaluation
of Battery Consistency 201 6.3.1 Quantitative Evaluation of Consistency
Based on the External Voltage 202 6.3.2 Quantitative Evaluation of
Consistency Based on the Capacity Utilization Rate of the Battery Pack 203
6.3.3 Quantitative Evaluation of Consistency Based on the Energy
Utilization Rate of the Battery Pack 206 6.4 Equalization of the Battery
Pack 209 6.4.1 Equalization Based on the External Voltage of a Single Cell
209 6.4.2 Equalization of the Battery Pack Based on the Maximum Available
Capacity 211 6.4.3 Equalization of the Battery Pack Based on the Maximum
Available Energy 215 6.4.4 Equalization Based on the SOC of the Single
Cells 217 6.4.5 Control Strategy for the Equalizer 219 6.4.6 Effect
Confirmation 221 6.5 Summary 223 References 224 7 Technologies for the
Design and Application of the Battery Management System 225 7.1 The
Functions and Architectures of a Battery Management System 225 7.1.1 The
Functions of the Battery Management System 225 7.1.2 Architecture of the
Battery Management System 227 7.2 Design of the Battery Parameters
Measurement Module 230 7.2.1 Battery Cell Voltage Measurement 230 7.2.2
Temperature Measurement 235 7.2.3 Current Measurement 238 7.2.4 Total
Voltage Measurement 241 7.2.5 Insulation Measurement 242 7.3 Design of the
Battery Equalization Management Circuit 246 7.3.1 The Energy
Non-Dissipative Type 247 7.3.2 The Energy Dissipative Type 250 7.4 Data
Communication 251 7.4.1 CAN Communication 251 7.4.2 A New Communication
Mode 254 7.5 The Logic and Safety Control 255 7.5.1 The Power-Up Control
255 7.5.2 Charge Control 256 7.5.3 Temperature Control 258 7.5.4 Fault
Alarm and Control 259 7.6 Testing the Stability of the BMS 260 7.6.1
Dielectric Resistance 260 7.6.2 Insulation Withstand Voltage Performance
262 7.6.3 Test on Monitoring Functions of BMS 262 7.6.4 SOC Estimation 263
7.6.5 Battery Fault Diagnosis 263 7.6.6 Security and Protection 263 7.6.7
Operating at High Temperatures 263 7.6.8 Operating at Low Temperatures 263
7.6.9 High-Temperature Resistance 264 7.6.10 Low-Temperature Resistance 264
7.6.11 Salt Spray Resistance 264 7.6.12 Wet-Hot Resistance 264 7.6.13
Vibration Resistance 264 7.6.14 Resistance to Power Polarity Reverse
Connection Performance 265 7.6.15 Electromagnetic Radiation Immunity 265
7.7 Practical Examples of BMS 265 7.7.1 Pure Electric Bus (Pure Electric
Bus for the Beijing Olympic Games) 265 7.7.2 Pure Electric Vehicles (JAC
Tongyue) 269 7.7.3 Hybrid Electric Bus (FOTON Plug-In Range Extended
Electric bus) 269 7.7.4 Hybrid Passenger Car Vehicle (Trumpchi) 271 7.7.5
The Trolley Bus with Two Kinds of Power 273 Index 275
Development of Batteries in Electric Drive Vehicles 1 1.1.1 The Goals 1
1.1.2 Trends in Development of the Batteries 1 1.1.3 Application Issues of
LIBs 3 1.1.4 Significance of Battery Management Technology 4 1.2
Development of Battery Management Technologies 5 1.2.1 No Management 5
1.2.2 Simple Management 5 1.2.3 Comprehensive Management 6 1.3 BMS Key
Technologies 7 References 8 2 Performance Modeling of Lithium-ion Batteries
9 2.1 Reaction Mechanism of Lithium-ion Batteries 9 2.2 Testing the
Characteristics of Lithium-ion Batteries 11 2.2.1 Rate Discharge
Characteristics 11 2.2.2 Charge and Discharge Characteristics Under
Operating Conditions 12 2.2.3 Impact of Temperature on Capacity 15 2.2.4
Self-Discharge 19 2.3 Battery Modeling Method 20 2.3.1 Equivalent Circuit
Model 21 2.3.2 Electrochemical Model 22 2.3.3 Neural Network Model 24 2.4
Simulation and Comparison of Equivalent Circuit Models 24 2.4.1 Model
Parameters Identification Principle 25 2.4.2 Implementation Steps of
Parameter Identification 25 2.4.3 Comparison of Simulation of Three
Equivalent Circuit Models 28 2.5 Battery Modeling Method Based on a Battery
Discharging Curve 31 2.6 Battery Pack Modeling 34 2.6.1 Battery Pack
Modeling 35 2.6.2 Simulation of Battery Pack Model 35 References 42 3
Battery State Estimation 43 3.1 Definition of SOC 43 3.1.1 The Maximum
Available Capacity 43 3.1.2 Definition of Single Cell SOC 46 3.1.3
Definition of the SOC of Series Batteries 48 3.2 Discussion on the
Estimation of the SOC of a Battery 50 3.2.1 Load Voltage Detection 50 3.2.2
Electromotive Force Method 50 3.2.3 Resistance Method 52 3.2.4 Ampere-hour
Counting Method 53 3.2.5 Kalman Filter Method 54 3.2.6 Neural Network
Method 55 3.2.7 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System 57 3.2.8 Support
Vector Machines 60 3.3 Battery SOC Estimation Algorithm Application 62
3.3.1 The SOC Estimation of a PEV Power Battery 62 3.3.2 Power Battery SOC
Estimation for Hybrid Vehicles 80 3.4 Definition and Estimation of the
Battery SOE 87 3.4.1 Definition of the Single Battery SOE 87 3.4.2 SOE
Definition of the Battery Groups 91 3.5 Method for Estimation of the
Battery Group SOE and the Remaining Energy 95 3.6 Method of Estimation of
the Actual Available Energy of the Battery 96 References 98 4 The
Prediction of Battery Pack Peak Power 101 4.1 Definition of Peak Power 101
4.1.1 Peak Power Capability of Batteries 101 4.1.2 Battery Power Density
102 4.1.3 State of Function of Batteries 103 4.2 Methods for Testing Peak
Power 103 4.2.1 Test Methods Developed by Americans 103 4.2.2 The Test
Method of Japan 106 4.2.3 The Chinese Standard Test Method 108 4.2.4 The
Constant Power Test Method 109 4.2.5 Comparison of the Above-Mentioned
Testing Methods 112 4.3 Peak Power 112 4.3.1 The Relation between Peak
Power and Temperature 113 4.3.2 The Relation between Peak Power and SOC 115
4.3.3 Relationship between Peak Power and Ohmic Internal Resistance 116 4.4
Available Power of the Battery Pack 117 4.4.1 Factors Influencing Available
Power 117 4.4.2 The Optimized Method of Available Power 119 References 121
5 Charging Control Technologies for Lithium-ion Batteries 123 5.1
Literature Review on Lithium-ion Battery Charging Technologies 123 5.1.1
The Academic Significance of Charging Technologies of Lithium-ion Batteries
123 5.1.2 Development of Charging Technologies for Lithium-ion Batteries
124 5.2 Key Indicators for Measuring Charging Characteristics 129 5.2.1
Charge Capacity 130 5.2.2 Charging Efficiency 135 5.2.3 Charging Time 141
5.3 Charging External Characteristic Parameters of the Lithium-ion Battery
146 5.3.1 Current 146 5.3.2 Voltage 146 5.3.3 Temperature 147 5.4 Analysis
of Charging Polarization Voltage Characteristics 147 5.4.1 Calculation of
the Polarization Voltage 147 5.4.2 Analysis of Charging Polarization in the
Time Domain 150 5.4.3 Characteristic Analysis of the Charging Polarization
in the SOC Domain 156 5.4.4 The Impact of Different SOCs and DODs on the
Battery Polarization 160 5.5 Improvement of the Constant Current and
Constant Voltage Charging Method 163 5.5.1 Selection of the Key Process
Parameters in the CCCV Charging Process 164 5.5.2 Optimization Strategy for
the CCCV Charging 165 5.6 Principles and Methods of the Polarization
Voltage Control Charging Method 167 5.6.1 Principles 167 5.6.2
Implementation Methods 169 5.6.3 Comparison of the Constant Polarization
Charging Method and the Traditional Charging Method 172 5.7 Summary 177
References 177 6 Evaluation and Equalization of Battery Consistency 179 6.1
Analysis of Battery Consistency 179 6.1.1 Causes of Batteries Inconsistency
180 6.1.2 The Influence of Inconsistency on the Performance of the Battery
Pack 182 6.2 Evaluation Indexes of Battery Consistency 183 6.2.1 The
Natural Parameters Influencing Parallel Connected Battery Characteristics
183 6.2.2 Parameters Influencing the Battery External Voltage 191 6.2.3
Method for Analysis of Battery Consistency 197 6.3 Quantitative Evaluation
of Battery Consistency 201 6.3.1 Quantitative Evaluation of Consistency
Based on the External Voltage 202 6.3.2 Quantitative Evaluation of
Consistency Based on the Capacity Utilization Rate of the Battery Pack 203
6.3.3 Quantitative Evaluation of Consistency Based on the Energy
Utilization Rate of the Battery Pack 206 6.4 Equalization of the Battery
Pack 209 6.4.1 Equalization Based on the External Voltage of a Single Cell
209 6.4.2 Equalization of the Battery Pack Based on the Maximum Available
Capacity 211 6.4.3 Equalization of the Battery Pack Based on the Maximum
Available Energy 215 6.4.4 Equalization Based on the SOC of the Single
Cells 217 6.4.5 Control Strategy for the Equalizer 219 6.4.6 Effect
Confirmation 221 6.5 Summary 223 References 224 7 Technologies for the
Design and Application of the Battery Management System 225 7.1 The
Functions and Architectures of a Battery Management System 225 7.1.1 The
Functions of the Battery Management System 225 7.1.2 Architecture of the
Battery Management System 227 7.2 Design of the Battery Parameters
Measurement Module 230 7.2.1 Battery Cell Voltage Measurement 230 7.2.2
Temperature Measurement 235 7.2.3 Current Measurement 238 7.2.4 Total
Voltage Measurement 241 7.2.5 Insulation Measurement 242 7.3 Design of the
Battery Equalization Management Circuit 246 7.3.1 The Energy
Non-Dissipative Type 247 7.3.2 The Energy Dissipative Type 250 7.4 Data
Communication 251 7.4.1 CAN Communication 251 7.4.2 A New Communication
Mode 254 7.5 The Logic and Safety Control 255 7.5.1 The Power-Up Control
255 7.5.2 Charge Control 256 7.5.3 Temperature Control 258 7.5.4 Fault
Alarm and Control 259 7.6 Testing the Stability of the BMS 260 7.6.1
Dielectric Resistance 260 7.6.2 Insulation Withstand Voltage Performance
262 7.6.3 Test on Monitoring Functions of BMS 262 7.6.4 SOC Estimation 263
7.6.5 Battery Fault Diagnosis 263 7.6.6 Security and Protection 263 7.6.7
Operating at High Temperatures 263 7.6.8 Operating at Low Temperatures 263
7.6.9 High-Temperature Resistance 264 7.6.10 Low-Temperature Resistance 264
7.6.11 Salt Spray Resistance 264 7.6.12 Wet-Hot Resistance 264 7.6.13
Vibration Resistance 264 7.6.14 Resistance to Power Polarity Reverse
Connection Performance 265 7.6.15 Electromagnetic Radiation Immunity 265
7.7 Practical Examples of BMS 265 7.7.1 Pure Electric Bus (Pure Electric
Bus for the Beijing Olympic Games) 265 7.7.2 Pure Electric Vehicles (JAC
Tongyue) 269 7.7.3 Hybrid Electric Bus (FOTON Plug-In Range Extended
Electric bus) 269 7.7.4 Hybrid Passenger Car Vehicle (Trumpchi) 271 7.7.5
The Trolley Bus with Two Kinds of Power 273 Index 275
About the Authors xi Foreword xiii Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The
Development of Batteries in Electric Drive Vehicles 1 1.1.1 The Goals 1
1.1.2 Trends in Development of the Batteries 1 1.1.3 Application Issues of
LIBs 3 1.1.4 Significance of Battery Management Technology 4 1.2
Development of Battery Management Technologies 5 1.2.1 No Management 5
1.2.2 Simple Management 5 1.2.3 Comprehensive Management 6 1.3 BMS Key
Technologies 7 References 8 2 Performance Modeling of Lithium-ion Batteries
9 2.1 Reaction Mechanism of Lithium-ion Batteries 9 2.2 Testing the
Characteristics of Lithium-ion Batteries 11 2.2.1 Rate Discharge
Characteristics 11 2.2.2 Charge and Discharge Characteristics Under
Operating Conditions 12 2.2.3 Impact of Temperature on Capacity 15 2.2.4
Self-Discharge 19 2.3 Battery Modeling Method 20 2.3.1 Equivalent Circuit
Model 21 2.3.2 Electrochemical Model 22 2.3.3 Neural Network Model 24 2.4
Simulation and Comparison of Equivalent Circuit Models 24 2.4.1 Model
Parameters Identification Principle 25 2.4.2 Implementation Steps of
Parameter Identification 25 2.4.3 Comparison of Simulation of Three
Equivalent Circuit Models 28 2.5 Battery Modeling Method Based on a Battery
Discharging Curve 31 2.6 Battery Pack Modeling 34 2.6.1 Battery Pack
Modeling 35 2.6.2 Simulation of Battery Pack Model 35 References 42 3
Battery State Estimation 43 3.1 Definition of SOC 43 3.1.1 The Maximum
Available Capacity 43 3.1.2 Definition of Single Cell SOC 46 3.1.3
Definition of the SOC of Series Batteries 48 3.2 Discussion on the
Estimation of the SOC of a Battery 50 3.2.1 Load Voltage Detection 50 3.2.2
Electromotive Force Method 50 3.2.3 Resistance Method 52 3.2.4 Ampere-hour
Counting Method 53 3.2.5 Kalman Filter Method 54 3.2.6 Neural Network
Method 55 3.2.7 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System 57 3.2.8 Support
Vector Machines 60 3.3 Battery SOC Estimation Algorithm Application 62
3.3.1 The SOC Estimation of a PEV Power Battery 62 3.3.2 Power Battery SOC
Estimation for Hybrid Vehicles 80 3.4 Definition and Estimation of the
Battery SOE 87 3.4.1 Definition of the Single Battery SOE 87 3.4.2 SOE
Definition of the Battery Groups 91 3.5 Method for Estimation of the
Battery Group SOE and the Remaining Energy 95 3.6 Method of Estimation of
the Actual Available Energy of the Battery 96 References 98 4 The
Prediction of Battery Pack Peak Power 101 4.1 Definition of Peak Power 101
4.1.1 Peak Power Capability of Batteries 101 4.1.2 Battery Power Density
102 4.1.3 State of Function of Batteries 103 4.2 Methods for Testing Peak
Power 103 4.2.1 Test Methods Developed by Americans 103 4.2.2 The Test
Method of Japan 106 4.2.3 The Chinese Standard Test Method 108 4.2.4 The
Constant Power Test Method 109 4.2.5 Comparison of the Above-Mentioned
Testing Methods 112 4.3 Peak Power 112 4.3.1 The Relation between Peak
Power and Temperature 113 4.3.2 The Relation between Peak Power and SOC 115
4.3.3 Relationship between Peak Power and Ohmic Internal Resistance 116 4.4
Available Power of the Battery Pack 117 4.4.1 Factors Influencing Available
Power 117 4.4.2 The Optimized Method of Available Power 119 References 121
5 Charging Control Technologies for Lithium-ion Batteries 123 5.1
Literature Review on Lithium-ion Battery Charging Technologies 123 5.1.1
The Academic Significance of Charging Technologies of Lithium-ion Batteries
123 5.1.2 Development of Charging Technologies for Lithium-ion Batteries
124 5.2 Key Indicators for Measuring Charging Characteristics 129 5.2.1
Charge Capacity 130 5.2.2 Charging Efficiency 135 5.2.3 Charging Time 141
5.3 Charging External Characteristic Parameters of the Lithium-ion Battery
146 5.3.1 Current 146 5.3.2 Voltage 146 5.3.3 Temperature 147 5.4 Analysis
of Charging Polarization Voltage Characteristics 147 5.4.1 Calculation of
the Polarization Voltage 147 5.4.2 Analysis of Charging Polarization in the
Time Domain 150 5.4.3 Characteristic Analysis of the Charging Polarization
in the SOC Domain 156 5.4.4 The Impact of Different SOCs and DODs on the
Battery Polarization 160 5.5 Improvement of the Constant Current and
Constant Voltage Charging Method 163 5.5.1 Selection of the Key Process
Parameters in the CCCV Charging Process 164 5.5.2 Optimization Strategy for
the CCCV Charging 165 5.6 Principles and Methods of the Polarization
Voltage Control Charging Method 167 5.6.1 Principles 167 5.6.2
Implementation Methods 169 5.6.3 Comparison of the Constant Polarization
Charging Method and the Traditional Charging Method 172 5.7 Summary 177
References 177 6 Evaluation and Equalization of Battery Consistency 179 6.1
Analysis of Battery Consistency 179 6.1.1 Causes of Batteries Inconsistency
180 6.1.2 The Influence of Inconsistency on the Performance of the Battery
Pack 182 6.2 Evaluation Indexes of Battery Consistency 183 6.2.1 The
Natural Parameters Influencing Parallel Connected Battery Characteristics
183 6.2.2 Parameters Influencing the Battery External Voltage 191 6.2.3
Method for Analysis of Battery Consistency 197 6.3 Quantitative Evaluation
of Battery Consistency 201 6.3.1 Quantitative Evaluation of Consistency
Based on the External Voltage 202 6.3.2 Quantitative Evaluation of
Consistency Based on the Capacity Utilization Rate of the Battery Pack 203
6.3.3 Quantitative Evaluation of Consistency Based on the Energy
Utilization Rate of the Battery Pack 206 6.4 Equalization of the Battery
Pack 209 6.4.1 Equalization Based on the External Voltage of a Single Cell
209 6.4.2 Equalization of the Battery Pack Based on the Maximum Available
Capacity 211 6.4.3 Equalization of the Battery Pack Based on the Maximum
Available Energy 215 6.4.4 Equalization Based on the SOC of the Single
Cells 217 6.4.5 Control Strategy for the Equalizer 219 6.4.6 Effect
Confirmation 221 6.5 Summary 223 References 224 7 Technologies for the
Design and Application of the Battery Management System 225 7.1 The
Functions and Architectures of a Battery Management System 225 7.1.1 The
Functions of the Battery Management System 225 7.1.2 Architecture of the
Battery Management System 227 7.2 Design of the Battery Parameters
Measurement Module 230 7.2.1 Battery Cell Voltage Measurement 230 7.2.2
Temperature Measurement 235 7.2.3 Current Measurement 238 7.2.4 Total
Voltage Measurement 241 7.2.5 Insulation Measurement 242 7.3 Design of the
Battery Equalization Management Circuit 246 7.3.1 The Energy
Non-Dissipative Type 247 7.3.2 The Energy Dissipative Type 250 7.4 Data
Communication 251 7.4.1 CAN Communication 251 7.4.2 A New Communication
Mode 254 7.5 The Logic and Safety Control 255 7.5.1 The Power-Up Control
255 7.5.2 Charge Control 256 7.5.3 Temperature Control 258 7.5.4 Fault
Alarm and Control 259 7.6 Testing the Stability of the BMS 260 7.6.1
Dielectric Resistance 260 7.6.2 Insulation Withstand Voltage Performance
262 7.6.3 Test on Monitoring Functions of BMS 262 7.6.4 SOC Estimation 263
7.6.5 Battery Fault Diagnosis 263 7.6.6 Security and Protection 263 7.6.7
Operating at High Temperatures 263 7.6.8 Operating at Low Temperatures 263
7.6.9 High-Temperature Resistance 264 7.6.10 Low-Temperature Resistance 264
7.6.11 Salt Spray Resistance 264 7.6.12 Wet-Hot Resistance 264 7.6.13
Vibration Resistance 264 7.6.14 Resistance to Power Polarity Reverse
Connection Performance 265 7.6.15 Electromagnetic Radiation Immunity 265
7.7 Practical Examples of BMS 265 7.7.1 Pure Electric Bus (Pure Electric
Bus for the Beijing Olympic Games) 265 7.7.2 Pure Electric Vehicles (JAC
Tongyue) 269 7.7.3 Hybrid Electric Bus (FOTON Plug-In Range Extended
Electric bus) 269 7.7.4 Hybrid Passenger Car Vehicle (Trumpchi) 271 7.7.5
The Trolley Bus with Two Kinds of Power 273 Index 275
Development of Batteries in Electric Drive Vehicles 1 1.1.1 The Goals 1
1.1.2 Trends in Development of the Batteries 1 1.1.3 Application Issues of
LIBs 3 1.1.4 Significance of Battery Management Technology 4 1.2
Development of Battery Management Technologies 5 1.2.1 No Management 5
1.2.2 Simple Management 5 1.2.3 Comprehensive Management 6 1.3 BMS Key
Technologies 7 References 8 2 Performance Modeling of Lithium-ion Batteries
9 2.1 Reaction Mechanism of Lithium-ion Batteries 9 2.2 Testing the
Characteristics of Lithium-ion Batteries 11 2.2.1 Rate Discharge
Characteristics 11 2.2.2 Charge and Discharge Characteristics Under
Operating Conditions 12 2.2.3 Impact of Temperature on Capacity 15 2.2.4
Self-Discharge 19 2.3 Battery Modeling Method 20 2.3.1 Equivalent Circuit
Model 21 2.3.2 Electrochemical Model 22 2.3.3 Neural Network Model 24 2.4
Simulation and Comparison of Equivalent Circuit Models 24 2.4.1 Model
Parameters Identification Principle 25 2.4.2 Implementation Steps of
Parameter Identification 25 2.4.3 Comparison of Simulation of Three
Equivalent Circuit Models 28 2.5 Battery Modeling Method Based on a Battery
Discharging Curve 31 2.6 Battery Pack Modeling 34 2.6.1 Battery Pack
Modeling 35 2.6.2 Simulation of Battery Pack Model 35 References 42 3
Battery State Estimation 43 3.1 Definition of SOC 43 3.1.1 The Maximum
Available Capacity 43 3.1.2 Definition of Single Cell SOC 46 3.1.3
Definition of the SOC of Series Batteries 48 3.2 Discussion on the
Estimation of the SOC of a Battery 50 3.2.1 Load Voltage Detection 50 3.2.2
Electromotive Force Method 50 3.2.3 Resistance Method 52 3.2.4 Ampere-hour
Counting Method 53 3.2.5 Kalman Filter Method 54 3.2.6 Neural Network
Method 55 3.2.7 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System 57 3.2.8 Support
Vector Machines 60 3.3 Battery SOC Estimation Algorithm Application 62
3.3.1 The SOC Estimation of a PEV Power Battery 62 3.3.2 Power Battery SOC
Estimation for Hybrid Vehicles 80 3.4 Definition and Estimation of the
Battery SOE 87 3.4.1 Definition of the Single Battery SOE 87 3.4.2 SOE
Definition of the Battery Groups 91 3.5 Method for Estimation of the
Battery Group SOE and the Remaining Energy 95 3.6 Method of Estimation of
the Actual Available Energy of the Battery 96 References 98 4 The
Prediction of Battery Pack Peak Power 101 4.1 Definition of Peak Power 101
4.1.1 Peak Power Capability of Batteries 101 4.1.2 Battery Power Density
102 4.1.3 State of Function of Batteries 103 4.2 Methods for Testing Peak
Power 103 4.2.1 Test Methods Developed by Americans 103 4.2.2 The Test
Method of Japan 106 4.2.3 The Chinese Standard Test Method 108 4.2.4 The
Constant Power Test Method 109 4.2.5 Comparison of the Above-Mentioned
Testing Methods 112 4.3 Peak Power 112 4.3.1 The Relation between Peak
Power and Temperature 113 4.3.2 The Relation between Peak Power and SOC 115
4.3.3 Relationship between Peak Power and Ohmic Internal Resistance 116 4.4
Available Power of the Battery Pack 117 4.4.1 Factors Influencing Available
Power 117 4.4.2 The Optimized Method of Available Power 119 References 121
5 Charging Control Technologies for Lithium-ion Batteries 123 5.1
Literature Review on Lithium-ion Battery Charging Technologies 123 5.1.1
The Academic Significance of Charging Technologies of Lithium-ion Batteries
123 5.1.2 Development of Charging Technologies for Lithium-ion Batteries
124 5.2 Key Indicators for Measuring Charging Characteristics 129 5.2.1
Charge Capacity 130 5.2.2 Charging Efficiency 135 5.2.3 Charging Time 141
5.3 Charging External Characteristic Parameters of the Lithium-ion Battery
146 5.3.1 Current 146 5.3.2 Voltage 146 5.3.3 Temperature 147 5.4 Analysis
of Charging Polarization Voltage Characteristics 147 5.4.1 Calculation of
the Polarization Voltage 147 5.4.2 Analysis of Charging Polarization in the
Time Domain 150 5.4.3 Characteristic Analysis of the Charging Polarization
in the SOC Domain 156 5.4.4 The Impact of Different SOCs and DODs on the
Battery Polarization 160 5.5 Improvement of the Constant Current and
Constant Voltage Charging Method 163 5.5.1 Selection of the Key Process
Parameters in the CCCV Charging Process 164 5.5.2 Optimization Strategy for
the CCCV Charging 165 5.6 Principles and Methods of the Polarization
Voltage Control Charging Method 167 5.6.1 Principles 167 5.6.2
Implementation Methods 169 5.6.3 Comparison of the Constant Polarization
Charging Method and the Traditional Charging Method 172 5.7 Summary 177
References 177 6 Evaluation and Equalization of Battery Consistency 179 6.1
Analysis of Battery Consistency 179 6.1.1 Causes of Batteries Inconsistency
180 6.1.2 The Influence of Inconsistency on the Performance of the Battery
Pack 182 6.2 Evaluation Indexes of Battery Consistency 183 6.2.1 The
Natural Parameters Influencing Parallel Connected Battery Characteristics
183 6.2.2 Parameters Influencing the Battery External Voltage 191 6.2.3
Method for Analysis of Battery Consistency 197 6.3 Quantitative Evaluation
of Battery Consistency 201 6.3.1 Quantitative Evaluation of Consistency
Based on the External Voltage 202 6.3.2 Quantitative Evaluation of
Consistency Based on the Capacity Utilization Rate of the Battery Pack 203
6.3.3 Quantitative Evaluation of Consistency Based on the Energy
Utilization Rate of the Battery Pack 206 6.4 Equalization of the Battery
Pack 209 6.4.1 Equalization Based on the External Voltage of a Single Cell
209 6.4.2 Equalization of the Battery Pack Based on the Maximum Available
Capacity 211 6.4.3 Equalization of the Battery Pack Based on the Maximum
Available Energy 215 6.4.4 Equalization Based on the SOC of the Single
Cells 217 6.4.5 Control Strategy for the Equalizer 219 6.4.6 Effect
Confirmation 221 6.5 Summary 223 References 224 7 Technologies for the
Design and Application of the Battery Management System 225 7.1 The
Functions and Architectures of a Battery Management System 225 7.1.1 The
Functions of the Battery Management System 225 7.1.2 Architecture of the
Battery Management System 227 7.2 Design of the Battery Parameters
Measurement Module 230 7.2.1 Battery Cell Voltage Measurement 230 7.2.2
Temperature Measurement 235 7.2.3 Current Measurement 238 7.2.4 Total
Voltage Measurement 241 7.2.5 Insulation Measurement 242 7.3 Design of the
Battery Equalization Management Circuit 246 7.3.1 The Energy
Non-Dissipative Type 247 7.3.2 The Energy Dissipative Type 250 7.4 Data
Communication 251 7.4.1 CAN Communication 251 7.4.2 A New Communication
Mode 254 7.5 The Logic and Safety Control 255 7.5.1 The Power-Up Control
255 7.5.2 Charge Control 256 7.5.3 Temperature Control 258 7.5.4 Fault
Alarm and Control 259 7.6 Testing the Stability of the BMS 260 7.6.1
Dielectric Resistance 260 7.6.2 Insulation Withstand Voltage Performance
262 7.6.3 Test on Monitoring Functions of BMS 262 7.6.4 SOC Estimation 263
7.6.5 Battery Fault Diagnosis 263 7.6.6 Security and Protection 263 7.6.7
Operating at High Temperatures 263 7.6.8 Operating at Low Temperatures 263
7.6.9 High-Temperature Resistance 264 7.6.10 Low-Temperature Resistance 264
7.6.11 Salt Spray Resistance 264 7.6.12 Wet-Hot Resistance 264 7.6.13
Vibration Resistance 264 7.6.14 Resistance to Power Polarity Reverse
Connection Performance 265 7.6.15 Electromagnetic Radiation Immunity 265
7.7 Practical Examples of BMS 265 7.7.1 Pure Electric Bus (Pure Electric
Bus for the Beijing Olympic Games) 265 7.7.2 Pure Electric Vehicles (JAC
Tongyue) 269 7.7.3 Hybrid Electric Bus (FOTON Plug-In Range Extended
Electric bus) 269 7.7.4 Hybrid Passenger Car Vehicle (Trumpchi) 271 7.7.5
The Trolley Bus with Two Kinds of Power 273 Index 275