Acknowledgements Note on transliteration List of abbreviations Map Introduction Part I. The Community: Learning and Leadership: 1. The community of learning: concept and organization 2. Leadership in the age of multiple centers 3. Monopolization of leadership in Najaf 4. Diffusion, centralization and politicization 5. Determinants of status and leadership Part II. The 'Ulama' Between the Ottomans and Qajars: 6. The shrine cities, the Mamluks and Iran 7. The 'ulama' and the reassertion of direct Ottoman control 8. The 'ulama' and Ottoman centralization policy 9. The changing political triangle, 1875¿1904 Conclusion Appendix Notes Glossary Bibliography Index.
Acknowledgements Note on transliteration List of abbreviations Map Introduction Part I. The Community: Learning and Leadership: 1. The community of learning: concept and organization 2. Leadership in the age of multiple centers 3. Monopolization of leadership in Najaf 4. Diffusion, centralization and politicization 5. Determinants of status and leadership Part II. The 'Ulama' Between the Ottomans and Qajars: 6. The shrine cities, the Mamluks and Iran 7. The 'ulama' and the reassertion of direct Ottoman control 8. The 'ulama' and Ottoman centralization policy 9. The changing political triangle, 1875¿1904 Conclusion Appendix Notes Glossary Bibliography Index.
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