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More than 99% of all visible matter in the universe occurs as highly ionized gas plasma with high energy content. Electrical low- and atmospheric-pressure plasmas are characterized by continuous source of moderate quantities of energy or enthalpy transferred predominantly as kinetic energy of electrons. Therefore, such energetically unbalanced plasmas have low gas temperature but produce sufficient energy for inelastic collisions with atoms and molecules in the gas phase, thus producing reactive species and photons, which are able to initiate all types of polymerizations or activate any…mehr
More than 99% of all visible matter in the universe occurs as highly ionized gas plasma with high energy content. Electrical low- and atmospheric-pressure plasmas are characterized by continuous source of moderate quantities of energy or enthalpy transferred predominantly as kinetic energy of electrons. Therefore, such energetically unbalanced plasmas have low gas temperature but produce sufficient energy for inelastic collisions with atoms and molecules in the gas phase, thus producing reactive species and photons, which are able to initiate all types of polymerizations or activate any surface of low reactive polymers. However, the broadly distributed energies in the plasma exceed partially the binding energies in polymers, thus initiating very often unselective reactions and polymer degradation. The intention of this book is to present new plasma processes and new plasma reactions of high selectivity and high yield. This book aims to bridge classical and plasma chemistry, particularly focusing on polymer chemistry in the bulk and on the surface under plasma exposure. The stability of surface functionalization and the qualitative and quantitative measurement of functional groups at polymer surface are featured prominently, and chemical pathways for suppressing the undesirable side effects of plasma exposure are proposed and illustrated with numerous examples. Special attention is paid to the smooth transition from inanimate polymer surfaces to modified bioactive polymer surfaces. A wide range of techniques, plasma types and applications are demonstrated.
Jörg Florian Friedrich was born in 1948, in Erkner, near Berlin. From 1967 to 1972, he studied chemistry at Humboldt University in Berlin. In 1972 he began his PhD studies at the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin in the Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry. His graduation followed in the years 1974/1975 as PhD resp. Dr. rer. nat., and in 1981/1982 he obtained his habilitation (lecture qualifi cation). He continued his career in the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) from 1995 on as head of the Division 'Analysis and Structure of Polymers' and later on 'Polymer Surfaces'. He was appointed to professor (and director) in 1996 and to professor at Technical University of Berlin, in 2007.
Inhaltsangabe
PREFACE INTRODUCTION INTERACTION BETWEEN PLASMA AND POLYMERS Special Features of Polymers Processes on Polymer Surfaces during Plasma Exposure Influence of Polymer Type Methods, Systematic, and Definitions Functional Groups and Their Interaction with Other Solids PLASMA Plasma State Types of Low-Pressure Glow Discharges Advantages and Disadvantages of Plasma Modifi cation of Polymer Surfaces Energetic Situation in Low-Pressure Plasmas Atmospheric and Thermal Plasmas for Polymer Processing Polymer Characteristics Chemically Active Species and Radiation CHEMISTRY AND ENERGETICS IN CLASSIC AND PLASMA PROCESSES Introduction of Plasma Species onto Polymer Surfaces Oxidation by Plasma Fluorination and by Chemical Fluorination Comparison of Plasma Exposure, Ionizing Irradiation, and Photo-oxidation of Polymers KINETICS OF POLYMER SURFACE MODIFI CATION Polymer Surface Functionalization Polymer Surface Oxidation Polymer Surface Functionalization with Amino Groups Carbon Dioxide Plasmas SH-Forming Plasmas Fluorinating Plasmas Chlorination Polymer Modifi cation by Noble Gas Plasmas BULK, ABLATIVE, AND SIDE REACTIONS Changes in Supermolecular Structure of Polymers Polymer Etching Changes in Surface Topology Plasma Susceptibility of Polymer Building Blocks Plasma UV Irradiation Absorption of Radiation by Polymers Formation of Unsaturations Formation of Macrocycles Polymer Degradation and Supermolecular Structure of Polymers Crosslinking versus Degradation of Molar Masses Radicals and Auto-oxidation Plasma-Induced Photo-oxidations of Polymers Different Degradation Behavior of Polymers on Exposure to Oxygen Plasma Derivatization of Functional Groups for XPS METALLIZATION OF PLASMA-MODIFI ED POLYMERS Background Polymer Plasma Pretreatment for Well Adherent Metal - Polymer Composites New Adhesion Concept Redox Reactions along the Interface Influence of Metal?Polymer Interactions on Interface-Neighbored Polymer Interphases Metal-Containing Plasma Polymers Plasma-Initiated Deposition of Metal Layers Inspection of Peeled Surfaces Life Time of Plasma Activation ACCELERATED PLASMA-AGING OF POLYMERS Polymer Response to Long-Time Exposure to Plasmas Hydrogen Plasma Exposure Noble Gas Plasma Exposure, CASING POLYMER SURFACE MODIFI CATIONS WITH MONOSORT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Various Ways of Producing Monosort Functional Groups at Polyolefi n Surfaces Oxygen Plasma Exposure and Post-Plasma Chemical Treatment for Producing OH Groups Post-Plasma Chemical Grafting of Molecules, Oligomers, or Polymers Selective Plasma Bromination for Introduction of Monosort C - Br Bonds to Polyolefi n Surfaces Functionalization of Graphitic Surfaces SiOx Deposition Grafting onto Radical Sites ATMOSPHERIC-PRESSURE PLASMAS General Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Treatment Polymerization by Introduction of Gases, Vapors, or Aerosols into a DBD Introduction of Polymer Molecules into the Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma and Their Deposition as Thin Polymer Films (Aerosol-DBD) DBD Treatment of Polyolefi n Surfaces for Improving Adhesion in Metal?Polymer Composites Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Technique PLASMA POLYMERIZATION Historical General Intention and Applications Mechanism of Plasma Polymerization Plasma Polymerization in Adsorption Layer or Gas Phase Side-Reactions Quasi-hydrogen Plasma Kinetic Models Based on Ionic Mechanism Kinetic Models of Plasma-Polymer Layer Deposition Based on a Radical Mechanism Dependence on Plasma Parameter Structure of Plasma Polymers Afterglow (Remote or Downstream) Plasmas Powder Formation Plasma Catalysis Copolymerization in Continuous-Wave Plasma Mode PULSED-PLASMA POLYMERIZATION Introduction Basics Presented Work on Pulsed-Plasma Polymerization Role of Monomers in Pulsed-Plasma Polymerization Dark Reactions Pressure-Pulsed Plasma Differences between Radical and Pulsed-Plasma Polymerization Surface Structure and Composition of Pulsed-Plasma Polyme
PREFACE INTRODUCTION INTERACTION BETWEEN PLASMA AND POLYMERS Special Features of Polymers Processes on Polymer Surfaces during Plasma Exposure Influence of Polymer Type Methods, Systematic, and Definitions Functional Groups and Their Interaction with Other Solids PLASMA Plasma State Types of Low-Pressure Glow Discharges Advantages and Disadvantages of Plasma Modifi cation of Polymer Surfaces Energetic Situation in Low-Pressure Plasmas Atmospheric and Thermal Plasmas for Polymer Processing Polymer Characteristics Chemically Active Species and Radiation CHEMISTRY AND ENERGETICS IN CLASSIC AND PLASMA PROCESSES Introduction of Plasma Species onto Polymer Surfaces Oxidation by Plasma Fluorination and by Chemical Fluorination Comparison of Plasma Exposure, Ionizing Irradiation, and Photo-oxidation of Polymers KINETICS OF POLYMER SURFACE MODIFI CATION Polymer Surface Functionalization Polymer Surface Oxidation Polymer Surface Functionalization with Amino Groups Carbon Dioxide Plasmas SH-Forming Plasmas Fluorinating Plasmas Chlorination Polymer Modifi cation by Noble Gas Plasmas BULK, ABLATIVE, AND SIDE REACTIONS Changes in Supermolecular Structure of Polymers Polymer Etching Changes in Surface Topology Plasma Susceptibility of Polymer Building Blocks Plasma UV Irradiation Absorption of Radiation by Polymers Formation of Unsaturations Formation of Macrocycles Polymer Degradation and Supermolecular Structure of Polymers Crosslinking versus Degradation of Molar Masses Radicals and Auto-oxidation Plasma-Induced Photo-oxidations of Polymers Different Degradation Behavior of Polymers on Exposure to Oxygen Plasma Derivatization of Functional Groups for XPS METALLIZATION OF PLASMA-MODIFI ED POLYMERS Background Polymer Plasma Pretreatment for Well Adherent Metal - Polymer Composites New Adhesion Concept Redox Reactions along the Interface Influence of Metal?Polymer Interactions on Interface-Neighbored Polymer Interphases Metal-Containing Plasma Polymers Plasma-Initiated Deposition of Metal Layers Inspection of Peeled Surfaces Life Time of Plasma Activation ACCELERATED PLASMA-AGING OF POLYMERS Polymer Response to Long-Time Exposure to Plasmas Hydrogen Plasma Exposure Noble Gas Plasma Exposure, CASING POLYMER SURFACE MODIFI CATIONS WITH MONOSORT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Various Ways of Producing Monosort Functional Groups at Polyolefi n Surfaces Oxygen Plasma Exposure and Post-Plasma Chemical Treatment for Producing OH Groups Post-Plasma Chemical Grafting of Molecules, Oligomers, or Polymers Selective Plasma Bromination for Introduction of Monosort C - Br Bonds to Polyolefi n Surfaces Functionalization of Graphitic Surfaces SiOx Deposition Grafting onto Radical Sites ATMOSPHERIC-PRESSURE PLASMAS General Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Treatment Polymerization by Introduction of Gases, Vapors, or Aerosols into a DBD Introduction of Polymer Molecules into the Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma and Their Deposition as Thin Polymer Films (Aerosol-DBD) DBD Treatment of Polyolefi n Surfaces for Improving Adhesion in Metal?Polymer Composites Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Technique PLASMA POLYMERIZATION Historical General Intention and Applications Mechanism of Plasma Polymerization Plasma Polymerization in Adsorption Layer or Gas Phase Side-Reactions Quasi-hydrogen Plasma Kinetic Models Based on Ionic Mechanism Kinetic Models of Plasma-Polymer Layer Deposition Based on a Radical Mechanism Dependence on Plasma Parameter Structure of Plasma Polymers Afterglow (Remote or Downstream) Plasmas Powder Formation Plasma Catalysis Copolymerization in Continuous-Wave Plasma Mode PULSED-PLASMA POLYMERIZATION Introduction Basics Presented Work on Pulsed-Plasma Polymerization Role of Monomers in Pulsed-Plasma Polymerization Dark Reactions Pressure-Pulsed Plasma Differences between Radical and Pulsed-Plasma Polymerization Surface Structure and Composition of Pulsed-Plasma Polyme
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